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Yan R, Xie B, Xie K, Liu Q, Sui S, Wang S, Chen D, Liu J, Chen R, Dai J, Yang L. Unravelling and reconstructing the biosynthetic pathway of bergenin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3539. [PMID: 38670975 PMCID: PMC11053098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bergenin, a rare C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid with pharmacological properties of antitussive and expectorant, is widely used in clinics to treat chronic tracheitis in China. However, its low abundance in nature and structural specificity hampers the accessibility through traditional crop-based manufacturing or chemical synthesis. In the present work, we elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of bergenin in Ardisia japonica by identifying the highly regio- and/or stereoselective 2-C-glycosyltransferases and 4-O-methyltransferases. Then, in Escherichia coli, we reconstruct the de novo biosynthetic pathway of 4-O-methyl gallic acid 2-C-β-D-glycoside, which is the direct precursor of bergenin and is conveniently esterified into bergenin by in situ acid treatment. Moreover, further metabolic engineering improves the production of bergenin to 1.41 g L-1 in a 3-L bioreactor. Our work provides a foundation for sustainable supply of bergenin and alleviates its resource shortage via a synthetic biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Binghan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Songyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Ridao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
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2
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Bidart GN, Teze D, Jansen CU, Pasutto E, Putkaradze N, Sesay AM, Fredslund F, Lo Leggio L, Ögmundarson O, Sukumara S, Qvortrup K, Welner DH. Chemoenzymatic indican for light-driven denim dyeing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1489. [PMID: 38413572 PMCID: PMC10899603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Blue denim, a billion-dollar industry, is currently dyed with indigo in an unsustainable process requiring harsh reducing and alkaline chemicals. Forming indigo directly in the yarn through indican (indoxyl-β-glucoside) is a promising alternative route with mild conditions. Indican eliminates the requirement for reducing agent while still ending as indigo, the only known molecule yielding the unique hue of blue denim. However, a bulk source of indican is missing. Here, we employ enzyme and process engineering guided by techno-economic analyses to develop an economically viable drop-in indican synthesis technology. Rational engineering of PtUGT1, a glycosyltransferase from the indigo plant, alleviated the severe substrate inactivation observed with the wildtype enzyme at the titers needed for bulk production. We further describe a mild, light-driven dyeing process. Finally, we conduct techno-economic, social sustainability, and comparative life-cycle assessments. These indicate that the presented technologies have the potential to significantly reduce environmental impacts from blue denim dyeing with only a modest cost increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Nahuel Bidart
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Teze
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Uldahl Jansen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 206, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Pasutto
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Natalia Putkaradze
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna-Mamusu Sesay
- Lab for Sustainability and Design, Designskolen Kolding, Ågade 10, DK-6000, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olafur Ögmundarson
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Aragata 14, 102, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sumesh Sukumara
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 206, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Huang W, Song J, Sun T, He Y, Li X, Deng Z, Long F. Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of the Se-glycosyltransferase SenB in the biosynthesis of selenoneine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1659. [PMID: 38395953 PMCID: PMC10891094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential multifunctional trace element in diverse organisms. The only Se-glycosyltransferase identified that catalyzes the incorporation of selenium in selenoneine biosynthesis is SenB from Variovorax paradoxus. Although the biochemical function of SenB has been investigated, its substrate specificity, structure, and catalytic mechanism have not been elucidated. Here, we reveal that SenB exhibits sugar donor promiscuity and can utilize six UDP-sugars to generate selenosugars. We report crystal structures of SenB complexed with different UDP-sugars. The key elements N20/T23/E231 contribute to the sugar donor selectivity of SenB. A proposed catalytic mechanism is tested by structure-guided mutagenesis, revealing that SenB yields selenosugars by forming C-Se glycosidic bonds via spontaneous deprotonation and disrupting Se-P bonds by nucleophilic water attack, which is initiated by the critical residue K158. Furthermore, we functionally and structurally characterize two other Se-glycosyltransferases, CbSenB from Comamonadaceae bacterium and RsSenB from Ramlibacter sp., which also exhibit sugar donor promiscuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tianxue Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yue He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feng Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Fan A, Zhong B, Liu D, Lu Y, Wu M, Jin H, Shi XM, Ren J, Zhang B, Su XD, Ma M, Li SM, Lin W. Biosynthesis of Epipyrone A Reveals a Highly Specific Membrane-Bound Fungal C-Glycosyltransferase for Pyrone Galactosylation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1160-1165. [PMID: 38319976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Epipyrone A is a unique C-galactosylated 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone derivative with an antifungal potential from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. We elucidated its biosynthesis via heterologous expression and characterized an unprecedented membrane-bound pyrone C-glycosyltransferase biochemically. Molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments suggested a possible mechanism for the heterocyclic C-glycosylation and the importance of a transmembrane helix for its catalysis. These results expand the repertoire of C-glycosyltransferases and provide new insights into the formation of C-glycosides in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Boyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengyue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Xu X, Xia M, Han Y, Tan H, Chen Y, Song X, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Su P, Huang L. Highly Promiscuous Flavonoid Di- O-glycosyltransferases from Carthamus tinctorius L. Molecules 2024; 29:604. [PMID: 38338349 PMCID: PMC10856022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been recognized for its medicinal value, but there have been limited studies on the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid glycosides from safflower. In this research, we identified two highly efficient flavonoid O-glycosyltransferases, CtOGT1 and CtOGT2, from safflower performing local BLAST alignment. By constructing a prokaryotic expression vector, we conducted in vitro enzymatic reactions and discovered that these enzymes were capable of catalyzing two-step O-glycosylation using substrates such as kaempferol, quercetin, and eriodictyol. Moreover, they exhibited efficient catalytic activity towards various compounds, including flavones (apigenin, scutellarein), dihydrochalcone (phloretin), isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), flavanones (naringenin, glycyrrhizin), and flavanonols (dihydrokaempferol), leading to the formation of O-glycosides. The broad substrate specificity of these enzymes is noteworthy. This study provides valuable insights into the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoid glycosides in safflower. The discovery of CtOGT1 and CtOGT2 enhances our understanding of the enzymatic processes involved in synthesizing flavonoid glycosides in safflower, contributing to the overall comprehension of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Academician Workstation, Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Meng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Honghu Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xinqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Academician Workstation, Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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6
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Liu XY, Wang YN, Du JS, Chen BH, Liu KY, Feng L, Xiang GS, Zhang SY, Lu YC, Yang SC, Zhang GH, Hao B. Biosynthetic pathway of prescription bergenin from Bergenia purpurascens and Ardisia japonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1259347. [PMID: 38239219 PMCID: PMC10794647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1259347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Bergenin is a typical carbon glycoside and the primary active ingredient in antitussive drugs widely prescribed for central cough inhibition in China. The bergenin extraction industry relies on the medicinal plant species Bergenia purpurascens and Ardisia japonica as their resources. However, the bergenin biosynthetic pathway in plants remains elusive. In this study, we functionally characterized a shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), two O-methyltransferases (OMTs), and a C-glycosyltransferase (CGT) involved in bergenin synthesis through bioinformatics analysis, heterologous expression, and enzymatic characterization. We found that BpSDH2 catalyzes the two-step dehydrogenation process of shikimic acid to form gallic acid (GA). BpOMT1 and AjOMT1 facilitate the methylation reaction at the 4-OH position of GA, resulting in the formation of 4-O-methyl gallic acid (4-O-Me-GA). AjCGT1 transfers a glucose moiety to C-2 to generate 2-Glucosyl-4-O-methyl gallic acid (2-Glucosyl-4-O-Me-GA). Bergenin production ultimately occurs in acidic conditions or via dehydration catalyzed by plant dehydratases following a ring-closure reaction. This study for the first time uncovered the biosynthetic pathway of bergenin, paving the way to rational production of bergenin in cell factories via synthetic biology strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Na Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang-Shun Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bi-Huan Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun-Yi Liu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Xiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying-Chun Lu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Hao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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7
