1
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Hanneman CM, Twilton J, Hall MN, Goodwin NC, Elward JM, Lynch-Colameta T, Stahl SS. Copper-Nitroxyl-Catalyzed α-Oxygenation of Cyclic Secondary Amines Including Application to Late-Stage Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14439-14444. [PMID: 38743876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic secondary amines are prominent subunits in pharmaceutical compounds. Methods for direct functionalization of N-unprotected/unsubstituted piperidines and related heterocycles have limited precedent despite their potential to impact medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. Herein, we report a Cu/nitroxyl co-catalyzed method for direct conversion of cyclic secondary amines to the corresponding lactams via aerobic dehydrogenation and oxidative coupling with water. The mild reaction conditions tolerate diverse functional groups, enabling application to molecules that cover broad chemical space. The method is showcased in selective functionalization of building blocks and complex molecules, including late-stage functionalization of bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Hanneman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Melissa N Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicole C Goodwin
- GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jennifer M Elward
- GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Tessa Lynch-Colameta
- GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Rani S, Aslam S, Lal K, Noreen S, Alsader KAM, Hussain R, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300331. [PMID: 38063812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Lal
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, D.G. Khan Campus, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- West Herts College - University of Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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3
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Tan HR, Zhou X, Gong T, You H, Zheng Q, Zhao SY, Xuan W. Anderson-type polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds. RSC Adv 2024; 14:364-372. [PMID: 38173623 PMCID: PMC10759227 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative transformation of benzylic C-H bonds into functional carbonyl groups under mild conditions represents an efficient method for the synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids and ketones. Here we report a high-efficiency catalyst system constructed from an Anderson-type polyoxometalate-based metal-Organic framework (POMOF-1) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) for selective oxidation of methylarenes and alkylarenes under 1 atm O2 atmosphere. POMOF-1 exerted a synergistic effect originating from the well-aligned Anderson {CrMo6} clusters and Cu centers within the framework, and this entailed good cooperation with NHPI to catalyze the selective oxidation. Accordingly, the reactions exhibit good tolerance and chemical selectivity for a wide range of substrates bearing diverse substituent groups, and the corresponding carboxylic acids and ketones were harvested in good yields under mild conditions. Mechanism study reveals that POMOF-1 worked synergistically with NPHI to activate the benzylic C-H bonds of substrates, which are sequentially oxidized by oxygen and HOO˙ to give rise to the products. This work may pave a way to design high-efficiency catalysts by integration of polyoxometalate-based materials with NPHI for challenging C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Gong
- Jiaxing Jiayuan Inspection Technology Service Co., Ltd Building 2, No. 1403, Hongbo Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone Jiaxing City Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Hanqi You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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4
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Luo MJ, Zhou W, Yang R, Ding H, Song XR, Xiao Q. Electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp 3)-H oxygenation of N-cyanomethylamines to formamides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2917-2921. [PMID: 36942930 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxygenation of C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms is a highly attractive strategy for synthesizing various formamide derivatives while preserving the substrate skeletons. Herein, an environmentally benign electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp3)-H oxygenation of N-cyanomethylamines using H2O as a carbonyl oxygen atom source is described, leading to the synthesis of a large class of formamides in good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope under metal- and oxidant-free conditions. This electrochemical technology highlights the facile incorporation of N-formyl into some important bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Ruchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Haixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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5
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Li Y, Ji GC, Chao C, Bi S, Jiang YY. Computation Study on Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Intramolecular Aminooxyge native C═C Bond Cleavage to Imides: Different Roles of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Copper Complexes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cui Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Siwei Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
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6
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Yamaguchi K, Jin X, Yatabe T, Suzuki K. Development of Environmentally Friendly Dehydrogenative Oxidation Reactions Using Multifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Takafumi Yatabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Kosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
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7
