1
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Stenspil SG, Laursen BW. Photophysics of fluorescent nanoparticles based on organic dyes - challenges and design principles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8625-8638. [PMID: 38873083 PMCID: PMC11168078 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles have become attractive for bioanalysis and imaging, due to their high brightness and photostability. Many different optical materials have been applied in fluorescent nanoparticles with a broad range of properties and characteristics. One appealing approach is the incorporation of molecular organic fluorophores in nanoparticles with the intention of transferring their known attractive solution-state properties directly to the nanoparticles. However, as molecular dyes are packed closely together in the nanoparticles their interactions most often result in fluorescence quenching and change in spectral properties making this approach challenging. In this perspective we will first discuss the origins of quenching and spectral shifts observed in dye based nanoparticles. On this background, we will then describe various designs of dye based NPs and how they address the challenges of dye-dye interactions and quenching. Our aim is to provide a general framework for understanding the supramolecular mechanisms that determine the photophysics of dye based nanoparticles. This framework of molecular photophysics and its relation to the internal structure of dye based nanoparticles can hopefully serve to assist rational design and optimization of new and improved dye based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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2
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Lei Y, Wang Y, Hill SK, Cheng Z, Song Q, Perrier S. Supra-Fluorophores: Ultrabright Fluorescent Supramolecular Assemblies Derived from Conventional Fluorophores in Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401346. [PMID: 38416605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional brightness hold significant promise for demanding fluorescence bioimaging applications. Although considerable efforts are invested in developing novel organic dyes with enhanced performance, augmenting the brightness of conventional fluorophores is still one of the biggest challenges to overcome. This study presents a supramolecular strategy for constructing ultrabright fluorescent nanoparticles in aqueous media (referred to as "Supra-fluorophores") derived from conventional fluorophores. To achieve this, this course has employed a cylindrical nanoparticle with a hydrophobic microdomain, assembled by a cyclic peptide-diblock copolymer conjugate in water, as a supramolecular scaffold. The noncovalent dispersion of fluorophore moieties within the hydrophobic microdomain of the scaffold effectively mitigates the undesired aggregation-caused quenching and fluorescence quenching by water, resulting in fluorescent NPs with high brightness. This strategy is applicable to a broad spectrum of fluorophore families, covering polyaromatic hydrocarbons, coumarins, boron-dipyrromethenes, cyanines, xanthenes, and squaraines. The resulting fluorescent NPs demonstrate high fluorescence quantum yield (>30%) and brightness per volume (as high as 12 060 m-1 cm-1 nm-3). Moreover, high-performance NPs with emission in the NIR region are constructed, showcasing up to 20-fold increase in both brightness and photostability. This Supra-fluorophore strategy offers a versatile and effective method for transforming existing fluorophores into ultrabright fluorescent NPs in aqueous environments, for applications such as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lei
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sophie K Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Zihe Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Qiao Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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3
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Chen Q, Gu Y, Fu H, Luo R, Zhu D, Dong P, Ma J, Ju H, Lei J. Ultrastable Anion Radicals in Ligand-Dimerized Frameworks for Self-Accumulated Electrochemiluminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18194-18201. [PMID: 38532607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process that occurs via an annihilation reaction among energetic radical intermediates, whose stabilities determine the ECL efficiency. In this study, a ligand-dimerized metal-organic framework (MOF) with ultrastable anion radical is designed as an efficient nanoemitter for self-accumulated ECL. Due to the nonplanar structure of perylene diimide (PDI) derivate, two PDI ligands in the framework form a J-dimer unit with a vertical distance of ∼5.74 Å. In cathodic scanning, the ligand-dimerized MOF demonstrates three-step ECL emissions with a gradual increase in ECL intensity. Unlike the decrease in the PDI ligand, the self-accumulated ECL of the MOF was observed with 16.8-fold enhancement due to the excellent stability of radical intermediates in frameworks. Electron paramagnetic resonance demonstrated the ultrastability of free radicals in the designed frameworks, with 82.2% remaining even after one month of storage. Density functional theory calculations supported that PDI dimerization was energetically favorable upon successive electron injection. Moreover, the ECL wavelength is 610 nm, corresponding to the emission of excited dimers. The radical-stabilized reticular nanoemitters open up a new platform for decoding the fundamentals of self-accumulated ECL systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Gu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Haomin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rengan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Da Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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4
