1
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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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2
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Grochowska-Tatarczak M, Koteras K, Kazimierczuk K, Malinowski PJ. Hydrosilylation of Olefins Activated on Highly Lewis-Acidic Calcium Cation. Chemistry 2024:e202401322. [PMID: 38660917 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The report introduces simple yet highly reactive calcium salt, Ca[Al(ORF)4]2 (RF=C(CF3)3), 1, which effectively catalyses olefin hydrosilylation through an unusual mechanism involving the activation of the alkene molecule. Upon dissolution in o-difluorobenzene (oDFB), 1 forms a highly Lewis acidic [Ca(oDFB)6]2+ complex. Our DFT calculations reveal that fluoride ion affinity is comparable to SbF5. Reactivity tests show that it effectively catalyses the hydrosilylation of olefins with high regioselectivity, also in reactions involving sterically demanding substrates like (iPr)3SiH or tetrasubstituted olefins. Experimental and computational results point to the mechanism where the olefin molecule forms a complex with Ca2+, which significantly facilitates the attack of H-SiR3 on the C=C double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Koteras
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Kazimierczuk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P J Malinowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Kumar R, Meher RK, Karmakar H, Panda TK. Hydrosilylation of nitriles and tertiary amides using a zinc precursor. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3053-3058. [PMID: 38545870 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
We report a competent and selective hydrosilylation of nitriles and tertiary amides catalyzed by the readily available zinc bis(hexamethyldisilazide) under solvent-free and mild conditions, making it a sustainable and desirable alternative to existing methods. Both protocols afforded high conversion, superior selectivity, and a broad substrate scope, from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating and heterocyclic substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India.
| | - Rohan Kumar Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India.
| | - Himadri Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India.
| | - Tarun K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India.
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4
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Li T, Liu R, Liu X, Chen Y. Organocalcium-Complex-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Silylation and Mono/Dihydrosilylation Tandem Reactions of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:761-765. [PMID: 36700929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In principle, catalytic dehydrogenative silylation and mono/dihydrosilylation tandem reactions of terminal alkynes with hydrosilanes provide gem-disilylated alkenes or gem-trisilylated alkanes, but very little progress has been made. Herein, we report organocalcium-complex-catalyzed dehydrogenative silylation and mono/dihydrosilylation tandem reactions of terminal alkynes with hydrosilanes in one pot, which produce gem-disilylated alkenes in moderate yields and gem-trisilylated alkanes in high yields. We also briefly demonstrate that the synthesized gem-disilylated alkenes can be easily transformed into other organosilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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5
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Boumekla Y, Xia F, Vidal L, Totée C, Raynaud C, Ouali A. Calcium-catalysed synthesis of amines through imine hydrosilylation: an experimental and theoretical study. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1038-1045. [PMID: 36625298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method to reduce aldimines through hydrosilylation is reported. The catalytic system involves calcium triflimide (Ca(NTf2)2) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) which have been shown to act in a synergistic manner. The expected amines are obtained in fair to very high yields (40-99%) under mild conditions (room temperature in most cases). To illustrate the potential of this method, a bioactive molecule with antifungal properties was prepared on the gram scale and in high yield in environmentally friendly 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Moreover, it is shown in this example that the imine can be prepared in situ from the aldehyde and the amine without isolating the imine. The mechanism involved has been explored experimentally and through DFT calculations, and the results are in accordance with an electrophilic activation of the silane by the calcium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengjie Xia
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Lucas Vidal
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cédric Totée
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Armelle Ouali
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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6
