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Schulz A, Surkau J. Main group cyanides: from hydrogen cyanide to cyanido-complexes. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homoleptic cyanide compounds exist of almost all main group elements. While the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form cyanide salts, the cyanides of the lighter main group elements occur mainly as covalent compounds. This review gives an overview of the status quo of main group element cyanides and cyanido complexes. Information about syntheses are included as well as applications, special substance properties, bond lengths, spectroscopic characteristics and computations. Cyanide chemistry is presented mainly from the field of inorganic chemistry, but aspects of chemical biology and astrophysics are also discussed in relation to cyano compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulz
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
| | - Jonas Surkau
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
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2
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon‐based reactions. However, their short‐lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido‐, iodido‐, formato‐, acetato‐, triflato‐ and sulfato‐silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor‐free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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4
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Arlt S, Bläsing K, Harloff J, Laatz KC, Michalik D, Nier S, Schulz A, Stoer P, Stoffers A, Villinger A. Pseudohalogen Chemistry in Ionic Liquids with Non-innocent Cations and Anions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:62-71. [PMID: 33565728 PMCID: PMC7874254 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the second funding period of the SPP 1708 "Material Synthesis near Room Temperature",which started in 2017, we were able to synthesize novel anionic species utilizing Ionic Liquids (ILs) both, as reaction media and reactant. ILs, bearing the decomposable and non-innocent methyl carbonate anion [CO3 Me]- , served as starting material and enabled facile access to pseudohalide salts by reaction with Me3 Si-X (X=CN, N3 , OCN, SCN). Starting with the synthesized Room temperature Ionic Liquid (RT-IL) [nBu3 MeN][B(OMe)3 (CN)], we were able to crystallize the double salt [nBu3 MeN]2 [B(OMe)3 (CN)](CN). Furthermore, we studied the reaction of [WCC]SCN and [WCC]CN (WCC=weakly coordinating cation) with their corresponding protic acids HX (X=SCN, CN), which resulted in formation of [H(NCS)2 ]- and the temperature labile solvate anions [CN(HCN)n ]- (n=2, 3). In addition, the highly labile anionic HCN solvates were obtained from [PPN]X ([PPN]=μ-nitridobis(triphenylphosphonium), X=N3 , OCN, SCN and OCP) and HCN. Crystals of [PPN][X(HCN)3 ] (X=N3 , OCN) and [PPN][SCN(HCN)2 ] were obtained when the crystallization was carried out at low temperatures. Interestingly, reaction of [PPN]OCP with HCN was noticed, which led to the formation of [P(CN)2 ]- , crystallizing as HCN disolvate [PPN][P(CN⋅HCN)2 ]. Furthermore, we were able to isolate the novel cyanido(halido) silicate dianions of the type [SiCl0.78 (CN)5.22 ]2- and [SiF(CN)5 ]2- and the hexa-substituted [Si(CN)6 ]2- by temperature controlled halide/cyanide exchange reactions. By facile neutralization reactions with the non-innocent cation of [Et3 HN]2 [Si(CN)6 ] with MOH (M=Li, K), Li2 [Si(CN)6 ] ⋅ 2 H2 O and K2 [Si(CN)6 ] were obtained, which form three dimensional coordination polymers. From salt metathesis processes of M2 [Si(CN)6 ] with different imidazolium bromides, we were able to isolate new imidazolium salts and the ionic liquid [BMIm]2 [Si(CN)6 ]. When reacting [Mes(nBu)Im]2 [Si(CN)6 ] with an excess of the strong Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 , the voluminous adduct anion {Si[CN⋅B(C6 F5 )3 ]6 }2- was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Arlt
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Kevin Bläsing
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | | | - Dirk Michalik
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Simon Nier
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut für ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für Katalyse an derUniversität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alrik Stoffers
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
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5
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Harloff J, Schulz A, Stoer P, Villinger A. Pseudohalide HCN aggregate ions: [N 3(HCN) 3] -, [OCN(HCN) 3] -, [SCN(HCN) 2] - and [P(CN·HCN) 2] - . Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13345-13351. [PMID: 32945333 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02973d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of μ-nitridobis(triphenylphosphonium) cation, [PPN]+, it was possible to stabilize and isolate [PPN]+-salts bearing the highly labile hydrogen cyanide aggregate anions of pseudohalides X (X = N3, OCN and SCN). From a concentrated solution of the [PPN]X salts in HCN, crystals of [PPN][X(HCN)3] (X = N3, OCN) or [PPN][SCN(HCN)2] could be obtained, when the crystallization was carried out fast and at low temperatures. The reaction of liquid HCN with the PCO- salt led to formation of dicyanophosphide, which crystallized as HCN disolvate [P(CN·HCN)2]-. All synthesized salts with hydrogen-bridged pseudohalide solvate anions are thermally unstable. Immediate loss of HCN was observed in the crystals outside the HCN solution. Oligomerization begins at ambient temperature, even in HCN solution. All discussed species were characterized by means of Raman spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis and quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Harloff
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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6