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Tang N, Zhou J, Wang L, Stolte M, Xie G, Wen X, Liu L, Würthner F, Gierschner J, Xie Z. Anomalous deep-red luminescence of perylene black analogues with strong π-π interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1922. [PMID: 37024474 PMCID: PMC10079835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes are known as red, maroon and black pigments, whose colors depend on the close π-π stacking arrangement. However, contrary to the luminescent monomers, deep-red and black PBI pigments are commonly non- or only weakly fluorescent due to (multiple) quenching pathways. Here, we introduce N-alkoxybenzyl substituted PBIs that contain close π stacking arrangement (exhibiting dπ-π ≈ 3.5 Å, and longitudinal and transversal displacements of 3.1 Å and 1.3 Å); however, they afford deep-red emitters with solid-state fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) of up to 60%. Systematic photophysical and computational studies in solution and in the solid state reveal a sensitive interconversion of the PBI-centred locally excited state and a charge transfer state, which depends on the dihedral angle (θ) between the benzyl and alkoxy groups. This effectively controls the emission process, and enables high ΦF by circumventing the common quenching pathways commonly observed for perylene black analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Liangxuan Wang
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/ Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guojing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinbo Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/ Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zengqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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5
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Wang G, Zhang Z, Wang D, Shi YE, Wang Z. Solid-State Luminescent Materials with Multiple Emission Colors and Near-Unity Quantum Yield. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202652. [PMID: 36302702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Developing solid luminescent materials with a unity quantum yield and tunable emission color is promising, although it is still a difficult task. A straightforward heat-treatment method has been developed to load 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) into the matrix of boric acid (BA) to produce powders with a near-unity quantum yield and tunable emission color from yellow to green. Our results suggest that the emission of the powders originates from PTCDA, and the tunability of the emission color is caused by the hydrolysis of PTCDA in the alkaline environment. The near-unity quantum yield is attributed to the BA matrix, which confines PTCDA. In addition, the powder also shows excellent thermal stability that allows its application in light-emitting diodes. The above results are important for the development of solid-state luminescent materials for various applications, and also provide a clue for studying the emission properties of luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
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6
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Dnyaneshwar Veer S, Chandrakant Wakchaure V, Asokan K, Dixit R, Goswami T, Saha R, Gonnade R, Ghosh HN, Santhosh Babu S. Oligothiophene-Ring-Strapped Perylene Bisimides: Functionalizable Coaxial Donor-Acceptor Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212934. [PMID: 36266975 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aesthetic designs from nature enable new knowledge to be gained and, at the same time, inspire scientific models. In this context, multicomponent macrocycles embody the advantage of precisely positioning the structural units to achieve efficient communication between them. However, the construction of a functionalizable macrocycle for ultrafast charge separation and stabilization has not been attempted. Herein, we report the synthesis, crystal structure, and transient absorption of a new functionalizable macrocycle consisting of an oligothiophene-ring-strapped perylene bisimide. Transient absorption results point to a sequential improvement in charge separation and stabilization from the macrocycle to the corresponding linear dimer and 2D polymer due to the unique design. Our macrocycle design with a supportive spatial arrangement of the donor and acceptor units will inspire the development of more complex synthetic systems with exciting electron-transfer and charge-separation features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam Dnyaneshwar Veer
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Vivek Chandrakant Wakchaure
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Kiran Asokan
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Ruchi Dixit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Tanmay Goswami
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India
| | - Ramchandra Saha
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India.,Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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7
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Huber A, Dubbert J, Scherz TD, Voskuhl J. Design Concepts for Solution and Solid-State Emitters - A Modern Viewpoint on Classical and Non-Classical Approaches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202481. [PMID: 36193996 PMCID: PMC10099667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, luminescence phenomena were strictly distinguished between the emission of isolated molecules in dilute solutions or close-packed structures such as in powders or aggregates. This changed with the breakthrough observation of dual-state efficient materials, which led to a rapid boost of publications examining the influence of structural features to achieve balanced emission with disregarded molecular surroundings. Some first general structural design concepts have already been proposed based on reoccurring patterns and pivotal motifs. However, we have found another way to classify these solution and solid-state emitters (SSSEs). Hence, this minireview aims to present an overview of published structural features of SSSEs while shining light on design concepts from a more generalized perspective. Since SSSEs are believed to bridge the gap of hitherto known aggregation-sensitive compound classes, we hope to give future scientists a versatile tool in hand to efficiently design novel luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Dubbert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim D Scherz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
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8