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Zhu H, Qu Z, Grimme S. Origin of the Ligand Ring-Size Effect on the Catalytic Activity of Cationic Calcium Hydride Dimers in the Hydrogenation of Unactivated 1-Alkenes. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200240. [PMID: 36524742 PMCID: PMC9756592 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the double Ca-H-Ca-bridged calcium hydride cation dimer [LCaH2 CaL]2+ when stabilized by a larger macrocyclic N,N',N'',N''',N''''-pentadentate ligand showed evidently higher activity than when stabilized by a smaller N,N',N'',N'''-tetradentate ligand in the catalytic hydrogenation of unactivated 1-alkenes. In this DFT-mechanistic work, the origin of the observed ring-size effect is examined in detail using 1-hexene, CH2 =CH2 and H2 as substrates. It is shown that, at room temperature, both the N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer and the monomer are not coordinated by THF in solution, while the corresponding N,N',N'',N'''-stabilized structures are coordinated by one THF molecule mimicking the fifth N-coordination. Catalytic 1-alkene hydrogenation may occur via anti-Markovnikov addition over the terminal Ca-H bonds of transient monomers, followed by faster Ca-C bond hydrogenolysis. The higher catalytic activity of the larger N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer is due to not only easier formation of but also due to the higher reactivity of the catalytic monomeric species. In contrast, despite unfavorable THF-coordination in solution, the smaller N,N',N'',N'''-stabilized dimer shows a 3.2 kcal mol-1 lower barrier via a dinuclear cooperative Ca-H-Ca bridge for H2 isotope exchange than the large N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer, mainly due to less steric hindrance. The observed ring-size effect can be understood mainly by a subtle interplay of solvent, steric and cooperative effects that can be resolved in detail by state-of-the-art quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
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7
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Obi AD, Freeman LA, Coates SJ, Alexis AJH, Frey NC, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. Carbene–Calcium Silylamides and Amidoboranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lucas A. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Samuel J. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew J. H. Alexis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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8
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Liang Y, Das UK, Luo J, Diskin-Posner Y, Avram L, Milstein D. Magnesium Pincer Complexes and Their Applications in Catalytic Semihydrogenation of Alkynes and Hydrogenation of Alkenes: Evidence for Metal-Ligand Cooperation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19115-19126. [PMID: 36194894 PMCID: PMC9585592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of catalysts for environmentally benign organic transformations is a very active area of research. Most of the catalysts reported so far are based on transition-metal complexes. In recent years, examples of catalysis by main-group metal compounds have been reported. Herein, we report a series of magnesium pincer complexes, which were characterized by NMR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Reversible activation of H2 via aromatization/dearomatization metal-ligand cooperation was studied. Utilizing the obtained complexes, the unprecedented homogeneous main-group metal catalyzed semihydrogenation of alkynes and hydrogenation of alkenes were demonstrated under base-free conditions, affording Z-alkenes and alkanes as products, respectively, with excellent yields and selectivities. Control experiments and DFT studies reveal the involvement of metal-ligand cooperation in the hydrogenation reactions. This study not only provides a new approach for the semihydrogenation of alkynes and hydrogenation of alkenes catalyzed by magnesium but also offers opportunities for the hydrogenation of other compounds catalyzed by main-group metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uttam Kumar Das
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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9
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Stevens MP, Spray E, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Singh K, Timmermann VM, Sotorrios L, Macgregor SA, Ortu F. Synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of group 2 complexes with a thiopyridyl scorpionate ligand. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11922-11936. [PMID: 35876311 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the reactivity of the proligand tris(2-pyridylthio)methane (HTptm) with various Alkaline Earth (AE) reagents: (1) dialkylmagnesium reagents and (2) AE bis-amides (AE = Mg-Ba). Heteroleptic complexes of general formulae [Mg(Tptm)(R)] (R = Me, nBu; Tptm = {C(S-C5H4N)3}-) and [AE(Tptm)(N'')] (AE = Mg-Ba; N'' = {N(SiMe3)2}-) were targeted from the reaction of HTptm with R2Mg or [AE(N'')2]2. Reaction of the proligand with dialkylmagnesium reagents led to formation of [{Mg(κ3C,N,N-C{Bu}{S-C5H4N}2)(μ-S-C5H4N)}2] (1) and [{Mg(κ3C,N,N-C{Me}{S-C5H4N}2)(μ-OSiMe3)}2] (2) respectively, as a result of a novel transfer of an alkyl group onto the methanide carbon with concomitant C-S bond cleavage. However, reactivity of bis-amide precursors for Mg and Ca did afford the target species [AE(Tptm)(N'')] (3-AE; AE = Mg-Ca), although these proved susceptible to ligand degradation processes. DFT calculations show that alkyl transfer in the putative [Mg(Tptm)(nBu)] (1m') system and amide transfer in 3-Ca is a facile process that induces C-S bond cleavage in the Tptm ligand. 3-Mg and 3-Ca were also tested as catalysts for the hydrophosphination of selected alkenes and alkynes, including the first example of mono-hydrophosphination of 4-ethynylpyridine which was achieved with high conversions and excellent regio- and stereochemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Stevens
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Emily Spray
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | | | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Vanessa M Timmermann