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Bläsing K, Harloff J, Schulz A, Stoffers A, Stoer P, Villinger A. Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)
2
]
−
und [CN(HCN)
3
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
- Materialdesign Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alrik Stoffers
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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7
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Harloff J, Laatz KC, Lerch S, Schulz A, Stoer P, Strassner T, Villinger A. Hexacyanidosilicates with Functionalized Imidazolium Counterions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Karoline Charlotte Laatz
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Swantje Lerch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Materialdesign Leibniz‐Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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8
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Bläsing K, Harloff J, Schulz A, Stoffers A, Stoer P, Villinger A. Salts of HCN-Cyanide Aggregates: [CN(HCN) 2 ] - and [CN(HCN) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10508-10513. [PMID: 32027458 PMCID: PMC7317722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although pure hydrogen cyanide can spontaneously polymerize or even explode, when initiated by small amounts of bases (e.g. CN- ), the reaction of liquid HCN with [WCC]CN (WCC=weakly coordinating cation=Ph4 P, Ph3 PNPPh3 =PNP) was investigated. Depending on the cation, it was possible to extract salts containing the formal dihydrogen tricyanide [CN(HCN)2 ]- and trihydrogen tetracyanide ions [CN(HCN)3 ]- from liquid HCN when a fast crystallization was carried out at low temperatures. X-ray structure elucidation revealed hydrogen-bridged linear [CN(HCN)2 ]- and Y-shaped [CN(HCN)3 ]- molecular ions in the crystal. Both anions can be considered members of highly labile cyanide-HCN solvates of the type [CN(HCN)n ]- (n=1, 2, 3 …) as well as formal polypseudohalide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Materialdesign, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alrik Stoffers
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Liu J, Pedersen KS, Greer SM, Oyarzabal I, Mondal A, Hill S, Wilhelm F, Rogalev A, Tressaud A, Durand E, Long JR, Clérac R. Access to Heteroleptic Fluorido‐Cyanido Complexes with a Large Magnetic Anisotropy by Fluoride Abstraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Liang Liu
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPP UMR 5031 33600 Pessac France
- Current address: Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Kasper S. Pedersen
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPP UMR 5031 33600 Pessac France
- Current address: Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark 2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Samuel M. Greer
- Department of Chemistry Florida State University
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Itziar Oyarzabal
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPP UMR 5031 33600 Pessac France
- Chemistry Faculty University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPP UMR 5031 33600 Pessac France
- Current address: Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Stephen Hill
- Department of Physics Florida State University
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | | | - Andrei Rogalev
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | | | | | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPP UMR 5031 33600 Pessac France
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10
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Liu JL, Pedersen KS, Greer SM, Oyarzabal I, Mondal A, Hill S, Wilhelm F, Rogalev A, Tressaud A, Durand E, Long JR, Clérac R. Access to Heteroleptic Fluorido-Cyanido Complexes with a Large Magnetic Anisotropy by Fluoride Abstraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10306-10310. [PMID: 32080955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Silicon-mediated fluoride abstraction is demonstrated as a means of generating the first fluorido-cyanido transition metal complexes. This new synthetic approach is exemplified by the synthesis and characterization of the heteroleptic complexes, trans-[MIV F4 (CN)2 ]2- (M=Re, Os), obtained from their homoleptic [MIV F6 ]2- parents. As shown by combined high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetization measurements, the partial substitution of fluoride by cyanide ligands leads to a marked increase in the magnetic anisotropy of trans-[ReF4 (CN)2 ]2- as compared to [ReF6 ]2- , reflecting the severe departure from an ideal octahedral (Oh point group) ligand field. This methodology paves the way toward the realization of new heteroleptic transition metal complexes that may be used as highly anisotropic building-blocks for the design of high-performance molecule-based magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Liang Liu
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Current address: Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Samuel M Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Itziar Oyarzabal
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Chemistry Faculty, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Current address: Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Stephen Hill
- Department of Physics, Florida State University.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Fabrice Wilhelm
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrei Rogalev
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Alain Tressaud
- CNRS, ICMCB, UPR 9048, Univ. Bordeaux, 33608, Pessac, France
| | - Etienne Durand
- CNRS, ICMCB, UPR 9048, Univ. Bordeaux, 33608, Pessac, France
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France
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