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Hu X, Zhu T, Min X, He J, Hou C, Liu X. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Puerarin Biosynthesis in Pueraria montana var. thomsonii at Different Growth Stages. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2230. [PMID: 38137052 PMCID: PMC10742406 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, a class of isoflavonoid compounds concentrated in the roots of Puerarias, has antipyretic, sedative, and coronary blood-flow-increasing properties. Although the biosynthetic pathways of puerarin have been investigated by previous researchers, studies focusing on the influence of different growth stages on the accumulation of metabolites in the puerarin pathway are not detailed, and it is still controversial at the last step of the 8-C-glycosylation reaction. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic changes in Pueraria montana var. thomsonii during two growing years, focusing on the vigorous growth and dormant stages, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the changes in metabolite and gene expression within the puerarin biosynthesis pathway. In a comparison of the two growth stages in the two groups, puerarin and daidzin, the main downstream metabolites in the puerarin biosynthesis pathway, were found to accumulate mainly during the vigorous growth stage. We also identified 67 common differentially expressed genes in this pathway based on gene expression differences at different growth stages. Furthermore, we identified four candidate 8-C-GT genes that potentially contribute to the conversion of daidzein into puerarin and eight candidate 7-O-GT genes that may be involved in the conversion of daidzein into daidzin. A co-expression network analysis of important UGTs and HIDs along with daidzein and puerarin was conducted. Overall, our study contributes to the knowledge of puerarin biosynthesis and offers information about the stage at which the 8-C-glycosylation reaction occurs in biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the cultivation and quality enhancement of Pueraria montana var. thomsonii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.); (T.Z.); (X.M.); (J.H.); (C.H.)
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8
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Tang SN, Barnum CR, Szarzanowicz MJ, Sirirungruang S, Shih PM. Harnessing Plant Sugar Metabolism for Glycoengineering. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1505. [PMID: 38132331 PMCID: PMC10741112 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an innate ability to generate vast amounts of sugar and produce a range of sugar-derived compounds that can be utilized for applications in industry, health, and agriculture. Nucleotide sugars lie at the unique intersection of primary and specialized metabolism, enabling the biosynthesis of numerous molecules ranging from small glycosides to complex polysaccharides. Plants are tolerant to perturbations to their balance of nucleotide sugars, allowing for the overproduction of endogenous nucleotide sugars to push flux towards a particular product without necessitating the re-engineering of upstream pathways. Pathways to produce even non-native nucleotide sugars may be introduced to synthesize entirely novel products. Heterologously expressed glycosyltransferases capable of unique sugar chemistries can further widen the synthetic repertoire of a plant, and transporters can increase the amount of nucleotide sugars available to glycosyltransferases. In this opinion piece, we examine recent successes and potential future uses of engineered nucleotide sugar biosynthetic, transport, and utilization pathways to improve the production of target compounds. Additionally, we highlight current efforts to engineer glycosyltransferases. Ultimately, the robust nature of plant sugar biochemistry renders plants a powerful chassis for the production of target glycoconjugates and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia N. Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (M.J.S.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Collin R. Barnum
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew J. Szarzanowicz
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (M.J.S.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sasilada Sirirungruang
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (M.J.S.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (M.J.S.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Liu S, Li D, Qin Z, Zeng W, Zhou J. Enhancing Glycosylation of Flavonoids by Engineering the Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Supply in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17842-17851. [PMID: 37941337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can enhance the solubility and stability of flavonoids. The main limitation of the glycosylation process is low intracellular uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) availability. This study aimed to create a glycosylation platform strain in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by multiple metabolic engineering of the UDPG supply. Glycosyltransferase TcCGT1 was introduced to synthesize vitexin and orientin from apigenin and luteolin, respectively. To further expand this glycosylation platform strain, not only were UDP rhamnose and UDP galactose synthesis pathways constructed, but rhamnosyltransferase (GtfC) and galactosyltransferase (PhUGT) were also introduced, respectively. In a 5 L bioreactor with apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin as glycosyl acceptors, vitexin, orientin, afzelin, quercitrin, hyperoside, and trifolin glycosylation products reached 17.2, 36.5, 5.2, 14.1, 6.4, and 11.4 g/L, respectively, the highest titers reported to date for all. The platform strain has great potential for large-scale production of glycosylated flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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10
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Qi S, He B, Wang H, Duan Y, Wang L, Gao Y, Guo M. A Muti-Substrate Flavonol O-glucosyltransferases from Safflower. Molecules 2023; 28:7613. [PMID: 38005335 PMCID: PMC10674463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the complete biosynthesis process of flavonoid glycosides in safflower, specifically the key glycosyltransferase that might be involved, as well as to develop an efficient biocatalyst to synthesize flavonoid glycosides, a glycosyltransferase CtUGT4, with flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase activity, was identified in safflower. The fusion protein of CtUGT4 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the target protein was purified. The recombinant protein can catalyze quercetin to form quercetin-7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol to form kaempferol-3-O in vitro, and a series of flavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, chalcones, and chalcone glycosides were used as substrates to generate new products. CtUGT4 was expressed in the tobacco transient expression system, and the enzyme activity results showed that it could catalyze kaempferol to kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside. After overexpressing CtUGT4 in safflower, the content of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in the safflower florets increased significantly, and the content of quercetin-3-O-glucoside also tended to increase, which preliminarily confirmed the function of CtUGT4 flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase. This work demonstrated the flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase function of safflower CtUGT4 and showed differences in the affinity for different flavonoid substrates and the regioselectivity of catalytic sites in safflower, both in vivo and in vitro, providing clues for further research regarding the function of UGT genes, as well as new ideas for the cultivation engineering of the directional improvement of effective metabolites in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Qi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Chemistry Experimental Teaching Center, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Lunuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Ren C, Xi Z, Xian B, Chen C, Huang X, Jiang H, Chen J, Peng C, Pei J. Identification and Characterization of CtUGT3 as the Key Player of Astragalin Biosynthesis in Carthamus tinctorius L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16221-16232. [PMID: 37870279 PMCID: PMC10623559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose economic crop that is distributed worldwide. Flavonoid glycosides are the main bioactive components in safflower, but only a few UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) have been identified. Three differentially expressed UGT genes related with the accumulation of 9 flavonoid O-glycosides were screened from metabolomics and transcriptome analysis. Safflower corolla protoplasts were used to confirm the glycosylation ability of UGT candidates in vivo for the first time. The astragalin content was significantly increased only when CtUGT3 was overexpressed. CtUGT3 also showed flavonoid 3-OH and 7-OH glycosylation activities in vitro. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that G15, T136, S276, and E384 were critical catalytic residues for the glycosylation ability of CtUGT3. These results demonstrate that CtUGT3 has a flavonoid 3-OH glycosylation function and is involved in the biosynthesis of astragalin in safflower. This study provides a reference for flavonoid biosynthesis genes research in nonmodel plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ziqing Xi
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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12