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
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10
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Zhao L, Deng P, Gong X, Kang X, Cheng J. Regioselective C–H Alkylation of Aromatic Ethers with Alkenes by a Half-Sandwich Calcium Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Peng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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11
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Gong X, Deng P, Cheng J. Calcium Mediated C—H Silylation of Aromatic Heterocycles with Hydrosilanes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CHINA
| | - Peng Deng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Renmin Street. No. 5625 130022 Changchun CHINA
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12
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Höllerhage T, Spaniol TP, Carpentier A, Maron L, Okuda J. Strontium Hydride Cations Supported by a Large NNNNN Type Macrocycle: Synthesis, Structure, and Hydrofunctionalization Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3309-3316. [PMID: 35139301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of the 15-membered NNNNN macrocyclic ligand Me5PACP (Me5PACP = 1,4,7,10,13-pentamethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane) allowed the isolation of two cationic strontium hydride complexes by hydrogenolysis of benzyl precursors. Treatment of sparingly soluble [(Me5PACP)Sr(CH2Ph)2] with dihydrogen gave free Me5PACP, toluene, and oligomeric strontium hydride [SrH2]n, while hydrogenolysis in the presence of 1 equiv of the benzyl cation [(Me5PACP)Sr(CH2Ph)][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4] enabled isolation of the thermally unstable trihydride cation [(Me5PACP)2Sr2(μ-H)3][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4]. When the benzyl cation [(Me5PACP)Sr(CH2Ph)][BAr4]2 (Ar = C6H3-3,5-Me2 or C6H4-4-nBu) was reacted with dihydrogen or n-octylsilane, dihydride complexes [(Me5PACP)2Sr2(μ-H)2][BAr4]2 containing a dinuclear core bridged by two hydride ligands were obtained. The soluble dihydride complex [(Me5PACP)2Sr2(μ-H)2][B(C6H4-4-nBu)4]2 was tested in olefin hydrogenation and hydrosilylation catalysis. Kinetic analyses for [(Me5PACP)2Sr2(μ-H)2]2+ showed lower catalytic activity as compared to that of the isostructural calcium homologue [(Me5PACP)2Ca2(μ-H)2]2+. This is explained by a shift in the monomer-dimer equilibrium which precedes the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höllerhage
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Höllerhage T, Ghana P, Spaniol TP, Carpentier A, Maron L, Englert U, Okuda J. Bildung und Reaktivität eines Hydridosilikats [SiH
6
]
2−
, koordiniert an einem durch einen Makrozyklus stabilisierten Strontiumkation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höllerhage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO Université de Toulouse 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO Université de Toulouse 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Ulli Englert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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14
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Cui H, Niu C, Xing M, Zhang C. NiH-catalyzed C(sp 3)–Si coupling of alkenes with vinyl chlorosilanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11989-11992. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NiH-catalyzed highly selective cross-coupling of alkenes with vinyl chlorosilanes is developed. Using this practical chemistry, various benzyl organosilanes could be produced with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cui
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Changhao Niu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mimi Xing
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Watanabe K, Pang JH, Takita R, Chiba S. Generation of organo-alkaline earth metal complexes from non-polar unsaturated molecules and their synthetic applications. Chem Sci 2021; 13:27-38. [PMID: 35059147 PMCID: PMC8694335 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organomagnesium compounds, represented by the Grignard reagents, are one of the most classical yet versatile carbanion species which have widely been utilized in synthetic chemistry. These reagents are typically prepared via oxidative addition of organic halides to magnesium metals, via halogen-magnesium exchange between halo(hetero)arenes and organomagnesium reagents or via deprotonative magnesiation of prefunctionalized (hetero)arenes. On the other hand, recent studies have demonstrated that the organo-alkaline earth metal complexes including those based on heavier alkaline earth metals such as calcium, strontium and barium could be generated from readily available non-polar unsaturated molecules such as alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-enynes and arenes through unique metallation processes. Nonetheless, the resulting organo-alkaline earth metal complexes could be further functionalized with a variety of electrophiles in various reaction modes. In particular, organocalcium, strontium and barium species have shown unprecedented reactivity in the downstream functionalization, which could not be observed in the reactivity of organomagnesium complexes. This perspective will focus on the newly emerging protocols for the generation of organo-alkaline earth metal complexes from non-polar unsaturated molecules and their applications in chemical synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Jia Hao Pang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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16
