1
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Wahab A, Gershoni-Poranne R. COMPAS-3: a dataset of peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15344-15357. [PMID: 38758092 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the third installment of the COMPAS Project - a COMputational database of Polycyclic Aromatic Systems, focused on peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. In this installment, we develop two datasets containing the optimized ground-state structures and a selection of molecular properties of ∼39k and ∼9k peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons (at the GFN2-xTB and CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/cc-pvdz//CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-SVP levels, respectively). The manuscript details the enumeration and data generation processes and describes the information available within the datasets. An in-depth comparison between the two types of computation is performed, and it is found that the geometrical disagreement is maximal for slightly-distorted molecules. In addition, a data-driven analysis of the structure-property trends of peri-condensed PBHs is performed, highlighting the effect of the size of peri-condensed islands and linearly annulated rings on the HOMO-LUMO gap. The insights described herein are important for rational design of novel functional aromatic molecules for use in, e.g., organic electronics. The generated datasets provide a basis for additional data-driven machine- and deep-learning studies in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wahab
- The Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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2
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Zhou Z, Johnson MA, Wei Z, Bühringer MU, Garner MH, Tykwinski R, Petrukhina MA. Bending a Cumulene with Electrons: Stepwise Chemical Reduction and Structural Study of a Tetraaryl[4]Cumulene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304145. [PMID: 38433113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of a [4]cumulene with cesium metal was explored, and the structural changes stemming from electron acquisition are detailed using X-ray crystallography. It is found that the [4]cumulene undergoes dramatic geometric changes upon stepwise reduction, including bending of the cumulenic core and twisting of the endgroups from orthogonal to planar. The structural deformation is consistent with early theoretical reports that suggest that the twisting should occur upon reduction of both even and odd [n]cumulenes. The current results, on the other hand, are inconsistent with a previous experimental study of a [3]cumulene in which the predicted twisting is not observed upon reduction. DFT calculations reveal that the barrier to deformation is an order of magnitude lower in a [3]cumulene than a [4]cumulene, allowing the barrier to be overcome in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Matthew A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Martina U Bühringer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc H Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rik Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
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3
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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4
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Vidhani DV, Ubeda R, Sautie T, Vidhani D, Mariappan M. Zwitterionic Bergman cyclization triggered polymerization gives access to metal-graphene nanoribbons using a boron metal couple. Commun Chem 2023; 6:66. [PMID: 37029210 PMCID: PMC10082089 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth in artificial intelligence, designing high-speed and low-power semiconducting materials is of utmost importance. This investigation provides a theoretical basis to access covalently bonded transition metal-graphene nanoribbon (TM-GNR) hybrid semiconductors whose DFT-computed bandgaps were much narrower than the commonly used pentacene. Systematic optimization of substrates containing remotely placed boryl groups and the transition metals produced the zwitterions via ionic Bergman cyclization (i-BC) and unlocked the polymerization of metal-substituted polyenynes. Aside from i-BC, the subsequent steps were barrierless, which involved structureless transition regions. Multivariate analysis revealed the strong dependence of activation energy and the cyclization mode on the electronic nature of boron and Au(I). Consequently, three regions corresponding to radical Bergman (r-BC), ionic Bergman (i-BC), and ionic Schreiner-Pascal (i-SP) cyclizations were identified. The boundaries between these regions corresponded to the mechanistic shift induced by the three-center-three-electron (3c-3e) hydrogen bond, three-center-four-electron (3c-4e) hydrogen bond, and vacant p-orbital on boron. The ideal combination for cascade polymerization was observed near the boundary between i-BC and i-SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh V Vidhani
- Department of Math & Natural Science, Miami Dade College, Miami Dade College, 627 SW 27th Ave, Miami, FL, 33135, USA.
| | - Rosemary Ubeda
- Department of Math & Natural Science, Miami Dade College, Miami Dade College, 627 SW 27th Ave, Miami, FL, 33135, USA
| | - Thalia Sautie
- Department of Math & Natural Science, Miami Dade College, Miami Dade College, 627 SW 27th Ave, Miami, FL, 33135, USA
| | - Diana Vidhani
- Miami Dade Virtual School, 560 NW 151st, Miami, FL, 33169, USA
| | - Manoharan Mariappan
- Department of Natural Science North Florida College, 325 Turner Davis Dr, Madison, FL, 32340, USA
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5
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Walsh MP, Barclay JA, Begg CS, Xuan J, Kitching MO. Conglomerate Crystallization in the Cambridge Structural Database (2020-2021). CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2837-2844. [PMID: 37038395 PMCID: PMC10080650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Conglomerate crystals are materials capable of undergoing spontaneous resolution and were responsible for the discovery of molecular chirality. Their relevance to modern chemical and crystallographic sciences has been hindered by the difficulty in identifying and searching materials with this characteristic ability to spontaneously bias their own enantioenrichment. With the release of the November 2021 distribution of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) (version 5.43), a fresh quantity of chiral conglomerate crystals is expected to have been published in the CSD without identification. Indeed, no crystals in the CSD have been identified as a spontaneously resolving conglomerate crystal in their crystallographic information file since the 2019 release, despite the deposition of over 108,000 new crystal structures into the database over the same time period. A manual inspection of crystals deposited between 2020 and 2021 was conducted to identify 343 new chiral materials which exhibit conglomerate crystallization behavior. It is hoped that the continued manual curation of this list will aid those in the crystallographic and synthetic communities to study and exploit this spontaneous enantioenrichment behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Walsh
- Process
Research and Development, Carbogen Amcis
Ltd., 303 Clayton Lane, Manchester, M11 4SX, U.K.
