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Meeus EJ, Laan PCM, Ham R, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Gas Evolution as a Tool to Study Reaction Kinetics Under Biomimetic Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400516. [PMID: 38348814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The field of bioorthogonal chemistry is rapidly growing, presenting successful applications of organic and transition metal-catalysed reactions in cells and living systems (in vivo). The development of such reactions typically proceeds through many iterative steps focused on biocompatibility and fast reaction kinetics to ensure product formation. However, obtaining kinetic data, even under simulated biological (biomimetic) conditions, remains a challenge due to substantial concentrations of salts and biomolecules hampering the use of typically employed solution-phase analytical techniques. In this study, we explored the suitability of gas evolution as a probe to study kinetics under biomimetic conditions. As proof of concept, we show that the progress of two transition metal-catalysed bioorthogonal chemical reactions can be accurately monitored, regardless of the complexity of the medium. As such, we introduce a protocol to gain more insight into the performance of a catalytic system under biomimetic conditions to further progress iterative catalyst development for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Meeus
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Ham
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Laan PCM, Bobylev EO, de Zwart FJ, Vleer JA, Troglia A, Bliem R, Rothenberg G, Reek JNH, Yan N. Tailoring Secondary Coordination Sphere Effects in Single-metal-site Catalysts by Surface Immobilization of Supramolecular Cages. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301901. [PMID: 37874010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the coordination sphere of heterogeneous single-metal-site catalysts is a powerful strategy for fine-tuning their catalytic properties but is fairly difficult to achieve. To address this problem, we immobilized supramolecular cages where the primary- and secondary coordination sphere are controlled by ligand design. The kinetics of these catalysts were studied in a model reaction, the hydrolysis of ammonia borane, over a temperature range using fast and precise online measurements generating high-precision Arrhenius plots. The results show how catalytic properties can be enhanced by placing a well-defined reaction pocket around the active site. Our fine-tuning yielded a catalyst with such performance that the reaction kinetics are diffusion-controlled rather than chemically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus C M Laan
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Joppe A Vleer
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Troglia
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098XG, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Roland Bliem
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098XG, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Pope F, Watson NI, Deblais A, Rothenberg G. Understanding the Behaviour of Real Metaborates in Solution. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200428. [PMID: 36069265 PMCID: PMC9825938 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alkali metal borohydrides are promising candidates for large-scale hydrogen storage. They react spontaneously with water, generating dihydrogen and metaborate salts. While sodium borohydride is the most studied, potassium has the best chance of commercial application. Here we examine the physical and chemical properties of such self-hydrolysis solutions. We do this by following the hydrogen evolution, the pH changes, and monitoring the reaction intermediates using NMR. Most studies on such systems are done using dilute solutions, but real-life applications require high concentrations. We show that increasing the borohydride concentration radically changes the system's microstructure and rheology. The changes are seen already at concentrations as low as 5 w/w%, and are critical above 10 w/w%. While dilute solutions are Newtonian, concentrated reaction solutions display non-Newtonian behaviour, that we attribute to the formation and (dis)entanglement of metaborate oligomers. The implications of these findings towards using borohydride salts for hydrogen storage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Pope
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Noë I. Watson
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Antoine Deblais
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Slot TK, Oulego P, Sofer Z, Bai Y, Rothenberg G, Raveendran Shiju N. Ruthenium on Alkali‐Exfoliated Ti
3
(Al
0.8
Sn
0.2
)C
2
MAX Phase Catalyses Reduction of 4‐Nitroaniline with Ammonia Borane. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry K. Slot
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Oviedo c/Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Asturias Spain
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Yuelei Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Salazar CA, Thompson BJ, Knapp SMM, Myers SR, Stahl SS. Multichannel gas-uptake/evolution reactor for monitoring liquid-phase chemical reactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:044103. [PMID: 34243469 PMCID: PMC8051960 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of a headspace pressure-monitoring reactor for measuring the uptake/evolution of gas in gas-liquid chemical transformations is described. The reactor features a parallel setup with ten-reactor cells, each featuring a low working volume of 0.2-2 ml, a pressure capacity from 0 to 150 PSIa, and a high sensitivity pressure transducer. The reactor cells are composed of commercially available disposable thick-walled glassware and compact monolithic weld assemblies. The software interface controls the reactor temperature while monitoring pressure in each of the parallel reactor cells. Reactions are easy to set up and yield high-density gas uptake/evolution data. This instrument is especially well suited to acquire quantitative time-course data for reactions with small quantities of gas consumed or produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Blaise J. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Spring M. M. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Steven R. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