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Okuda J, Höllerhage T, Ghana P, Spaniol TP, Carpentier A, Maron L, Englert U. Formation and Reactivity of a Hexahydridosilicate [SiH6]2- Coordinated by a Macrocycle-Supported Strontium Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115379. [PMID: 34874085 PMCID: PMC9303417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cationic benzyl complex [(Me4TACD)Sr(CH2Ph)][A] (Me4TACD=1,4,7,10‐tetramethyltetraazacyclododecane; A=B(C6H3‐3,5‐Me2)4) reacted with two equivalents of phenylsilane to give the bridging hexahydridosilicate complex [(Me4TACD)2Sr2(thf)4(μ‐κ3 : κ3‐SiH6)][A]2 (3 a). Rapid phenyl exchange between phenylsilane molecules is assumed to generate monosilane SiH4 that is trapped by two strontium hydride cations [(Me4TACD)SrH(thf)x]+. Complex 3 a decomposed in THF at room temperature to give the terminal silanide complex [(Me4TACD)Sr(SiH3)(thf)2][A], with release of H2. Upon reaction with a weak Brønsted acid, CO2, and 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene SiH4 was released. The reaction of a 1 : 2 mixture of cationic benzyl and neutral dibenzyl complex with phenylsilane gave the trinuclear silanide complex [(Me4TACD)3Sr3(μ2‐H)3(μ3‐SiH3)2][A], while nOctSiH3 led to the trinuclear (n‐octyl)pentahydridosilicate complex [(Me4TACD)3Sr3(μ2‐H)3(μ3‐SiH5nOct)][A].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Okuda
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Höllerhage
- Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Medizinische Fakultät: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Medizinische Fakultat, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Universite de Toulouse 3: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, FRANCE
| | - Laurent Maron
- Universite de Toulouse 3: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, FRANCE
| | - Ulli Englert
- Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemie, GERMANY
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17
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Liu R, Liu X, Cheng T, Chen Y. Organocalcium Complex‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydrosilanes with Terminal Alkynes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Shanghai Normal University 100 Guilin Road Shanghai 200234 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Tanyu Cheng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Shanghai Normal University 100 Guilin Road Shanghai 200234 P.R. China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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18
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Ritter F, Morris LJ, McCabe KN, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Okuda J. Deaggregation of Zinc Dihydride by Lewis Acids Including Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Nitrogen Donors. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15583-15592. [PMID: 34591456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermally sensitive polymeric zinc dihydride [ZnH2]n can conveniently be prepared by the reaction of ZnEt2 with [AlH3(NEt3)]. When reacted with CO2 (1 bar) in the presence of chelating N-donor ligands Ln = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TMPDA), N,N,N',N″,N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA), and 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (Me4TACD), insertion into the Zn-H bond readily occurred. Depending on the denticity n, formates [(Ln)Zn(OCHO)2] were isolated and structurally characterized, either as a molecule (Ln = TMEDA, TMPDA, PMDTA) or a charge-separated ion pair [(Ln)Zn(OCHO)][OCHO] (Ln = Me4TACD). The reaction of [ZnH2]n with the mild Lewis acid BPh3 in the presence of chelating N-donor ligands Ln gave a series of hydridotriphenylborates, either as a contact ion pair [(L2)Zn(H)(HBPh3)] (L2 = TMEDA, TMPDA) or a separated ion pair [(Ln)Zn(H)][HBPh3] (Ln = PMDTA, Me4TACD). In the crystal, the contact ion pair [(TMEDA)Zn(H)(HBPh3)] showed a bent Zn-H-B bridge indicative of a delocalized Zn-H-B interaction. In contrast, a linear Zn-H-B bridge for [(TMPDA)Zn(H)(HBPh3)] was observed, suggesting a contact ion pair. In THF solution, both complexes show an exchange with free BPh3 as well as [HBPh3]-. DFT calculations suggest the presence of [HBPh3]- anion with a highly polarized B-H bond that interacts with the Lewis acidic zinc hydride cation [(L2)Zn(H)]+. The hydridotriphenylborates [(Ln)Zn(H)(HBPh3)] underwent CO2 insertion to give (formato)zinc (formoxy)triphenylborate complexes [(Ln)Zn(OCHO)][(OCHO)BPh3] (Ln = TMPDA, PMDTA, Me4TACD). For Ln = TMEDA, a dinuclear complex [(Ln)2Zn2(μ-OCHO)3][(OCHO)BPh3] was isolated. Hydridotriphenylborates [(Ln)Zn(H)(HBPh3)] catalyzed the hydrosilylation of CO2 (1 bar) by nBuMe2SiH in THF at 70 °C to give formoxysilane and (methoxy)silane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ritter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Louis J Morris
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl N McCabe
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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19
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Höllerhage T, Carpentier A, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Englert U, Okuda J. Cationic strontium hydride complexes supported by an NNNN-type macrocycle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6316-6319. [PMID: 34076652 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A trinuclear strontium hydride [(Me4TACD)3Sr3(μ2-H)4(thf)][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4]2 (Me4TACD = 1,4,7,10-tetramethyltetraazacyclododecane) and a mixed calcium strontium hydride [(Me4TACD)2CaSr(μ-H)2(thf)][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4]2 were isolated by hydrogenolysis of cationic benzyl precursors. A solution of [(Me4TACD)2CaSr(μ-H)2(thf)][B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4]2 shows hydride ligand exchange between calcium and strontium centers and higher affinity of the hydride ligand toward calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höllerhage