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Yin X, Xiang Y, Huang F, Chen Y, Ding H, Du J, Chen X, Wang X, Wei X, Cai Y, Gao W, Guo D, Alolga RN, Kan X, Zhang B, Alejo‐Jacuinde G, Li P, Tran LP, Herrera‐Estrella L, Lu X, Qi L. Comparative genomics of the medicinal plants Lonicera macranthoides and L. japonica provides insight into genus genome evolution and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2209-2223. [PMID: 37449344 PMCID: PMC10579715 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera macranthoides (LM) and L. japonica (LJ) are medicinal plants widely used in treating viral diseases, such as COVID-19. Although the two species are morphologically similar, their secondary metabolite profiles are significantly different. Here, metabolomics analysis showed that LM contained ~86.01 mg/g hederagenin-based saponins, 2000-fold higher than LJ. To gain molecular insights into its secondary metabolite production, a chromosome-level genome of LM was constructed, comprising 9 pseudo-chromosomes with 40 097 protein-encoding genes. Genome evolution analysis showed that LM and LJ were diverged 1.30-2.27 million years ago (MYA). The two plant species experienced a common whole-genome duplication event that occurred ∼53.9-55.2 MYA before speciation. Genes involved in hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis were arranged in clusters on the chromosomes of LM and they were more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Among them, oleanolic acid synthase (OAS) and UDP-glycosyltransferase 73 (UGT73) families were much more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Specifically, LmOAS1 was identified to effectively catalyse the C-28 oxidation of β-Amyrin to form oleanolic acid, the precursor of hederagenin-based saponin. LmUGT73P1 was identified to catalyse cauloside A to produce α-hederin. We further identified the key amino acid residues of LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 for their enzymatic activities. Additionally, comparing with collinear genes in LJ, LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 had an interesting phenomenon of 'neighbourhood replication' in LM genome. Collectively, the genomic resource and candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal the genome evolution of the Lonicera genus and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yin
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Feng‐Qing Huang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yahui Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hengwu Ding
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Jinfa Du
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinru Wei
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Cai
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wen Gao
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dongshu Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Raphael N. Alolga
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianzhao Kan
- The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjingChina
| | - Gerardo Alejo‐Jacuinde
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Ping Li
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lam‐Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Luis Herrera‐Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica/ Unidad de Genómica Avanzada del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuatoMexico
| | - Xu Lu
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lian‐Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
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13
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Chen Y, Yan Q, Ji Y, Bai X, Li D, Mu R, Guo K, Yang M, Tao Y, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li S. Unraveling the serial glycosylation in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins in the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla and their antifungal action. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4638-4654. [PMID: 37969733 PMCID: PMC10638507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases play important roles in constructing complex and bioactive saponins. Here, we characterized a series of UDP-glycosyltransferases responsible for biosynthesizing the branched sugar chain of bioactive steroidal saponins from a widely known medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Among them, a 2'-O-rhamnosyltransferase and three 6'-O-glucosyltrasferases catalyzed a cascade of glycosylation to produce steroidal diglycosides and triglycosides, respectively. These UDP-glycosyltransferases showed astonishing substrate promiscuity, resulting in the generation of a panel of 24 terpenoid glycosides including 15 previously undescribed compounds. A mutant library containing 44 variants was constructed based on the identification of critical residues by molecular docking simulations and protein model alignments, and a mutant UGT91AH1Y187A with increased catalytic efficiency was obtained. The steroidal saponins exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against four widespread strains of human pathogenic fungi attributed to ergosterol-dependent damage of fungal cell membranes, and 2'-O-rhamnosylation appeared to correlate with strong antifungal effects. The findings elucidated the biosynthetic machinery for their production of steroidal saponins and revealed their potential as new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuegui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Desen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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14
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Wang M, Ji Q, Lai B, Liu Y, Mei K. Structure-function and engineering of plant UDP-glycosyltransferase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5358-5371. [PMID: 37965058 PMCID: PMC10641439 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products synthesized by plants have substantial industrial and medicinal values and are therefore attracting increasing interest in various related industries. Among the key enzyme families involved in the biosynthesis of natural products, uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play a crucial role in plants. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the catalytic mechanisms and substrate recognition of plant UGTs and to improve them for desired functions. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview of all currently published structures of plant UGTs, along with in-depth analyses of the corresponding catalytic and substrate recognition mechanisms. In addition, we summarized and evaluated the protein engineering strategies applied to improve the catalytic activities of plant UGTs, with a particular focus on high-throughput screening methods. The primary objective of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of plant UGTs and to serve as a valuable reference for the latest techniques used to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiushuang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Lai
- BMBF junior research group Biophotovoltaics, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Yirong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kunrong Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Wang C, Tang D, Xu W, Liu Y, Huang ZH, Shaw PC, Jiang RW. Glycosylation of the polyphenols from Resina draconis by glycosyltransferase YjiC1. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3245-3252. [PMID: 35437081 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2066100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Resina Draconis (RD), also known as 'dragon's blood', contains a broad range of natural compounds, such as flavonoids, stilbenes and dihydrochalcones. It is clinically used to enhance blood circulation. However, the major components of RD suffer from relatively poor water solubility. Glycosylation is a critical determinant for modulating solubility and improving bioavailability and bioactivity of natural products. Herein, we report a novel method to efficiently synthesize glycosidic derivatives of the major polyphenols in RD using a microbial glycosyltransferase, i.e., YjiC1. Solubility test showed that the synthetic glycosidic derivatives displayed higher water solubility than the raw materials. This research sheds light on the structural modification of natural products for higher water solubility, which is important for innovative drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ding Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, P.R. China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences and Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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17
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Nguyen KU, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Jin X, Taniguchi M, Miller ES, Lindsey JS. Tolyporphins-Exotic Tetrapyrrole Pigments in a Cyanobacterium-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6132. [PMID: 37630384 PMCID: PMC10459692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolyporphins were discovered some 30 years ago as part of a global search for antineoplastic compounds from cyanobacteria. To date, the culture HT-58-2, comprised of a cyanobacterium-microbial consortium, is the sole known producer of tolyporphins. Eighteen tolyporphins are now known-each is a free base tetrapyrrole macrocycle with a dioxobacteriochlorin (14), oxochlorin (3), or porphyrin (1) chromophore. Each compound displays two, three, or four open β-pyrrole positions and two, one, or zero appended C-glycoside (or -OH or -OAc) groups, respectively; the appended groups form part of a geminal disubstitution motif flanking the oxo moiety in the pyrroline ring. The distinct structures and repertoire of tolyporphins stand alone in the large pigments-of-life family. Efforts to understand the cyanobacterial origin, biosynthetic pathways, structural diversity, physiological roles, and potential pharmacological properties of tolyporphins have attracted a broad spectrum of researchers from diverse scientific areas. The identification of putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the HT-58-2 cyanobacterial genome and accompanying studies suggest a new biosynthetic paradigm in the tetrapyrrole arena. The present review provides a comprehensive treatment of the rich science concerning tolyporphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiaohe Jin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA;
