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Alfei S. Cationic Materials for Gene Therapy: A Look Back to the Birth and Development of 2,2-Bis-(hydroxymethyl)Propanoic Acid-Based Dendrimer Scaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16006. [PMID: 37958989 PMCID: PMC10649874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is extensively studied as a realistic and promising therapeutic approach for treating inherited and acquired diseases by repairing defective genes through introducing (transfection) the "healthy" genetic material in the diseased cells. To succeed, the proper DNA or RNA fragments need efficient vectors, and viruses are endowed with excellent transfection efficiency and have been extensively exploited. Due to several drawbacks related to their use, nonviral cationic materials, including lipidic, polymeric, and dendrimer vectors capable of electrostatically interacting with anionic phosphate groups of genetic material, represent appealing alternative options to viral carriers. Particularly, dendrimers are highly branched, nanosized synthetic polymers characterized by a globular structure, low polydispersity index, presence of internal cavities, and a large number of peripheral functional groups exploitable to bind cationic moieties. Dendrimers are successful in several biomedical applications and are currently extensively studied for nonviral gene delivery. Among dendrimers, those derived by 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (b-HMPA), having, unlike PAMAMs, a neutral polyester-based scaffold, could be particularly good-looking due to their degradability in vivo. Here, an overview of gene therapy, its objectives and challenges, and the main cationic materials studied for transporting and delivering genetic materials have been reported. Subsequently, due to their high potential for application in vivo, we have focused on the biodegradable dendrimer scaffolds, telling the history of the birth and development of b-HMPA-derived dendrimers. Finally, thanks to a personal experience in the synthesis of b-HMPA-based dendrimers, our contribution to this field has been described. In particular, we have enriched this work by reporting about the b-HMPA-based derivatives peripherally functionalized with amino acids prepared by us in recent years, thus rendering this paper original and different from the existing reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
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Shi W, Xia Z, Zong Y, Wang R, Liu J, Lu C. Dynamic Control over Hierarchically Dendritic Architectures of Simple Heterogenous Monomers by Living Supramolecular Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37390488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful preparation of supramolecular block copolymers (SBCPs) by living supramolecular assembly technology requires two kinetic systems in which both the seed (nucleus) and heterogenous monomer providers are in non-equilibrium. However, employing simple monomers to construct the SBCPs via this technology is almost impossible because the low spontaneous nucleation barrier of simple molecules prevents the formation of kinetic states. Here, with the help of confinement from layered double hydroxide (LDH), various simple monomers successfully form living supramolecular co-assemblies (LSCA). LDH overcomes a considerable energy barrier to obtain living seeds to support the growth of the inactivated second monomer. The ordered LDH topology is sequentially mapped to the seed, second monomer, and binding sites. Thus, the multidirectional binding sites are endowed with the ability to branch, making the branch length of dendritic LSCA reach its maximum value of 3.5 cm so far. The strategy of universality will guide exploration into the development of multi-function and multi-topology advanced supramolecular co-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yingtong Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
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Mainchain Semifluorinated Polymers with Ultra High Molecular Weight via Reaction-enhanced Reactivity of Intermediate (RERI) Mechanism. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Liu Z, Yao Y, Tao X, Wei J, Lin S. Helical Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Chiral Azobenzene Alternating Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1174-1179. [PMID: 35549046 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imposing chirality to supramolecular architectures is an important step forward toward understanding and utilization of chiral nanomaterials. This article reports the self-assembly of amphiphilic chiral alternating copolymers of poly(binaphthyl azobenzene-alt-hexaethylene glycol) (P(BNPAzo-alt-EG6)) into helical supramolecular rods. Unlike conventional chiral assembly of copolymers largely through intermolecular organization, the intrachain stacking of chiral units along the main chain into single molecular micelles with amplified axial chirality of binaphthyl is key to the formation of helical supramolecular rods, which takes advantage of the particular chiral unit and soft unit alternating topological structure of the backbones. Moreover, the supramolecular self-assembly is light reversible because the azobenzene rings in the backbone scarcely execute