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Ulli Englert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Thum K, Martin J, Elsen H, Eyselein J, Stiegler L, Langer J, Harder S. Lewis Acidic Cationic Strontium and Barium Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Martin
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lena Stiegler
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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21
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Li T, McCabe KN, Maron L, Leng X, Chen Y. Organocalcium Complex-Catalyzed Selective Redistribution of ArSiH3 or Ar(alkyl)SiH2 to Ar3SiH or Ar2(alkyl)SiH. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Karl N. McCabe
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Brennessel WW, Long BK, Hanusa TP. Mechanochemical Formation, Solution Rearrangements, and Catalytic Behavior of a Polymorphic Ca/K Allyl Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - William W. Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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23
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Perez-Jimenez M, Curado N, Maya C, Campos J, Jover J, Alvarez S, Carmona E. Coordination of LiH Molecules to Mo≣Mo Bonds: Experimental and Computational Studies on Mo 2LiH 2, Mo 2Li 2H 4, and Mo 6Li 9H 18 Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5222-5230. [PMID: 33755447 PMCID: PMC9157502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The reactions of LiAlH4 as the source of LiH with complexes
that contain (H)Mo≣Mo and (H)Mo≣Mo(H) cores stabilized
by the coordination of bulky AdDipp2 ligands result in
the respective coordination of one and two molecules of (thf)LiH,
with the generation of complexes exhibiting one and two HLi(thf)H
ligands extending across the Mo≣Mo bond (AdDipp2 = HC(NDipp)2; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; thf = tetrahydrofuran,
C4H8O). A theoretical study reveals the formation
of Mo–H–Li three-center–two-electron bonds, supplemented
by the coordination of the Mo≣Mo bond to the Li ion. Attempts
to construct a [Mo2{HLi(thf)H}3(AdDipp2)] molecular architecture led to spontaneous trimerization and the
formation of a chiral, hydride-rich Mo6Li9H18 supramolecular organization that is robust enough to withstand
the substitution of lithium-solvating molecules of tetrahydrofuran
by pyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Perez-Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Natalia Curado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesus Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesus Jover
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Höllerhage T, Schuhknecht D, Mistry A, Spaniol TP, Yang Y, Maron L, Okuda J. Calcium Hydride Catalysts for Olefin Hydrofunctionalization: Ring-Size Effect of Macrocyclic Ligands on Activity. Chemistry 2021; 27:3002-3007. [PMID: 33185286 PMCID: PMC7898310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fifteen-membered NNNNN macrocycle Me5 PACP (Me5 PACP=1,4,7,10,13-pentamethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane) stabilized the [CaH]+ fragment as a dimer with a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry at calcium. The hydride complex was prepared by protonolysis of calcium dibenzyl with the conjugate acid of Me5 PACP followed by hydrogenolysis or treating with n OctSiH3 of the intermediate calcium benzyl cation. The calcium hydride catalyzed the hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of unactivated olefins faster than the analogous calcium complex stabilized by the twelve-membered NNNN macrocycle Me4 TACD (Me4 TACD=1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). Kinetic investigations indicate that higher catalytic efficiency for the Me5 PACP stabilized calcium hydride is due to easier dissociation of the dimer in solution when compared to the Me4 TACD analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höllerhage
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Danny Schuhknecht
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Alisha Mistry
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Yan Yang
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
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25
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Zhao L, Shi X, Cheng J. Calcium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Silylation of Aromatic Ethers with Hydrosilane. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
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26
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Ritter F, Spaniol TP, Douair I, Maron L, Okuda J. Molecular Zinc Hydride Cations [ZnH] + : Synthesis, Structure, and CO 2 Hydrosilylation Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23335-23342. [PMID: 32931656 PMCID: PMC7756573 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protonolysis of [ZnH2 ]n with the conjugated Brønsted acid of the bidentate diamine TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine) and TEEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethane-1,2-diamine) gave the zinc hydride cation [(L2 )ZnH]+ , isolable either as the mononuclear THF adduct [(L2 )ZnH(thf)]+ [BArF 4 ]- (L2 =TMEDA; BArF 4 - =[B(3,5-(CF3 )2 -C6 H3 )4 ]- ) or as the dimer [{(L2 )Zn)}2 (μ-H)2 ]2+ [BArF 4 ]- 2 (L2 =TEEDA). In contrast to [ZnH2 ]n , the cationic zinc hydrides are thermally stable and soluble in THF. [(L2 )ZnH]+ was also shown to form di- and trinuclear adducts of the elusive neutral [(L2 )ZnH2 ]. All hydride-containing cations readily inserted CO2 to give the corresponding formate complexes. [(TMEDA)ZnH]+ [BArF 4 ]- catalyzed the hydrosilylation of CO2 with tertiary hydrosilanes to give stepwise formoxy silane, methyl formate, and methoxy silane. The unexpected formation of methyl formate was shown to result from the zinc-catalyzed transesterification of methoxy silane with formoxy silane, which was eventually converted into methoxy silane as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ritter