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
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18
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Han BY, Wang ZL, Li J, Jin Q, Wang HT, Chen K, Yi Y, Ågren H, Qiao X, Ye M. A highly selective C-rhamnosyltransferase from Viola tricolor and insights into its mechanisms. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3535-3544. [PMID: 37655315 PMCID: PMC10465961 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosides are important natural products with various bioactivities. In plant biosynthetic pathways, the C-glycosylation step is usually catalyzed by C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs), and most of them prefer to accept uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) as sugar donor. No CGTs favoring UDP-rhamnose (UDP-Rha) as sugar donor has been reported, thus far. Herein, we report the first selective C-rhamnosyltransferase VtCGTc from the medicinal plant Viola tricolor. VtCGTc could efficiently catalyze C-rhamnosylation of 2-hydroxynaringenin 3-C-glucoside, and exhibited high selectivity towards UDP-Rha. Mechanisms for the sugar donor selectivity of VtCGTc were investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM/GBSA) binding free energy calculations. Val144 played a vital role in recognizing UDP-Rha, and the V144T mutant could efficiently utilize UDP-Glc. This work provides a new and efficient approach to prepare flavonoid C-rhamnosides such as violanthin and iso-violanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Qing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Jiang L, Gao Y, Han L, Zhang W, Fan P. Designing plant flavonoids: harnessing transcriptional regulation and enzyme variation to enhance yield and diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220062. [PMID: 37575923 PMCID: PMC10420081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful and promising approach to enhance the production of value-added metabolites in plants. Flavonoids, a class of plant secondary metabolites, offer numerous health benefits and have attracted attention for their potential use in plant-based products. However, achieving high yields of specific flavonoids remains challenging due to the complex and diverse metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis. In recent years, synthetic biology approaches leveraging transcription factors and enzyme diversity have demonstrated promise in enhancing flavonoid yields and expanding their production repertoire. This review delves into the latest research progress in flavonoid metabolic engineering, encompassing the identification and manipulation of transcription factors and enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the deployment of synthetic biology tools for designing metabolic pathways. This review underscores the importance of employing carefully-selected transcription factors to boost plant flavonoid production and harnessing enzyme promiscuity to broaden flavonoid diversity or streamline the biosynthetic steps required for effective metabolic engineering. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology and a deeper understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis, future researchers can potentially transform the landscape of plant-based product development across the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, ultimately benefiting consumers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiqin Han
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Zhang Y, Fernie AR. Leveraging glycoside-targeted metabolomics to gain insight into biological function. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:737-739. [PMID: 37076401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glycosylation of secondary metabolites, but assigning physiological functions to UGTs is still a daunting task. The recent study of Wu et al. presents a useful method to resolve this problem by elegantly combining modification-specific metabolomics with isotope tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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21
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Liu S, Liu J, Zhao L, Pei J. Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient and economic production of C-glycosylflavonoids by deleting YhhW and regulating pH. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02893-2. [PMID: 37322185 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
C-glycosylflavonoids have a number of pharmacological activities. An efficient method for the preparation of C-glycosylflavonoids is through metabolic engineering. Thus, it is important to prevent the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids for producing C-glycosylflavonoids in the recombinant strain. In this study, two critical factors for the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids were clarified. The quercetinase (YhhW) gene from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was expressed, purified, and characterized. YhhW effectively degraded quercetin 8-C-glucoside, orientin, and isoorientin, while the degradation of vitexin and isovitexin was not significant. Zn2+ can significantly reduce the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids by inhibiting the activity of YhhW. pH was another key factor causing the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids, and C-glycosylflavonoids were significantly degraded with pH exceeding 7.5 in vitro or in vivo. On this basis, two strategies, deleting YhhW gene from the genome of E. coli and regulating pH during the bioconversion, were developed to relieve the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids. Finally, the total degradation rates for orientin and quercetin 8-C-glucoside decreased from 100 to 28% and 65% to 18%, respectively. The maximum yield of orientin reached 3353 mg/L with luteolin as substrate, and the maximum yield of quercetin 8-C-glucoside reached 2236 mg/L with quercetin as substrate. Therefore, the method described herein for relieving the degradation of C-glycosylflavonoids may be widely used for the biosynthesis of C-glycosylflavonoids in recombinant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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22
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Hoffmann TD, Kurze E, Liao J, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Genome-wide identification of UDP-glycosyltransferases in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis) and their biochemical and physiological functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191625. [PMID: 37346124 PMCID: PMC10279963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been an immensely important commercially grown crop for decades. This is due to the presence of essential nutrients and plant secondary metabolites that exhibit beneficial health effects. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in the diversity of such secondary metabolites by catalysing the transfer of an activated sugar donor to acceptor molecules, and thereby creating a huge variety of glycoconjugates. Only in recent years, thanks to the sequencing of the tea plant genome, have there been increased efforts to characterise the UGTs in C. sinensis to gain an understanding of their physiological role and biotechnological potential. Based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif and the catalytically active histidine in the active site, UGTs of family 1 in C. sinensis are identified here, and shown to cluster into 21 groups in a phylogenetic tree. Building on this, our current understanding of recently characterised C. sinensis UGTs (CsUGTs) is highlighted and a discussion on future perspectives made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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23
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Liao J, Sun G, Kurze E, Steinchen W, Hoffmann TD, Song C, Zou Z, Hoffmann T, Schwab WG. Subfunctionalization of a monolignol to a phytoalexin glucosyltransferase is accompanied by substrate inhibition. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100506. [PMID: 36566353 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) mediate the glycosylation of plant metabolites, thereby altering their physicochemical properties and bioactivities. Plants possess numerous UGT genes, with the encoded enzymes often glycosylating multiple substrates and some exhibiting substrate inhibition kinetics, but the biological function and molecular basis of these phenomena are not fully understood. The promiscuous monolignol/phytoalexin glycosyltransferase NbUGT72AY1 exhibits substrate inhibition (Ki) at 4 μM scopoletin, whereas the highly homologous monolignol StUGT72AY2 is inhibited at 190 μM. We therefore used hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and structure-based mutational analyses of both proteins and introduced NbUGT72AY1 residues into StUGT72AY2 and vice versa to study promiscuity and substrate inhibition of UGTs. A single F87I and chimeric mutant of NbUGT72AY1 showed significantly reduced scopoletin substrate inhibition, whereas its monolignol glycosylation activity was almost unaffected. Reverse mutations in StUGT72AY2 resulted in increased scopoletin glycosylation, leading to enhanced promiscuity, which was accompanied by substrate inhibition. Studies of 3D structures identified open and closed UGT conformers, allowing visualization of the dynamics of conformational changes that occur during catalysis. Previously postulated substrate access tunnels likely serve as drainage channels. The results suggest a two-site model in which the second substrate molecule binds near the catalytic site and blocks product release. Mutational studies showed that minor changes in amino acid sequence can enhance the promiscuity of the enzyme and add new capabilities such as substrate inhibition without affecting existing functions. The proposed subfunctionalization mechanism of expanded promiscuity may play a role in enzyme evolution and highlights the importance of promiscuous enzymes in providing new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guangxin Sun
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wieland Steinchen
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 14, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Timothy D Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zou