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Schuler E, Ermolich PA, Shiju NR, Gruter GM. Monomers from CO 2 : Superbases as Catalysts for Formate-to-Oxalate Coupling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1517-1523. [PMID: 33427392 PMCID: PMC8048464 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An interesting contribution to solving the climate crisis involves the use of CO2 as a feedstock for monomers to produce sustainable plastics. In the European Horizon 2020 project "OCEAN" a continuous multistep process from CO2 to oxalic acid and derivatives is developed, starting with the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to potassium formate. The subsequent formate-to-oxalate coupling is a reaction that has been studied and commercially used for over 150 years. With the introduction of superbases as catalysts under moisture-free conditions unprecedented improvements were shown for the formate coupling reaction. With isotopic labelling experiments the presence of carbonite as an intermediate was proven during the reaction, and with a unique operando set-up the kinetics were studied. Ultimately, the required reaction temperature could be dropped from 400 to below 200 °C, and the reaction time could be reduced from 10 to 1 min whilst achieving 99 % oxalate yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schuler
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Pavel A. Ermolich
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Gert‐Jan M. Gruter
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041090 GDAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BVZekeringstraat 291014 BVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
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Slot TK, Riley N, Shiju NR, Medlin JW, Rothenberg G. An experimental approach for controlling confinement effects at catalyst interfaces. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11024-11029. [PMID: 34123192 PMCID: PMC8162257 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysts are conventionally designed with a focus on enthalpic effects, manipulating the Arrhenius activation energy. This approach ignores the possibility of designing materials to control the entropic factors that determine the pre-exponential factor. Here we investigate a new method of designing supported Pt catalysts with varying degrees of molecular confinement at the active site. Combining these with fast and precise online measurements, we analyse the kinetics of a model reaction, the platinum-catalysed hydrolysis of ammonia borane. We control the environment around the Pt particles by erecting organophosphonic acid barriers of different heights and at different distances. This is done by first coating the particles with organothiols, then coating the surface with organophosphonic acids, and finally removing the thiols. The result is a set of catalysts with well-defined "empty areas" surrounding the active sites. Generating Arrhenius plots with >300 points each, we then compare the effects of each confinement scenario. We show experimentally that confining the reaction influences mainly the entropy part of the enthalpy/entropy trade-off, leaving the enthalpy unchanged. Furthermore, we find this entropy contribution is only relevant at very small distances (<3 Å for ammonia borane), where the "empty space" is of a similar size to the reactant molecule. This suggests that confinement effects observed over larger distances must be enthalpic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry K Slot
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Nathan Riley
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - N Raveendran Shiju
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - J Will Medlin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Avenue Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
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Slot TK, Shiju NR, Rothenberg G. A Simple and Efficient Device and Method for Measuring the Kinetics of Gas-Producing Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17273-17276. [PMID: 31536672 PMCID: PMC6899998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a new device for quantifying gases or gas mixtures based on the simple principle of bubble counting. With this device, we can follow reaction kinetics down to volume step sizes of 8–12 μL. This enables the accurate determination of both time and size of these gas quanta, giving a very detailed kinetic analysis. We demonstrate this method and device using ammonia borane hydrolysis as a model reaction, obtaining Arrhenius plots with over 300 data points from a single experiment. Our device not only saves time and avoids frustration, but also offers more insight into reaction kinetics and mechanistic studies. Moreover, its simplicity and low cost open opportunities for many lab applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry K Slot
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098, XH, The Netherlands
| | - N Raveendran Shiju
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098, XH, The Netherlands
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