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Kacenauskaite L, Stenspil SG, Olsson AH, Flood AH, Laursen BW. Universal Concept for Bright, Organic, Solid-State Emitters─Doping of Small-Molecule Ionic Isolation Lattices with FRET Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19981-19989. [PMID: 36256621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brightly fluorescent solid-state materials are highly desirable for bioimaging, optoelectronic applications, and energy harvesting. However, the close contact between π-systems most often leads to quenching. Recently, we developed small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) that efficiently isolate fluorophores while ensuring very high densities of the dyes. Nevertheless, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) energy migration in such dense systems is inevitable. While attractive for energy harvesting applications, FRET also significantly compromises quantum yields of fluorescent solids by funneling the excitation energy to dark trap states. Here, we investigate the underlying property of FRET and exploit it to our favor by intentionally introducing fluorescent dopants into SMILES materials, acting as FRET acceptors with favorable photophysical properties. This doping is shown to outcompete energy migration to dark trap states while also ruling out reabsorption effects in dense SMILES materials, resulting in universal fluorescent solid-state materials (thin films, powders, and crystals) with superior properties. These include emission quantum yields reaching as high as 50-65%, programmable fluorescence lifetimes with mono-exponential decay, and independent selection of absorption and emission maxima. The volume normalized brightness of these FRET-based SMILES now reach values up to 32,200 M-1 cm-1 nm-3 and can deliver freely tunable spectroscopic properties for the fabrication of super-bright advanced optical materials. It is found that SMILES prohibit PET quenching between donor and acceptor dyes that is observed for non-SMILES mixtures of the same dyes. This allows a very broad selection of donor and acceptor dyes for use in FRET SMILES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kacenauskaite
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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9
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Piwoński H, Nozue S, Habuchi S. The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:253-283. [PMID: 37102065 PMCID: PMC10125152 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence detection gradually becomes a pivotal real-time imaging modality, allowing one to elucidate biological complexity in deep tissues with subcellular resolution. The key challenge for the further growth of this imaging modality is the design of new brighter biocompatible fluorescent probes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of organic-based nanomaterials with an emphasis on new strategies that extend the fluorescence wavelength from the near-infrared to the SWIR spectral range and amplify the fluorescence brightness. We first introduce the most representative molecular design strategies to obtain near-infrared-SWIR wavelength fluorescence emission from small organic molecules. We then discuss how the formation of nanoparticles based on small organic molecules contributes to the improvement of fluorescence brightness and the shift of fluorescence to SWIR, with a special emphasis on the excited-state engineering of molecular probes in an aggregate state and spatial packing of the molecules in nanoparticles. We build our discussion based on a historical perspective on the photophysics of molecular aggregates. We extend this discussion to nanoparticles made of conjugated polymers and discuss how fluorescence characteristics could be improved by molecular design and chain conformation of the polymer molecules in nanoparticles. We conclude the article with future directions necessary to expand this imaging modality to wider bioimaging applications including single-particle deep tissue imaging. Issues related to the characterization of SWIR fluorophores, including fluorescence quantum yield unification, are also mentioned.
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10
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Influence of microcrystal formation on the aggregated state emission behaviour of pyrene substituted phthalonitrile positional isomers. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Dai J, Yao L, Wang C, Wang Y, Liu F, Yan X, Sun P, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhou J, Lu G. Molecular Conformation Engineering To Achieve Longer and Brighter Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Crystalline State. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4754-4761. [PMID: 35612820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of molecules 1-5 containing the same fluorophore and different alkyl chains are synthesized to reveal the significant effect of molecular conformations on the emission properties. In crystalline state, molecules 1-3 exhibit strong orange emissions with maxima (λem) of about 600 nm and quantum yields (ΦF) of around 60%, while molecules 4 and 5 display much longer emissions to the deep red/near-infrared (NIR) region as well as even higher efficiencies (λem = 693 nm, ΦF = 73% for 4; λem = 654 nm, ΦF = 93% for 5). The largely red-shifted emissions of 4 and 5 as well as the significantly improved ΦF are very unusual. Furthermore, the ΦF of 4 and 5 represent the highest values among organic solids with similar deep red/NIR emission wavelengths. On the basis of the experimental measurements and theoretical calculations, the new molecular design of conformation engineering, the impressive emission properties, and the potential NIR fluorescence sensing and lasing applications are comprehensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lianfei Yao
- Femtosecond Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Femtosecond Laser Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fangmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Kay Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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12
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Yang F, Li R, Wei W, Ding X, Xu Z, Wang P, Wang G, Xu Y, Fu H, Zhao Y. Water‐Soluble Doubly‐Strapped Isolated Perylene Diimide Chromophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202491. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xingwei Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi 330038 P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Guo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
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13