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried G Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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24
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Chong Y, Kim BG, Park YJ, Yang Y, Lee SW, Lee Y, Ahn JH. Production of Four Flavonoid C-Glucosides in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5302-5313. [PMID: 36952620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid C-glucosides, which are found in several plant families, are characterized by several biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antibacterial, antihyperalgesic, antiviral, and antinociceptive activities. The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid C-glucosides in plants has been elucidated. In the present study, a pathway was introduced to Escherichia coli to synthesize four flavonoid C-glucosides, namely, isovitexin, vitexin, kaempferol 6-C-glucoside, and kaempferol 8-C-glucoside. A five- or six-step metabolic pathway for synthesizing flavonoid aglycones from tyrosine was constructed and two regioselective flavonoid C-glycosyltransferases from Wasabia japonica (WjGT1) and Trollius chinensis (TcCGT) were used. Additionally, the best shikimate gene module construct was selected to maximize the titer of each C-glucoside flavonoid. Isovitexin (30.2 mg/L), vitexin (93.9 mg/L), kaempferol 6-C-glucoside (14.4 mg/L), and kaempferol 8-C-glucoside (38.6 mg/L) were synthesized using these approaches. The flavonoid C-glucosides synthesized in this study provide a basis for investigating and unraveling their novel biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Chong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongsang National University, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youri Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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25
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Sirirungruang S, Barnum CR, Tang SN, Shih PM. Plant glycosyltransferases for expanding bioactive glycoside diversity. Nat Prod Rep 2023. [PMID: 36853278 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a successful strategy to alter the pharmacological properties of small molecules, and it has emerged as a unique approach to expand the chemical space of natural products that can be explored in drug discovery. Traditionally, most glycosylation events have been carried out chemically, often requiring many protection and deprotection steps to achieve a target molecule. Enzymatic glycosylation by glycosyltransferases could provide an alternative strategy for producing new glycosides. In particular, the glycosyltransferase family has greatly expanded in plants, representing a rich enzymatic resource to mine and expand the diversity of glycosides with novel bioactive properties. This article highlights previous and prospective uses for plant glycosyltransferases in generating bioactive glycosides and altering their pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasilada Sirirungruang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Collin R Barnum
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sophia N Tang
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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26
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pueraria lobata Provides Candidate Genes Involved in Puerarin Biosynthesis and Its Regulation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010170. [PMID: 36671554 PMCID: PMC9855344 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pueraria lobata is a traditional Chinese herb in which an isoflavone C-glucoside, namely puerarin, has received the utmost interest due to its medicinal properties. To date, the biogenesis of puerarin, especially its C-glucosyl reaction in the pathway, remains poorly understood. Moreover, the transcription factors (TFs) that regulate puerarin biosynthesis in P. lobata have not been reported. Here, we performed phytochemical studies on the different developmental stages of the root, stem, and leaf tissues of two P. lobata cultivars, which suggested that both the roots and stems of P. lobata were the sites of puerarin biosynthesis. RNA-sequencing was conducted with the root and stem tissues of the two cultivars under different stages, and the clean reads were mapped to the recently published genome of P. lobata var. thomsonii, yielding the transcriptome dataset. A detailed analysis of the gene expression data, gene coexpression network, and phylogeny proposed several C-GTs that likely participate in puerarin biosynthesis. The first genome-wide analysis of the whole MYB superfamily in P. lobata presented here identified a total of 123 nonredundant PlMYB genes that were significantly expressed in the analyzed tissues. The phylogenetic analysis of PlMYBs with other plant MYB proteins revealed strong PlMYB candidates that may regulate the biosynthesis of isoflavones, such as puerarin.
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27
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He P, Wang S, Li S, Liu S, Zhou S, Wang J, Tao J, Wang D, Wang R, Ma W. Structural mechanism of a dual-functional enzyme DgpA/B/C as both a C-glycoside cleaving enzyme and an O- to C-glycoside isomerase. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:246-255. [PMID: 36815035 PMCID: PMC9939296 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-glycosidic bond that connects the sugar moiety with aglycone is difficult to be broken or made due to its inert nature. The knowledge of C-glycoside breakdown and synthesis is very limited. Recently, the enzyme DgpA/B/C cascade from a human intestinal bacterium PUE was identified to specifically cleave the C-glycosidic bond of puerarin (daidzein-8-C-glucoside). Here we investigated how puerarin is recognized and oxidized by DgpA based on crystal structures of DgpA with or without substrate and biochemical characterization. More strikingly, we found that apart from being a C-glycoside cleaving enzyme, DgpA/B/C is capable of efficiently converting O- to C-glycoside showing the activity as a structure isomerase. A possible mechanistic model was proposed dependently of the simulated complex structure of DgpB/C with 3″-oxo-daidzin and structure-based mutagenesis. Our findings not only shed light on understanding the enzyme-mediated C-glycosidic bond breakage and formation, but also may help to facilitate stereospecific C-glycoside synthesis in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei He
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Sha Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shuqi Zhou
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jiayue Tao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | | | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 10 53912152.
| | - Wenfu Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 10 53912152.
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28
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Cai Q, Liu C, Liu L, Ge Y, Cheng X, Luo B, Zhou L, Yang Q. Molecular identification and functional characterization of two glycosyltransferases genes from Fallopia multiflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1017122. [PMID: 36561458 PMCID: PMC9765892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine plant Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald. contains various pharmacodynamically active glycosides, such as stilbene glycosides, anthraquinone (AQ) glycosides, and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation is an important reaction in plant metabolism that is generally completed by glycosyltransferase in the last step of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway, and it can improve the beneficial properties of many natural products. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of F. multiflora, we cloned two Uridine-diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the cDNA of F. multiflora (FmUGT1 and FmUGT2). Their full-length sequences were 1602 and 1449 bp, encoding 533 and 482 amino acids, respectively. In vitro enzymatic reaction results showed that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were promiscuous and could catalyze the glycosylation of 12 compounds, including stilbenes, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phloretin, and curcumin, and we also obtained and structurally identified 13 glycosylated products from both of them. Further experiments on the in vivo function of FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 showed that 2, 3, 5, 4'- tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) content in hairy roots was elevated significantly when FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were overexpressed and decreased accordingly in the RNA interference (RNAi) groups. These results indicate that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were able to glycosylate a total of 12 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-glycosides. In addition, FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 efficiently catalyzed the biosynthesis of THSG, and promoted the production of AQs in transgenic hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhong Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuewei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangyun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
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Phenolic C-glycoside synthesis using microbial systems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102827. [PMID: 36308986 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce different types of phenolic compounds. The majority of these compounds are glycosylated. Phenolic O-glycosides are also common. Recently, C-glycosylation of phenolic compounds has received attention because of the biological importance of phenolic C-glycosides. To date, three classes of C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) have been characterized based on the type of sugar acceptor: flavonoid CGT, coumarin CGT, and xanthone CGT. Phylogenetic analysis of glycosyltransferases has revealed that CGTs form a distinct class that is clearly different from that of O-glycosyltransferases. The characterized CGTs have been introduced into microbial systems to synthesize phenolic C-glycosides. Here, we review recent progress in the development of CGTs and their application in the synthesis of phenolic C-glycosides using microbial systems.