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Iskander Douair
- CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
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27
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SILP Materials as Effective Catalysts in Selective Monofunctionalization of 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized siloxanes are one of the most important classes of organosilicon compounds, thus the enhancement of current methods of its synthesis is an important issue. Herein, we present the selective and highly effective reaction between 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO) and 1-octene (1-oct), using SILP (supported ionic liquid phase) materials containing a rhodium catalyst immobilized in three phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) differing in the structure of cation. Studies have shown high potential for using SILP materials as catalysts due to their high catalytic activity and selectivity, easy separation process, and the possibility of reusing the catalyst in subsequent reaction cycles without adding a new portion of the catalyst. Using the most active SILP material SiO2/[P66614][NTf2]/[{Rh(μ-OSiMe3)(cod)}2] allows for reuse of the catalyst at least 50 times in an efficient and highly selective monofunctionalization of TMDSO.
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28
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Molekulare Zinkhydridkationen [ZnH]
+
: Synthese, Struktur und CO
2
‐Hydrosilylierungskatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Dabringhaus P, Schorpp M, Scherer H, Krossing I. A Highly Lewis Acidic Strontium ansa-Arene Complex for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Isobutylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22023-22027. [PMID: 32776669 PMCID: PMC7756322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a dicationic strontium ansa‐arene complex for Lewis acid catalysis has been explored. The key to its synthesis was a simple salt metathesis from SrI2 and 2 Ag[Al(ORF)4], giving the base‐free strontium‐perfluoroalkoxyaluminate Sr[Al(ORF)4]2 (ORF=OC(CF3)3). Addition of an ansa‐arene yielded the highly Lewis acidic, dicationic strontium ansa‐arene complex. In preliminary experiments, the complex was successfully applied as a catalyst in CO2‐reduction to CH4 and a surprisingly controlled isobutylene polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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30
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Dabringhaus P, Schorpp M, Scherer H, Krossing I. A Highly Lewis Acidic Strontium
ansa
‐Arene Complex for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Isobutylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
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31
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Morris LJ, Rajabi NA, Mahon MF, Manners I, McMullin CL, Hill MS. Synthesis and reactivity of alkaline-earth stannanide complexes by hydride-mediated distannane metathesis and organostannane dehydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10523-10534. [PMID: 32691789 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02406f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of heteroleptic complexes with calcium- and magnesium-tin bonds is described. The dimeric β-diketiminato calcium hydride complex, [(BDI)Ca(μ-H)]2 (ICa) reacts with Ph3Sn-SnPh3 to provide the previously reported μ2-H bridged calcium stannanide dimer, [(BDI)2Ca2(SnPh3)(μ-H)] (3). Computational assessment of this reaction supports a mechanism involving a hypervalent stannate intermediate formed by nucleophilic attack of hydride on the distannane. Monomeric calcium stannanides, [(BDI)Ca(SnPh3)·OPPh3] (8·OPPh3) and [(BDI)Ca(SnPh3)·TMTHF] (8·TMTHF, TMTHF = 2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran) were obtained from ICa and Ph3Sn-SnPh3, after addition OPPh3 or TMTHF. Both complexes were also synthesised by deprotonation of Ph3SnH by ICa in the presence of the Lewis base. The calcium and magnesium THF adducts, [(BDI)Ca(SnPh3)·THF2] (8·THF2) and [(BDI)Mg(SnPh3)·THF] (9·THF), were similarly prepared from [(BDI)Ca(μ-H)·(THF)]2 (ICa·THF2) or [(BDI)Mg(μ-H)]2 (IMg) and Ph3SnH. An excess of THF or TMTHF was essential in order to obtain 8·TMTHF, 8·THF2 and 9·THF in high yields whilst avoiding redistribution of the phenyl-tin ligand. The resulting Ae-Sn complexes were used as a source of [Ph3Sn]- in salt metathesis, to provide the known tristannane Ph3Sn-Sn(t-Bu)2-SnPh3 (11). Nucleophilic addition or insertion with N,N'-di-iso-propylcarbodiimide provided the stannyl-amidinate complexes, [(BDI)Mg{(iPrN)2CSnPh3}] (12) and [(BDI)Ca{(iPrN)2CSnPh3}·L] (13·TMTHF, 13·THF, L = TMTHF, THF). The reactions and products were monitored and characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, whilst for compounds 8, 9, 12, and 13·THF, the X-ray crystal structures are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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32