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Yang F, Li R, Wei W, Ding X, Xu Z, Wang P, Wang G, Xu Y, Fu H, Zhao Y. Water‐Soluble Doubly‐Strapped Isolated Perylene Diimide Chromophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xingwei Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi 330038 P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Guo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
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14
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He Y, Mao C, Duan M, Fan L, Wang X, Cai Y, Du M, Hu M, Hu P, Cheng Q, Hu X. Rescuing the solid-state fluorescence of perylene diimide dyes by host–guest isolation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A host molecule with an open and flexible backbone was synthesized and is capable of recognizing various perylene diimide dyes. The host exhibits unique universality in improving the solid-state fluorescence of perylene diimide dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Caihong Mao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Mingwan Duan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Linmeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Min Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Minli Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
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15
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Mu B, Zhang Z, Quan X, Hao X, Tian W. Perylene Bisimide-Based Luminescent Liquid Crystals with Tunable Solid-State Light Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57786-57795. [PMID: 34821143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perylene bisimides are among the most studied building blocks for supramolecular assemblies in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices for their exceptional optical and electronic properties; however, developing perylene bisimide-based luminescent liquid crystals remains a challenge for the strong π-stacking tendency of the large planar aromatic core to quench the emission. We here reported a novel strategy to achieve luminescent liquid crystals based on perylene bisimides by introducing a conformation-adjustable core to control the molecular stacking arrangement of planar perylene bisimides in the solid state. The emission wavelength is in the deep-red region with a luminescence efficiency of up to 10%. Fluorescence properties of the liquid crystals can be further regulated by photoisomerization-induced structural evolution from columnar to lamellar mesophases. These luminescent liquid crystals are also able to not only exhibit strong emission at high temperatures but also show attractive thermochromic luminescence tuning behaviors. This work provides a new strategy for the design and development of novel solid-state luminescent materials with potential for various optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhelin Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xuhong Quan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiangnan Hao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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16
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Ashoka AH, Klymchenko AS. Ultrabright Fluorescent Polymeric Nanofibers and Coatings Based on Ionic Dye Insulation with Bulky Counterions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28889-28898. [PMID: 34106696 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of bright fluorescent materials based on polymers is hampered by a fundamental problem of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) of encapsulated dyes. Here, ultrabright fluorescent polymeric nanofibers and coatings are prepared based on a concept of ionic dye insulation with bulky hydrophobic counterions that overcomes the ACQ problem. It is found that bulky hydrophobic counterion perfluorinated tetraphenylborate can boost >100-fold the fluorescence quantum yields of cationic dye octadecyl rhodamine B at high loading (30 wt %) in biocompatible poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The concept is applicable to both rhodamine and cyanine dyes, which results in bright fluorescent polymeric materials of four different colors spanning from blue to near-infrared. It allows for preparation of electrospun polymeric nanofibers with >50-fold higher dye loading by mass (30 wt %, >20-fold higher molarity for rhodamine dyes) while preserving good fluorescence quantum yields (31%), which implies drastic improvement in their fluorescence brightness. The counterion-based polymeric materials are also validated as coatings of model medical devices, such as stainless steel fiducials and 3D-printed stents of complex geometry. Spin-coated fluorescent polymeric films loaded with a dye paired with bulky counterions exhibit excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity. Moreover, counterion-modified materials show much better stability against dye leakage in the presence of living cells and a serum-containing medium, compared to materials based on the dye with a small inorganic anion. Overall, by pushing the barriers of ACQ, our counterion approach emerges as a powerful tool to develop ultrabright fluorescent polymeric materials ranging from nano- and macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Hoskere Ashoka
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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17
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Saal F, Zhang F, Holzapfel M, Stolte M, Michail E, Moos M, Schmiedel A, Krause AM, Lambert C, Würthner F, Ravat P. [n]Helicene Diimides (n = 5, 6, and 7): Through-Bond versus Through-Space Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21298-21303. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Saal
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evripidis Michail
