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Tee SY, Kong J, Koh JJ, Teng CP, Wang X, Wang X, Teo SL, Thitsartarn W, Han MY, Seh ZW. Structurally and surficially activated TiO 2 nanomaterials for photochemical reactions. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18165-18212. [PMID: 39268929 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Renewable fuels and environmental remediation are of paramount importance in today's world due to escalating concerns about climate change, pollution, and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Transitioning to sustainable energy sources and addressing environmental pollution has become an urgent necessity. Photocatalysis, particularly harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions for environmental remediation and clean fuel production, holds significant promise among emerging technologies. As a benchmark semiconductor in photocatalysis, TiO2 photocatalyst offers an excellent solution for environmental remediation and serves as a key tool in energy conversion and chemical synthesis. Despite its status as the default photocatalyst, TiO2 suffers from drawbacks such as a high recombination rate of charge carriers, low electrical conductivity, and limited absorption in the visible light spectrum. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles of photocatalytic reactions and presents recent advancements in the development of TiO2 photocatalysts. It specifically focuses on strategic approaches aimed at enhancing the performance of TiO2 photocatalysts, including improving visible light absorption for efficient solar energy harvesting, enhancing charge separation and transportation efficiency, and ensuring stability for robust photocatalysis. Additionally, the review delves into the application of photodegradation and photocatalysis, particularly in critical processes such as water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, hydrogen peroxide generation, and alcohol oxidation. It also highlights the novel use of TiO2 in plastic polymerization and degradation, showcasing its potential for converting plastic waste into valuable chemicals and fuels, thereby offering sustainable waste management solutions. By addressing these essential areas, the review offers valuable insights into the potential of TiO2 photocatalysis for addressing pressing environmental and energy challenges. Furthermore, the review encompasses the application of TiO2 photochromic systems, expanding its scope to include other innovative research and applications. Finally, it addresses the underlying challenges and provides perspectives on the future development of TiO2 photocatalysts. Through addressing these issues and implementing innovative strategies, TiO2 photocatalysis can continue to evolve and play a pivotal role in sustainable energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yin Tee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Justin Junqiang Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Choon Peng Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xiaobai Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Siew Lang Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ming-Yong Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
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2
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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3
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Ruan X, Li S, Huang C, Zheng W, Cui X, Ravi SK. Catalyzing Artificial Photosynthesis with TiO 2 Heterostructures and Hybrids: Emerging Trends in a Classical yet Contemporary Photocatalyst. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305285. [PMID: 37818725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) stands out as a versatile transition-metal oxide with applications ranging from energy conversion/storage and environmental remediation to sensors and optoelectronics. While extensively researched for these emerging applications, TiO2 has also achieved commercial success in various fields including paints, inks, pharmaceuticals, food additives, and advanced medicine. Thanks to the tunability of their structural, morphological, optical, and electronic characteristics, TiO2 nanomaterials are among the most researched engineering materials. Besides these inherent advantages, the low cost, low toxicity, and biocompatibility of TiO2 nanomaterials position them as a sustainable choice of functional materials for energy conversion. Although TiO2 is a classical photocatalyst well-known for its structural stability and high surface activity, TiO2-based photocatalysis is still an active area of research particularly in the context of catalyzing artificial photosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and emerging trends in TiO2 heterostructures and hybrids for artificial photosynthesis. It begins by discussing the common synthesis methods for TiO2 nanomaterials, including hydrothermal synthesis and sol-gel synthesis. It then delves into TiO2 nanomaterials and their photocatalytic mechanisms, highlighting the key advancements that have been made in recent years. The strategies to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2, including surface modification, doping modulation, heterojunction construction, and synergy of composite materials, with a specific emphasis on their applications in artificial photosynthesis, are discussed. TiO2-based heterostructures and hybrids present exciting opportunities for catalyzing solar fuel production, organic degradation, and CO2 reduction via artificial photosynthesis. This review offers an overview of the latest trends and advancements, while also highlighting the ongoing challenges and prospects for future developments in this classical yet rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ruan
- School of Energy and Environment, City Universitsy of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chengxiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weitao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sai Kishore Ravi
- School of Energy and Environment, City Universitsy of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Aletsee CC, Hochfilzer D, Kwiatkowski A, Becherer M, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I, Tschurl M, Heiz U. A re-useable microreactor for dynamic and sensitive photocatalytic measurements: Exemplified by the photoconversion of ethanol on Pt-loaded titania P25. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033909. [PMID: 37012796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous advancements in synthesizing photoactive materials, the evaluation of their catalytic performance remains challenging since their fabrication often involves tedious strategies, yielding only low quantities in the μ-gram scale. In addition, these model catalysts exhibit different forms, such as powders or film(-like) structures grown on various supporting materials. Herein, we present a versatile gas phase μ-photoreactor, compatible with different catalyst morphologies, which is, in contrast to existing systems, re-openable and -useable, allowing not only post-characterization of the photocatalytic material but also enabling catalyst screening studies in short experimental time intervals. Sensitive and time-resolved reaction monitoring at ambient pressure is realized by a lid-integrated capillary, transmitting the entire gas flow from the reactor chamber to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Due to the microfabrication of the lid from borosilicate as base material, 88% of the geometrical area can be illuminated by a light source, further enhancing sensitivity. Gas dependent flow rates through the capillary were experimentally determined to be 1015-1016 molecules s-1, and in combination with a reactor volume of 10.5 μl, this results in residence times below 40 s. Furthermore, the reactor volume can easily be altered by adjusting the height of the polymeric sealing material. The successful operation of the reactor is demonstrated by selective ethanol oxidation over Pt-loaded TiO2 (P25), which serves to exemplify product analysis from dark-illumination difference spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara C Aletsee