trans- to cis-isomerization upon UV irradiation, and therefore the supramolecular rods keep their sublevel chirality even though the helical appearance was destroyed. This work paves an effective route to construct and regulate chiral supramolecular architectures and reveals an insight into natural and artificial chiral self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinfeng Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Roeven E, Scheres L, Smulders MM, Zuilhof H. Zwitterionic dendrimer – Polymer hybrid copolymers for self-assembling antifouling coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cui T, Li S, Chen S, Liang Y, Sun H, Wang L. "Stealth" dendrimers with encapsulation of indocyanine green for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120502. [PMID: 33746010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amido amine) dendrimers and indocyanine green have inevitable interaction with proteins and cells, which induces biological toxicity and reduces therapeutic efficacy in vivo. To overcome these shortcomings, a new drug delivery system G5MEK7C(n)-ICG with a "stealth" layer was prepared. The surface of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was modified with double-layer super hydrophilic zwitterionic materials. In the "stealth" double-layer structure, the outer layer was consisted of zwitterionic Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Cys (EK7) peptide, and the inner layer was composed of amino and carboxyl groups with a ratio of 1:1. DLS results showed that the average hydrodynamic size of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was about 25-30 nm, and the zeta potential was proven to undergo a slight charge reversal with the increasing pH values of solutions. Furthermore, G5MEK7C(n)-ICG exhibited excellent biocompatibility to red blood cells and proteins resistance. Photothermal and photodynamic experiments demonstrated that G5MEK7C(n)-ICG had a good photothermal conversion effect and generated singlet oxygen (1O2) under laser irradiation. The MTT and hemolysis results showed that the toxicity of G5 PAMAM was significantly reduced after modification double-layer structure. Cytotoxicity studies and flow cytometry showed G5MEK7C(70)-ICG under laser irradiation had a good effect on killing A549 cells. More importantly, the tumor inhibition rate of mice treated with G5MEK7C(70)-ICG (under laser irradiation) was 78.2% in vivo, which was higher than that of mice treated with free ICG. Compared with free ICG, G5MEK7C(70)-ICG caused less damage to the liver according to the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Therefore, dendrimers modified with a zwitterionic double layer will be a promising candidate as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shukai Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- Ocean Nano Tech, LLC, San Diego, CA 92126, USA
| | - Longgang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
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Zhao Y, Ma M, Lin X, Chen M. Photoorganocatalyzed Divergent Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization towards Linear and Branched Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21470-21474. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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Zhao Y, Ma M, Lin X, Chen M. Photoorganocatalyzed Divergent Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization towards Linear and Branched Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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Han Z, Dong L, Zhang J, Cui T, Chen S, Ma G, Guo X, Wang L. Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using lentinan for catalytic activity and biological applications. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38265-38270. [PMID: 35541778 PMCID: PMC9075902 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) for catalysis and biological applications has been gaining great interest. To replace complex plant extracts, lentinan (LNT) may be a good reducing and stabilizing agent. In this work, a simple and green method using LNT to reduce and stabilize palladium Pd NPs was verified. The resulting LNT stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pdn-LNT NPs) were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, and XPS. The results indicated that Pd NPs inside of Pdn-LNT NPs had a small size (2.35–3.32 nm). Pdn-LNT NPs were stable in solution for 7 days. In addition, Pdn-LNT NPs had higher catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol than other catalysts. More importantly, Pdn-LNT NPs had negligible cytotoxicity towards cells and showed good antioxidant activity. Taken together, the prepared Pdn-LNT NPs have great potential bio-related applications. Lentinan stabilized palladium nanoparticles had high catalytic activity, negligible cytotoxicity and good antioxidant activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengsheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Le Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University Datong 037009 China
| | - Tianming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guanglong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Longgang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
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