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Wu Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhao L, Pei J. An efficient preparation and biocatalytic synthesis of novel C-glycosylflavonols kaempferol 8-C-glucoside and quercetin 8-C-glucoside through using resting cells and macroporous resins. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:129. [PMID: 36434691 PMCID: PMC9700910 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-glycosylated flavonoids are a main type of structural modification and can endow flavonoids with greater stability, bioactivity, and bioavailability. Although some C-glycosylated flavonoids have been biosynthesized in vivo or vitro, only a few C-glycosylflavonols have been prepared by these methods. RESULTS In this study, several uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose biosynthesis pathways and Escherichia coli hosts were screened to reconstruct recombinant strains for producing the novel C-glycosylflavonols kaempferol 8-C-glucoside and quercetin 8-C-glucoside. To increase C-glycosylflavonol production, the timing of flavonol addition was adjusted, and glycerol was added to avoid degradation of C-glycosylflavonols. By using resting cell bioconversion, the highest kaempferol 8-C-glucoside and quercetin 8-C-glucoside production reached 16.6 g/L and 12.5 g/L, respectively. Then, ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption was used to prepare C-glycosylflavonols by using macroporous resins. Through screening macroporous resins and optimizing the adsorption/desorption conditions, the highest adsorption capacity and desorption capacity for kaempferol 8-C-glucoside on HPD100 reached 28.57 mg/g and 24.15 mg/g, respectively. Finally, kaempferol 8-C-glucoside (15.4 g) with a yield of 93% and quercetin 8-C-glucoside (11.3 g) with a yield of 91% were obtained from 1 L of fermentation broth. CONCLUSIONS Kaempferol 8-C-glucoside and quercetin 8-C-glucoside are novel C-glycosylflavonols, which have not been extracted from plants. This study provides an efficient method for the preparation and biocatalytic synthesis of kaempferol 8-C-glucoside and quercetin 8-C-glucoside by metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Ni R, Liu XY, Zhang JZ, Fu J, Tan H, Zhu TT, Zhang J, Wang HL, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification of a flavonoid C-glycosyltransferase from fern species Stenoloma chusanum and the application in synthesizing flavonoid C-glycosides in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:210. [PMID: 36242071 PMCID: PMC9563126 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoid C-glycosides have many beneficial effects and are widely used in food and medicine. However, plants contain a limited number of flavonoid C-glycosides, and it is challenging to create these substances chemically. RESULTS To screen more robust C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) for the biosynthesis of flavonoid C-glycosides, one CGT enzyme from Stenoloma chusanum (ScCGT1) was characterized. Biochemical analyses revealed that ScCGT1 showed the C-glycosylation activity for phloretin, 2-hydroxynaringenin, and 2-hydroxyeriodictyol. Structure modeling and mutagenesis experiments indicated that the glycosylation of ScCGT1 may be initiated by the synergistic action of conserved residue His26 and Asp14. The P164T mutation increased C-glycosylation activity by forming a hydrogen bond with the sugar donor. Furthermore, when using phloretin as a substrate, the extracellular nothofagin production obtained from the Escherichia coli strain ScCGT1-P164T reached 38 mg/L, which was 2.3-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Finally, it is proved that the coupling catalysis of CjFNS I/F2H and ScCGT1-P164T could convert naringenin into vitexin and isovitexin. CONCLUSION This is the first time that C-glycosyltransferase has been characterized from fern species and provides a candidate gene and strategy for the efficient production of bioactive C-glycosides using enzyme catalysis and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Wu J, Zhu W, Shan X, Liu J, Zhao L, Zhao Q. Glycoside-specific metabolomics combined with precursor isotopic labeling for characterizing plant glycosyltransferases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1517-1532. [PMID: 35996753 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants contributes to the complexity and diversity of secondary metabolites. UGTs are generally promiscuous in their use of acceptors, making it challenging to reveal the function of UGTs in vivo. Here, we described an approach that combined glycoside-specific metabolomics and precursor isotopic labeling analysis to characterize UGTs in Arabidopsis. We revisited the UGT72E cluster, which has been reported to catalyze the glycosylation of monolignols. Glycoside-specific metabolomics analysis reduced the number of differentially accumulated metabolites in the ugt72e1e2e3 mutant by at least 90% compared with that from traditional untargeted metabolomics analysis. In addition to the two previously reported monolignol glycosides, a total of 62 glycosides showed reduced accumulation in the ugt72e1e2e3 mutant, 22 of which were phenylalanine-derived glycosides, including 5-OH coniferyl alcohol-derived and lignan-derived glycosides, as confirmed by isotopic tracing of [13C6]-phenylalanine precursor. Our method revealed that UGT72Es could use coumarins as substrates, and genetic evidence showed that UGT72Es endowed plants with enhanced tolerance to low iron availability under alkaline conditions. Using the newly developed method, the function of UGT78D2 was also evaluated. These case studies suggest that this method can substantially contribute to the characterization of UGTs and efficiently investigate glycosylation processes, the complexity of which have been highly underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaotong Shan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Adolfo LM, Burks D, Rao X, Alvarez‐Hernandez A, Dixon RA. Evaluation of pathways to the C-glycosyl isoflavone puerarin in roots of kudzu ( Pueraria montana lobata). PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e442. [PMID: 36091880 PMCID: PMC9438399 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Kudzu (Pueraria montana lobata) is used as a traditional medicine in China and Southeast Asia but is a noxious weed in the Southeastern United States. It produces both O- and C-glycosylated isoflavones, with puerarin (C-glucosyl daidzein) as an important bioactive compound. Currently, the stage of the isoflavone pathway at which the C-glycosyl unit is added remains unclear, with a recent report of direct C-glycosylation of daidzein contradicting earlier labeling studies supporting C-glycosylation at the level of chalcone. We have employed comparative mRNA sequencing of the roots from two Pueraria species, one of which produces puerarin (field collected P. montana lobata) and one of which does not (commercial Pueraria phaseoloides), to identify candidate uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes involved in puerarin biosynthesis. Expression of recombinant UGTs in Escherichia coli and candidate C-glycosyltransferases in Medicago truncatula were used to explore substrate specificities, and gene silencing of UGT and key isoflavone biosynthetic genes in kudzu hairy roots employed to test hypotheses concerning the substrate(s) for C-glycosylation. Our results confirm UGT71T5 as a C-glycosyltransferase of isoflavone biosynthesis in kudzu. Enzymatic, isotope labeling, and genetic analyses suggest that puerarin arises both from the direct action of UGT71T5 on daidzein and via a second route in which the C-glycosidic linkage is introduced to the chalcone isoliquiritigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laci M. Adolfo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - David Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | | | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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Heo KT, Lee B, Jang JH, Hong YS. Elucidation of the di-c-glycosylation steps during biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic, kidamycin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:985696. [PMID: 36091425 PMCID: PMC9452638 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.985696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidamycins belong to the pluramycin family of antitumor antibiotics that contain