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anika Kwiatkowski
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Becherer
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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5
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Eder M, Courtois C, Petzoldt P, Mackewicz S, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Size and Coverage Effects of Ni and Pt Co-Catalysts in the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Methanol on TiO 2(110). ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Eder
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Carla Courtois
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Petzoldt
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sonia Mackewicz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Han T, Cao X, Sun K, Peng Q, Ye C, Huang A, Cheong WC, Chen Z, Lin R, Zhao D, Tan X, Zhuang Z, Chen C, Wang D, Li Y. Anion-exchange-mediated internal electric field for boosting photogenerated carrier separation and utilization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4952. [PMID: 34400649 PMCID: PMC8368037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterojunctions modulated internal electric field (IEF) usually result in suboptimal efficiencies in carrier separation and utilization because of the narrow IEF distribution and long migration paths of photocarriers. In this work, we report distinctive bismuth oxyhydroxide compound nanorods (denoted as BOH NRs) featuring surface-exposed open channels and a simple chemical composition; by simply modifying the bulk anion layers to overcome the limitations of heterojunctions, the bulk IEF could be readily modulated. Benefiting from the unique crystal structure and the localization of valence electrons, the bulk IEF intensity increases with the atomic number of introduced halide anions. Therefore, A low exchange ratio (~10%) with halide anions (I–, Br–, Cl–) gives rise to a prominent elevation in carrier separation efficiency and better photocatalytic performance for benzylamine coupling oxidation. Here, our work offers new insights into the design and optimization of semiconductor photocatalysts. Research on the bulk internal electric field (IEF) regulation is significant for designing high-efficiency photocatalysts. Here, the authors report distinctive bismuth oxyhydroxide nanorods photocatalyst and increase the bulk IEF intensity by halogen ions exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chenliang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aijian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weng-Chon Cheong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Plasmonic p-n heterojunction of Ag/Ag2S/Ag2MoO4 with enhanced Vis-NIR photocatalytic activity for purifying wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Courtois C, Walenta CA, Tschurl M, Heiz U, Friend CM. Regulating Photochemical Selectivity with Temperature: Isobutanol on TiO 2(110). J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13072-13080. [PMID: 32598843 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective photocatalytic transformations of chemicals derived from biomass, such as isobutanol, have been long envisioned for a sustainable chemical production. A strong temperature dependence in the reaction selectivity is found for isobutanol photo-oxidation on rutile TiO2(110). The strong temperature dependence is attributed to competition between thermal desorption of the primary photoproduct and secondary photochemical steps. The aldehyde, isobutanal, is the primary photoproduct of isobutanol. At room temperature, isobutanal is obtained selectively from photo-oxidation because of rapid thermal desorption. In contrast, secondary photo-oxidation of isobutanal to propane dominates at lower temperature (240 K) due to the persistence of isobutanal on the surface after it is formed. The byproduct of isobutanal photo-oxidation is CO, which is evolved at higher temperature as a consequence of thermal decomposition of an intermediate, such as formate. The photo-oxidation to isobutanal proceeds after thermally induced isobutoxy formation. These results have strong implications for controlling the selectivity of photochemical processes more generally, in that, selectivity is governed by competition of desorption vs secondary photoreaction of products. This competition can be exploited to design photocatalytic processes to favor specific chemical transformations of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Courtois
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Constantin A Walenta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Courtois C, Eder M, Kollmannsberger SL, Tschurl M, Walenta CA, Heiz U. Origin of Poisoning in Methanol Photoreforming on TiO2(110): The Importance of Thermal Back-Reaction Steps in Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Courtois
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Eder
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian L. Kollmannsberger
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Constantin A. Walenta
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Eder M, Courtois C, Kratky T, Günther S, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Nickel clusters on TiO 2(110): thermal chemistry and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of methanol. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While nickel clusters, similar as to platinum ones, facilitate the thermal recombination of hydrogen in the photocatalysis of alcohols, they also undergo photocorrosion over time by the formation of carbon deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Eder
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Carla Courtois
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Tim Kratky
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
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Courtois C, Eder M, Schnabl K, Walenta CA, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Reactions in the Photocatalytic Conversion of Tertiary Alcohols on Rutile TiO 2 (110). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14255-14259. [PMID: 31389164 PMCID: PMC7687105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to textbooks, tertiary alcohols are inert towards oxidation. The photocatalysis of tertiary alcohols under highly defined vacuum conditions on a titania single crystal reveals unexpected and new reactions, which can be described as disproportionation into an alkane and the respective ketone. In contrast to primary and secondary alcohols, in tertiary alcohols the absence of an α‐H leads to a C−C‐bond cleavage instead of the common abstraction of hydrogen. Surprisingly, bonds to methyl groups are not cleaved when the alcohol exhibits longer alkyl chains in the α‐position to the hydroxyl group. The presence of platinum loadings not only increases the reaction rate but also opens up a new reaction channel: the formation of molecular hydrogen and a long‐chain alkane resulting from recombination of two alkyl moieties. This work demonstrates that new synthetic routes may become possible by introducing photocatalytic reaction steps in which the co‐catalysts may also play a decisive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Courtois
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Eder
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Kordula Schnabl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Constantin A Walenta
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ulrich Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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