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Schuhknecht D, Spaniol TP, Yang Y, Maron L, Okuda J. Reactivity of a Molecular Calcium Hydride Cation ([CaH] +) Supported by an NNNN Macrocycle. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9406-9415. [PMID: 32543844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hydride ligand in the cationic calcium hydride supported by a NNNN-type macrocycle, [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ-H)2(THF)][BAr4]2 (1; Me4TACD = 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane; THF = tetrahydrofuran; BAr4 = B(C6H3-3,5-Me2)4), shows, in addition to its Brönsted basicity toward weak acids, a pronounced nucleophilicity resulting in nucleophilic substitution or insertion (addition) at a silicon or sp2 carbon center. Terminal acetylenes RC≡CH (R = SiMe3, cyclopropyl) as well as 1,4-diphenylbutadiene were deprotonated by 1 to give dinuclear complexes [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ-C≡CR)2][BAr4]2 (2a, R = SiMe3; 2b, R = cyclopropyl) and [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ2-η4-1,4-Ph2C4H2)][BAr4]2 (3) with H2 evolution. The addition reaction with BH3(THF) gave a tetrahydridoborate complex, [(Me4TACD)Ca(BH4)(THF)2][BAr4] (4), with κ2-H2BH2 coordination in the solid state, suggesting a pronounced Lewis acidic calcium center. The behavior resulting from both Lewis acidity and hydricity becomes apparent in the nucleophilic substitution of fluorobenzene by 1 to give benzene and the dimeric fluoride complex [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ-F)2(THF)][BAr4]2·2.5THF (5). Analogous nucleophilic substitution reaction is observed for heterofunctionalized organosilanes XSiR3 [X = I, N(SiHMe2)2, N3; R = Me3 or HMe2], which resulted in the formation of calcium complexes [(Me4TACD)Ca(X)(THF)n][BAr4] (6-8) containing an X ligand along with hydrosilane HSiR3. An insertion reaction by 1 was observed with CO2 and CO to give dinuclear formato complex [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ-OCHO)2][BAr4]2 (9) and cis-enediolato complex [(Me4TACD)2Ca2(μ-OCH═CHO)][BAr4]2·3.5THF (10), respectively. The latter is believed to have been formed as a result of the dimerization of an initially generated formyl or oxymethylene complex, [(Me4TACD)Ca(OCH)]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schuhknecht
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan Yang
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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33
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Martin J, Langer J, Wiesinger M, Elsen H, Harder S. Dibenzotropylidene Substituted Ligands for Early Main Group Metal‐Alkene Bonding. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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34
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You Q, Zhang J, Zhou X. Modification of Yttrium Silyl‐Bridged Amide Alkyl Complexes through Si−H/C−H Cross‐Dehydrocoupling of Silanes with a Silylamino Ligand: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Mechanism. Chemistry 2020; 26:7702-7710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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35
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Martin J, Eyselein J, Grams S, Harder S. Hydrogen Isotope Exchange with Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Brand S, Causero A, Elsen H, Pahl J, Langer J, Harder S. Ligand Effects in Calcium Catalyzed Ketone Hydroboration. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Brand
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andrea Causero
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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37
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Schuhknecht D, Leich V, Spaniol TP, Douair I, Maron L, Okuda J. Alkali Metal Triphenyl- and Trihydridosilanides Stabilized by a Macrocyclic Polyamine Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:2821-2825. [PMID: 31943432 PMCID: PMC7079104 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium silanide [KSiH3]∞ contains 4.2 wt % of hydrogen and has been intensely studied as hydrogen storage material. The macrocyclic ligand Me4TACD (1,4,7,10‐tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraaminocyclododecane, L) stabilizes the full range of triphenylsilyl complexes [(L)MSiPh3]n (M=Li–Cs), which react with H2 or PhSiH3 to form molecular [(L)MSiH3]n that can be isolated in soluble form and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schuhknecht
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Valeri Leich
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iskander Douair
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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38
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Soft interactions with hard Lewis acids: generation of mono- and dicationic alkaline-earth metal arene-complexes by direct oxidation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2068-2076. [PMID: 32180929 PMCID: PMC7057851 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the first unsupported dicationic arene complexes of calcium and strontium [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ is reported (HMB = hexamethylbenzene; AE = alkaline earth metal; oDFB = ortho-difluorobenzene). They were prepared by direct oxidation of the elemental metals employing the ligand-forming radical cation salt [HMB][WCA] as an oxidant (WCA = [Al(ORF)4] or [μF-{Al(ORF)3}2]; RF = C(CF3)3). In addition, monocationic η6-HMB complexes of calcium, strontium and barium supported by coordination of the monodentate anion [F-Al(ORF)3]- are reported. In all examples, almost undistorted η6-HMB coordination is observed with rather short M-arenecentroid distances approaching those observed with the isoelectronic but negatively charged pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand. The structure and bonding, thermodynamic stability and Lewis acidity (fluoride/hydride ion affinities, FIA/HIA) of the generated complexes were assessed by DFT methods. It followed that the gaseous dications [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ are extremely hard Lewis acids that retain FIAs close to superacidity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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39