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Liu Y, Yang L, Li L, Liang X, Li S, Fu Y. A dual thiourea-appended perylenebisimide "turn-on" fluorescent chemosensor with high selectivity and sensitivity for Hg 2+ in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118678. [PMID: 32650248 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensing heavy metal ions particularly for the most toxic Hg2+ is a long-term pursuit for chemists because of its obvious and extreme harmfulness to both the environment and human health. Herein, a novel 'turn-on' perylenebisimide-thiourea fluorescent probe PBI-BTB is achieved for rapid detection of Hg2+ in a DMSO/H2O (5/1, v/v) solution through a typical Hg2+-promoting desulfurization reaction, which has been investigated through Job's plot titration, FT-IR, 1H NMR and HRMS analysis. A remarkable fluorescence emission enhancement at 540 and 580 nm is observed in the presence of Hg2+, which is visible to the naked eye with high selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, probe PBI-BTB combined strong anti-interference recognition with short response time (< 1 min). The rapid fluorescence response with low limit of detection (0.35 μM) in a wide pH range of 3.0-11.0 makes PBI-BTB a promising candidate for detection of Hg2+ without any buffer system. Furthermore, the practicability of probe PBI-BTB upon the Hg2+ recognition in human liver cancer cells (HepG-2) has been studied through fluorescent live cell imaging which reveals the probe's low toxicity to organism as well as the favorable cell permeability of PBI-BTB for detecting Hg2+ in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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19
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Mahl M, Shoyama K, Krause AM, Schmidt D, Würthner F. Base-Assisted Imidization: A Synthetic Method for the Introduction of Bulky Imide Substituents to Control Packing and Optical Properties of Naphthalene and Perylene Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13401-13405. [PMID: 32364327 PMCID: PMC7496529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the direct imidization of naphthalene and perylene dicarboxylic anhydrides/esters with bulky ortho,ortho‐diaryl‐ and ortho,ortho‐dialkynylaniline derivatives. This imidization method uses n‐butyllithium as a strong base to increase the reactivity of bulky amine derivatives, proceeds under mild reaction conditions, requires only stoichiometric amounts of reactants and gives straightforward access to new sterically crowded rylene dicarboximides. Mechanistic investigations suggest an isoimide as intermediary product, which was converted to the corresponding imide upon addition of an aqueous base. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal dimeric packing motifs for monoimides, while two‐side shielded bisimides crystallize in isolated molecules without close π–π‐interactions. Spectroscopic investigations disclose the influence of the bulky substituents on the optical properties in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Mahl M, Shoyama K, Krause A, Schmidt D, Würthner F. Base‐Assisted Imidization: A Synthetic Method for the Introduction of Bulky Imide Substituents to Control Packing and Optical Properties of Naphthalene and Perylene Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ana‐Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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21
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Zhao J, Da J, Yang SS, Lei YM, Chai YQ, Yuan R, Zhuo Y. Efficient electrochemiluminescence of perylene nanocrystal entrapped in hierarchical porous Au nanoparticle-graphene oxide film for bioanalysis based on one-pot DNA amplification. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Royakkers J, Minotto A, Congrave DG, Zeng W, Patel A, Bond AD, Bučar DK, Cacialli F, Bronstein H. Doubly Encapsulated Perylene Diimides: Effect of Molecular Encapsulation on Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 85:207-214. [PMID: 31682123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions play a fundamental role on the performance of conjugated materials in organic electronic devices, as they heavily influence their optoelectronic properties. Synthetic control over the solid state properties of organic optoelectronic materials is crucial to access real life applications. Perylene diimides (PDIs) are one of the most highly studied classes of organic fluorescent dyes. In the solid state, π-π stacking suppresses their emission, limiting their use in a variety of applications. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel PDI dye that is encapsulated by four alkylene straps. X-ray crystallography indicates that intermolecular π-π stacking is completely suppressed in the crystalline state. This is further validated by the photophysical properties of the dye in both solution and solid state and supported by theoretical calculations. However, we find that the introduction of the encapsulating "arms" results in the creation of charge-transfer states which modify the excited state properties. This article demonstrates that molecular encapsulation can be used as a powerful tool to tune intermolecular interactions and thereby gain an extra level of control over the solid state properties of organic optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Royakkers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Minotto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Congrave
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Adil Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LCN , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
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23
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Schmidt D, Stolte M, Süß J, Liess A, Stepanenko V, Würthner F. Protein-like Enwrapped Perylene Bisimide Chromophore as a Bright Microcrystalline Emitter Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13385-13389. [PMID: 31329325 PMCID: PMC6772080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Strongly emissive solid-state materials are mandatory components for many emerging optoelectronic technologies, but fluorescence is often quenched in the solid state owing to strong intermolecular interactions. The design of new organic pigments, which retain their optical properties despite their high tendency to crystallize, could overcome such limitations. Herein, we show a new material with monomer-like absorption and emission profiles as well as fluorescence quantum yields over 90 % in its crystalline solid state. The material was synthesized by attaching two bulky tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenoxy substituents at the perylene bisimide bay positions. These substituents direct a packing arrangement with full enwrapping of the chromophore and unidirectional chromophore alignment within the crystal lattice to afford optical properties that resemble those of their natural pigment counterparts, in which chromophores are rigidly embedded in protein environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jasmin Süß
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Andreas Liess
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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