di-C-glycosylated angucycline. Owing to its interesting biological activity, several synthetic derivatives of kidamycins are currently being developed. However, the synthesis of these complex structural compounds with unusual C-glycosylated residues is difficult. In the kidamycin-producing Streptomyces sp. W2061 strain, the genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for the structural features of kidamycin were identified. Two glycosyltransferase-coding genes, kid7 and kid21, were found in the kidamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Gene inactivation studies revealed that the subsequent glycosylation steps occurred in a sequential manner, in which Kid7 first attached N,N-dimethylvancosamine to the C10 position of angucycline aglycone, following which Kid21 transferred an anglosamine moiety to C8 of the C10-glycosylated angucycline. Therefore, this is the first report to reveal the sequential biosynthetic steps of the unique C-glycosylated amino-deoxyhexoses of kidamycin. Additionally, we confirmed that all three methyltransferases (Kid4, Kid9, and Kid24) present in this BGC were involved in the biosynthesis of these amino-deoxyhexoses, N,N-dimethylvancosamine and anglosamine. Aglycone compounds and the mono-C-glycosylated compound obtained in this process will be used as substrates for the development of synthetic derivatives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taek Heo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology(UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byeongsan Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology(UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Hyuk Jang, ; Young-Soo Hong,
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology(UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Hyuk Jang, ; Young-Soo Hong,
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Zhang YQ, Zhang M, Wang ZL, Qiao X, Ye M. Advances in plant-derived C-glycosides: Phytochemistry, bioactivities, and biotechnological production. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108030. [PMID: 36031083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-glycosides represent a large group of natural products with a C-C bond between the aglycone and the sugar moiety. They exhibit great structural diversity, wide natural distribution, and significant biological activities. By the end of 2021, at least 754 C-glycosides and their derivatives have been isolated and characterized from plants. Thus far, 66 functional C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) have been discovered from plants, and provide green and efficient approaches to synthesize C-glycosides. Herein, advances in plant-derived C-glycosides are comprehensively summarized from aspects of structural diversity and identification, bioactivities, and biotechnological production. New strategies to discover novel C-glycosides and CGTs, as well as the applications of biotechnological methods to produce C-glycosides in the future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Liu ZQ. What about the progress in the synthesis of flavonoid from 2020? Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hsu C, Tsai HY, Chang CF, Yang CC, Su NW. Discovery of a novel phosphotransferase from Bacillus subtilis that phosphorylates a broad spectrum of flavonoids. Food Chem 2022; 400:134001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang H, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhao L, Pei J. Screening and characterizing flavone synthases and its application in biosynthesizing vitexin from naringenin by a one-pot enzymatic cascade. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110101. [PMID: 35872507 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
C-glycosylated flavonoids are important structural derivatives of flavonoids and have a variety of physiological activities. Flavone synthase is a key enzyme for producing C-glycosylated flavonoids. In this study, three flavone synthase genes were cloned, overexpressed and characterized in E. coli. By analyzing the enzymatic properties of the enzymes, Aethusa cynapium flavone synthase (AcFNS) was better than Apium graveolens flavone synthase (AgFNS) and Petroselinum crispum flavone synthase (PcFNS) in terms of catalytic ability, organic solvent tolerance and stability. Then, a one-pot enzymatic cascade was developed to synthesize vitexin from naringenin by using AcFNS, C-glycosyltransferase (TcCGT) from Trollius chinensis, and sucrose synthase (GmSUS) from Glycine max. The effects of enzyme ratios, substrate concentrations, cofactors, and reaction conditions on vitexin production were determined. The highest vitexin production reached 935.6 mg/L with a corresponding molar conversion of 78.7 % for (2 S)-naringenin. Thus, this is the first report of a one-pot enzymatic cascade for vitexin production from naringenin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yangbao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Using genome and transcriptome analysis to elucidate biosynthetic pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 75:102708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Gao HY, Liu Y, Tan FF, Zhu LW, Jia KZ, Tang YJ. Advances and Challenges in Enzymatic C-glycosylation of Flavonoids in Plants. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1466-1479. [PMID: 35466866 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220422085128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides play required determinant roles in plants and have considerable potential for applications in medicine and biotechnology. Glycosyltransferases transfer a sugar moiety from uridine diphosphate-activated sugar molecules to an acceptor flavonoid via C-O and C-C linkages. Compared with O-glycosylflavonoids, C-glycosylflavonoids are more stable, are resistant to glycosidase or acid hydrolysis, exhibit better pharmacological properties, and have received more attention. Herein, we discuss the mining of C-glycosylflavones and the corresponding C-glycosyltransferases and evaluate the differences in structure and catalytic mechanisms between C-glycosyltransferase and O-glycosyltransferase. We conclude that promiscuity and specificity are key determinants for general flavonoid C-glycosyltransferase engineering and summarize the C-glycosyltransferase engineering strategy. A thorough understanding of the properties, catalytic mechanisms, and engineering of C-glycosyltransferases will be critical for any future biotechnological applications in areas such as the production of desired C-glycosylflavonoids for nutritional or medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yao Gao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fei-Fan Tan
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Li-Wen Zhu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Kai-Zhi Jia
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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41
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He B, Bai X, Tan Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Yang GY. Glycosyltransferases: Mining, engineering and applications in biosynthesis of glycosylated plant natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:602-620. [PMID: 35261926 PMCID: PMC8883072 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of nucleotide-activated sugars to specific acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes are well-known for their function in biosynthesis of natural product glycosides. Elucidating GT function represents necessary step in metabolic engineering of aglycone glycosylation to produce drug leads, cosmetics, nutrients and sweeteners. In this review, we systematically summarize the phylogenetic distribution and catalytic diversity of plant GTs. We also discuss recent progress in the identification of novel GT candidates for synthesis of plant natural products (PNPs) using multi-omics technology and deep learning predicted models. We also highlight recent advances in rational design and directed evolution engineering strategies for new or improved GT functions. Finally, we cover recent breakthroughs in the application of GTs for microbial biosynthesis of some representative glycosylated PNPs, including flavonoid glycosides (fisetin 3-O-glycosides, astragalin, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside), terpenoid glycosides (rebaudioside A, ginsenosides) and polyketide glycosides (salidroside, polydatin).