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Schuhknecht D, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Okuda J. Regioselective Hydrosilylation of Olefins Catalyzed by a Molecular Calcium Hydride Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:310-314. [PMID: 31609062 PMCID: PMC6972613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemo- and regioselectivity are often difficult to control during olefin hydrosilylation catalyzed by d- and f-block metal complexes. The cationic hydride of calcium [CaH]+ stabilized by an NNNN macrocycle was found to catalyze the regioselective hydrosilylation of aliphatic olefins to give anti-Markovnikov products, while aryl-substituted olefins were hydrosilyated with Markovnikov regioselectivity. Ethylene was efficiently hydrosilylated by primary and secondary hydrosilanes to give di- and monoethylated silanes. Aliphatic hydrosilanes were preferred over other commonly employed hydrosilanes: Arylsilanes such as PhSiH3 underwent scrambling reactions promoted by the nucleophilic hydride, while alkoxy- and siloxy-substituted hydrosilanes gave isolable alkoxy and siloxy calcium derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schuhknecht
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRSINSAUPS, UMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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40
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Shi X, Hou C, Zhao L, Deng P, Cheng J. Mononuclear calcium complex as effective catalyst for alkenes hydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5162-5165. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01745k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear calcium unsubstituted alkyl complex [(TpAd,iPr)Ca{(CH2)4Ph}(THP)], proposed as the catalytic alkene hydrogenation intermediate, was isolated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Cuiping Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Lanxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Peng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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41
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Martin J, Eyselein J, Langer J, Elsen H, Harder S. Large decanuclear calcium and strontium hydride clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9178-9181. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04330c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The largest, most hydride-rich, Ca10H16 cluster is formed by condensation of two smaller Ca6H9 octahedrons (the isostructural Sr hydride cluster is also reported).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Erlangen
- Germany
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42
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Shi X, Liu Z, Cheng J. Barium tetraalkylaluminate complexes supported by the super-bulky hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17919-17924. [PMID: 31782451 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A heteroleptic barium aminobenzyl complex [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(o-CH2C6H4-NMe2)] (1) was obtained in excellent yield from a simple one-pot reaction. Treatment of [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(o-CH2C6H4-NMe2)] (1) with two equivalents of AlR3 (R = Me, Et) led to the formation of barium tetraalkylaluminate complexes [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(AlR4)]n (R = Me, n = 2, 2; R = Et, n = 1, 3) as dimers or monomers in the solid state. The TpAd,iPr ligand-free peralkylated barium complex [Ba(AlEt4)2]n was isolated by the addition of ten equivalents of AlEt3 under the same conditions. The donor-induced aluminate cleavage is not applicable when donor solvents are added to complexes 2 and 3. In the solution of complexes 2 and 3, the alkylaluminate moieties and TpAd,iPr ligands show a rapid fluxional behavior in [D8]toluene solution over the temperature range of -70 to 25 °C, without any significant decoalescence of the corresponding proton signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Zhizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
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43
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Schuhknecht D, Spaniol TP, Douair I, Maron L, Okuda J. A tetranuclear calcium hydride cluster with a highly symmetric [Ca4H6]2+ core. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14837-14839. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08540h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NNN-type macrocycle Me3TACN stabilizes a highly symmetric calcium hydride with a tetranuclear [Ca4H6]2+ core. It can be classified as a nido-cluster with a highly delocalized system including d-orbital contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schuhknecht
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | | | | | - Jun Okuda
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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