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Mandigma MJP, Žurauskas J, MacGregor CI, Edwards LJ, Shahin A, d'Heureuse L, Yip P, Birch DJS, Gruber T, Heilmann J, John MP, Barham JP. An organophotocatalytic late-stage N-CH 3 oxidation of trialkylamines to N-formamides with O 2 in continuous flow. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1912-1924. [PMID: 35308839 PMCID: PMC8849051 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an organophotocatalytic, N-CH3-selective oxidation of trialkylamines in continuous flow. Based on the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) core, a new catalyst (DCAS) was designed with solubilizing groups for flow processing. This allowed O2 to be harnessed as a sustainable oxidant for late-stage photocatalytic N-CH3 oxidations of complex natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients bearing functional groups not tolerated by previous methods. The organophotocatalytic gas-liquid flow process affords cleaner reactions than in batch mode, in short residence times of 13.5 min and productivities of up to 0.65 g per day. Spectroscopic and computational mechanistic studies showed that catalyst derivatization not only enhanced solubility of the new catalyst compared to poorly-soluble DCA, but profoundly diverted the photocatalytic mechanism from singlet electron transfer (SET) reductive quenching with amines toward energy transfer (EnT) with O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John P Mandigma
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Callum I MacGregor
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Lee J Edwards
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Ahmed Shahin
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University 13518 Benha Egypt
| | - Ludwig d'Heureuse
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Philip Yip
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde 107 Rottenrow East Glasgow G4 0NG UK
| | - David J S Birch
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde 107 Rottenrow East Glasgow G4 0NG UK
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Matthew P John
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
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8
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Wang S, Yang J, Li D, Yang J. Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade N‐Dealkylation/N‐Methyl Oxidation of Aromatic Amines by Using TEMPO and Oxygen as Oxidants. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihaozhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Jiale Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Dianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
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9
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Tian Y, Guo X, Li M, Li C, Hu X, Jin L, Sun N, Hu B, Shen Z. SBA-15 Supported 1-Methyl-2-azaadamanane N-Oxyl (1-Me-AZADO) as Recyclable Catalyst for Oxidation of Alcohol. Org Lett 2021; 23:3928-3932. [PMID: 33971715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed and synthesized an SBA-15 supported 1-methyl-2-azaadamanane N-oxyl (1-Me-AZADO) and investigated its catalytic performance for selective oxidation of alcohols under Anelli's conditions. The first example of immobilization of 1-Me-AZADO was very important to advance the oxgenation effectively because this supported N-oxyl has excellent catalytic activity for oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds, and more importantly, it can be conveniently recovered and reused at least 6 times without significant effect on its catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwu Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaqun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Meichao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xinquan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liqun Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Nan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baoxiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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10
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Nagasawa S, Fujiki S, Sasano Y, Iwabuchi Y. Chromium-Salen Complex/Nitroxyl Radical Cooperative Catalysis: A Combination for Aerobic Intramolecular Dearomative Coupling of Phenols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6952-6968. [PMID: 33890777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe an aerobic intramolecular dearomative coupling reaction of tethered phenols using a catalytic system consisting of a chromium-salen (Cr-salen) complex combined with a nitroxyl radical. This novel catalytic system enables formation of various spirocyclic dienone products including those unable to be accessed by previously reported methods efficiently under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shogo Fujiki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Li D, Lei J. Iron- or copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative Ugi-azide reactions with tertiary amines: Efficient access to α-aminotetrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Chamorro‐Arenas D, Nolasco‐Hernández AA, Fuentes L, Quintero L, Sartillo‐Piscil F. Transition‐Metal‐Free Multiple Functionalization of Piperidines to 4‐Substituted and 3,4‐Disubstituted 2‐Piperidinones. Chemistry 2020; 26:4671-4676. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delfino Chamorro‐Arenas
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
| | - Alejandro A. Nolasco‐Hernández
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
| | - Lilia Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
| | - Leticia Quintero
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
| | - Fernando Sartillo‐Piscil
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
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13
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Huang B, Yang C, Zhou J, Xia W. Electrochemically generated N-iodoaminium species as key intermediates for selective methyl sulphonylimination of tertiary amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5010-5013. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09869k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a straightforward protocol for approaching N-sulphonylamidines via an electricity-driven, iodine-mediated cross dehydrogenative condensation (CDC) between sulphonamides and tertiary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Huang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
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