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42
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Huang J, She Y, Yue J, Chen Y, Li Y, Li J, Hu Y, Yang D, Chen J, Yang L, Liu Z, Wu R, Jin P, Duan L. Exploring the catalytic function and active sites of a novel C-glycosyltransferase from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:621-630. [PMID: 35198747 PMCID: PMC8841362 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemarrhena asphodeloides is an immensely popular medicinal herb in China, which contains an abundant of mangiferin. As an important bioactive xanthone C-glycoside, mangiferin possesses a variety of pharmacological activities and is derived from the cyclization reaction of a benzophenone C-glycoside (maclurin). Biosynthetically, C-glycosyltransferases are critical for the formation of benzophenone C-glycosides. However, the benzophenone C-glycosyltransferases from Anemarrhena asphodeloides have not been discovered. Herein, a promiscuous C-glycosyltransferase (AaCGT) was identified from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. It was able to catalyze efficiently mono-C-glycosylation of benzophenone, together with di-C-glycosylation of dihydrochalcone. It also exhibited the weak O-glycosylation or potent S-glycosylation capacities toward 12 other types of flavonoid scaffolds and a simple aromatic compound with –SH group. Homology modeling and mutagenesis experiments revealed that the glycosylation reaction of AaCGT was initiated by the conserved residue H23 as the catalytic base. Three critical residues H356, W359 and D380 were involved in the recognition of sugar donor through hydrogen-bonding interactions. In particular, the double mutant of F94W/L378M led to an unexpected enzymatic conversion of mono-C- to di-C-glycosylation. This study highlights the important value of AaCGT as a potential biocatalyst for efficiently synthesizing high-value C-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yaru She
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingyang Yue
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yidu Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yonger Hu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Deying Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiabo Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lixin Duan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Zhang LJ, Wang DG, Zhang P, Wu C, Li YZ. Promiscuity Characteristics of Versatile Plant Glycosyltransferases for Natural Product Glycodiversification. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:812-819. [PMID: 35076210 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification can optimize the properties of pharmaceutical compounds, and versatile glycosyltransferases (GTs) are the key enzymatic toolkits to achieve this goal. Plant GTs in the GT1 family (GT1-pGTs) have attracted much attention due to their promising substrate promiscuity, but previous investigations on GT1-pGTs were mainly conducted sporadically and without systematic phylogenetic comparisons. In this study, we exemplified the phylogeny-guided characterization of highly promiscuous GT1-pGTs from the contemporary surge of genomic information. All the available GT1-pGT sequences in the database were analyzed to explore the relationships between the substrate promiscuity and the phylogeny of GT1-pGTs. This systematic phylogenetic analysis directed us to choose 29 anonymous GT sequences from different evolutionary branches to probe their substrate promiscuity toward 10 aromatic compounds differing in chemical scaffolds. We found that promiscuous plant GTs (PPGTs) active toward ≥3 substrates were widely distributed in different clades but particularly enriched in the one containing the known promiscuous enzyme GuGT10. Ten highly promiscuous plant GTs were found to tolerate a wide spectrum (≥8) of substrates and inclusively catalyze the formation of O-, N-, and S-glycosidic bonds. The promiscuity of these 10 PPGTs was further tested using 15 sugar donors. Finally, we characterized FiGT2 that simultaneously exhibited pronounced promiscuity in terms of both the sugar acceptor and sugar donor. All in all, this study paves the way to unearth many more PPGTs and thus strengthen the enzymatic toolkit for the sustainable production of valuable glycosides through a synthetic biological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
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Huang W, He Y, Jiang R, Deng Z, Long F. Functional and Structural Dissection of a Plant Steroid 3-O-Glycosyltransferase Facilitated the Engineering Enhancement of Sugar Donor Promiscuity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Renwang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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45
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Docking-guided rational engineering of a macrolide glycosyltransferase glycodiversifies epothilone B. Commun Biol 2022; 5:100. [PMID: 35087210 PMCID: PMC8795383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases typically display acceptor substrate flexibility but more stringent donor specificity. BsGT-1 is a highly effective glycosyltransferase to glycosylate macrolides, including epothilones, promising antitumor compounds. Here, we show that BsGT-1 has three major regions significantly influencing the glycodiversification of epothilone B based on structural molecular docking, "hot spots" alanine scanning, and site saturation mutagenesis. Mutations in the PSPG-like motif region and the C2 loop region are more likely to expand donor preference; mutations of the flexible N3 loop region located at the mouth of the substrate-binding cavity produce novel epothilone oligosaccharides. These "hot spots" also functioned in homologues of BsGT-1. The glycosides showed significantly enhanced water solubility and decreased cytotoxicity, although the glycosyl appendages of epothilone B also reduced drug permeability and attenuated antitumor efficacy. This study laid a foundation for the rational engineering of other GTs to synthesize valuable small molecules.
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46
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Sun X, Xue X, Wang X, Zhang C, Zheng D, Song W, Zhao J, Wei J, Wu Z, Zhang Z. Natural variation of ZmCGT1 is responsible for isoorientin accumulation in maize silk. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:64-76. [PMID: 34695260 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) silk contains high levels of flavonoids and is widely used to promote human health. Isoorientin, a natural C-glycoside flavone abundant in maize silk, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential value. Although different classes of flavonoid have been well characterized in plants, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoorientin in maize are largely unknown. Here, we used targeted metabolic profiling of isoorientin on the silks in an association panel consisting of 294 maize inbred lines. We identified the gene ZmCGT1 by genome-wide association analysis. The ZmCGT1 protein was characterized as a 2-hydroxyflavanone C-glycosyltransferase that can C-glycosylate 2-hydroxyflavanone to form flavone-C-glycoside after dehydration. Moreover, ZmCGT1 overexpression increased isoorientin levels and RNA interference-mediated ZmCGT1 knockdown decreased accumulation of isoorientin in maize silk. Further, two nucleotide polymorphisms, A502C and A1022G, which led to amino acid changes I168L and E341G, respectively, were identified to be functional polymorphisms responsible for the natural variation in isoorientin levels. In summary, we identified the gene ZmCGT1, which plays an important role in isoorientin biosynthesis, providing insights into the genetic basis of the natural variation in isoorientin levels in maize silk. The identified favorable CG allele of ZmCGT1 may be further used for genetic improvement of nutritional quality in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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47
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Liang YY, Zan XY, Sun L, Fu X, Cui FJ, Tan M, Shao ZY, Sun WJ. A uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase GFUGT88A1 derived from edible mushroom Grifola frondosa extends oligosaccharide chains. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Bao YO, Zhang M, Qiao X, Ye M. Functional characterization of a C-glycosyltransferase from Pueraria lobata with dual-substrate selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12337-12340. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported a C-glycosyltransferase PlCGT with dual-substrate selectivity. An Asn16–Asp124 dyad may mediate the SN2-like mechanism in the C-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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49
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Zhang M, Yi Y, Gao B, Su H, Bao Y, Shi X, Wang H, Li F, Ye M, Qiao X. Functional Characterization and Protein Engineering of a Triterpene 3‐/6‐/2′‐
O
‐Glycosyltransferase Reveal a Conserved Residue Critical for the Regiospecificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Bai‐Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hui‐Fei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yang‐Oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiao‐Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hai‐Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fu‐Dong Li
- National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics and School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
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50
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Zhang M, Yi Y, Gao BH, Su HF, Bao YO, Shi XM, Wang HD, Li FD, Ye M, Qiao X. Functional Characterization and Protein Engineering of a Triterpene 3-/6-/2'-O-Glycosyltransferase Reveal a Conserved Residue Critical for the Regiospecificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113587. [PMID: 34894044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the function of triterpene glucosyltransferases (GTs) is challenging due to the large size of the sugar acceptors. In this work, we identified a multifunctional glycosyltransferase AmGT8 catalyzing triterpene 3-/6-/2'-O-glycosylation from the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus. To engineer its regiospecificity, a small mutant library was built based on semi-rational design. Variants A394F, A394D, and T131V were found to catalyze specific 6-O, 3-O, and 2'-O glycosylation, respectively. The origin of regioselectivity of AmGT8 and its A394F variant was studied by molecular dynamics and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Residue 394 is highly conserved as A/G and is critical for the regiospecificity of the C- and O-GTs TcCGT1 and GuGT10/14. Finally, astragalosides III and IV were synthesized by mutants A394F, T131V and P192E. This work reports biocatalysts for saponin synthesis and gives new insights into protein engineering of regioselectivity in plant GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bai-Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Fei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang-Oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hai-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fu-Dong Li
- National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
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