| | - James A. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Callum S. Begg
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Jinyi Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
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6
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Pennachio M, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Tsybizova A, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA. Interplay of Charge and Aromaticity Upon Chemical Reduction of p-Quinquephenyl with Alkali Metals. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Alexandra Tsybizova
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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7
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Harada K, Hasegawa C, Matsumoto T, Sugishita H, Kitamura C, Higashibayashi S, Hasegawa M, Suzuki S, Kato SI. A double-helical S,C-bridged tetraphenyl- para-phenylenediamine and its persistent radical cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1301-1304. [PMID: 36633220 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A structurally constrained, double-helical S,C-bridged tetraphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (TPPD) has been synthesized. The stable radical cation of the S,C-bridged TPPD was generated by chemical oxidation, and the electron spin was found to be delocalized over the entire π-conjugated framework. The excellent conformational stability of the neutral molecule facilitated the separation of its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Harada
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugishita
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Higashibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
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8
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Zhou Z, Egger DT, Hu C, Pennachio M, Wei Z, Kawade RK, Üngör Ö, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Localized Antiaromaticity Hotspot Drives Reductive Dehydrogenative Cyclizations in Bis- and Mono-Helicenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12321-12338. [PMID: 35652918 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe reductive dehydrogenative cyclizations that form hepta-, nona-, and decacyclic anionic graphene subunits from mono- and bis-helicenes with an embedded five-membered ring. The reaction of bis-helicenes can either proceed to the full double annulation or be interrupted by addition of molecular oxygen at an intermediate stage. The regioselectivity of the interrupted cyclization cascade for bis-helicenes confirms that relief of antiaromaticity is a dominant force for these facile ring closures. Computational analysis reveals the unique role of the preexisting negatively charged cyclopentadienyl moiety in directing the second negative charge at a specific remote location and, thus, creating a localized antiaromatic region. This region is the hotspot that promotes the initial cyclization. Computational studies, including MO analysis, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and NICS(1.7)ZZ calculations, evaluate the interplay of the various effects including charge delocalization, helicene strain release, and antiaromaticity. The role of antiaromaticity relief is further supported by efficient reductive closure of the less strained monohelicenes where the relief of antiaromaticity promotes the cyclization even when the strain is substantially reduced. The latter finding significantly expands the scope of this reductive alternative to the Scholl ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Dominic T Egger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion ─ Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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9
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Fernández-García JM, Wei Z, Fernández I, Petrukhina MA, Martín N. Stepwise reduction of a corannulene-based helical molecular nanographene with Na metal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5574-5577. [PMID: 35353101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00971d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of a corannulene-based molecular nanographene, C76H64 (1), with Na metal in the presence of 18-crown-6 afforded the doubly-reduced state of 1. This reduction provokes a distortion of the helicene core and has a significant impact on the aromaticity of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY 12222, USA. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Zhou Z, Fernández‐García JM, Zhu Y, Evans PJ, Rodríguez R, Crassous J, Wei Z, Fernández I, Petrukhina MA, Martín N. Site‐Specific Reduction‐Induced Hydrogenation of a Helical Bilayer Nanographene with K and Rb Metals: Electron Multiaddition and Selective Rb
+
Complexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University 4800 Cao'an Road Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Jesús M. Fernández‐García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Paul J. Evans
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226 CNRS—Univ. Rennes Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226 CNRS—Univ. Rennes Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/Faraday, 9 28049 Madrid Spain
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11
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Saha NK, Barnes TH, Wilson LJ, Merner BL. Synthesis of a Bent, Twisted, and Chiral Phenanthrene via an Iodine Monochloride-Mediated, Strain-Inducing π-Extension Reaction. Org Lett 2022; 24:1038-1042. [PMID: 35080895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of substituted and strained p-phenylene units is reported. An oxidative allylic alcohol rearrangement, followed by organometallic addition to the resulting α-ketol and subsequent dehydrative aromatization, affords p-terphenyl-containing macrocycles in which the central p-phenylene has been selectively substituted. Ten 18-membered macrocycles have been synthesized, eight of which contain substituents that could enable π-extension. Only alkynylated derivatives were amenable to π-extension via an ICl-mediated reaction, affording a highly bent, twisted, and chiral phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirob K Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
| | - Timothy H Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
| | - Laura J Wilson
- Lotus Separations, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bradley L Merner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, United States
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12
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Zhou Z, Fernández-García JM, Zhu Y, Evans PJ, Rodríguez R, Crassous J, Wei Z, Fernández I, Petrukhina MA, Martín N. Site-Specific Reduction-Induced Hydrogenation of a Helical Bilayer Nanographene with K and Rb Metals: Electron Multiaddition and Selective Rb + Complexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115747. [PMID: 34875130 PMCID: PMC9300088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of π‐conjugated bilayer nanographene 1 (C138H120) with K and Rb in the presence of 18‐crown‐6 affords [K+(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][{K+(18‐crown‐6)}2(THF)0.5][C138H1223−] (2) and [Rb+(18‐crown‐6)2][{Rb+(18‐crown‐6)}2(C138H1223−)] (3). Whereas K+ cations are fully solvent‐separated from the trianionic core thus affording a “naked” 1.3− anion, Rb+ cations are coordinated to the negatively charged layers of 1.3−. According to DFT calculations, the localization of the first two electrons in the helicene moiety leads to an unprecedented site‐specific hydrogenation process at the carbon atoms located on the edge of the helicene backbone. This uncommon reduction‐induced site‐specific hydrogenation provokes dramatic changes in the (electronic) structure of 1 as the helicene backbone becomes more compressed and twisted upon chemical reduction, which results in a clear slippage of the bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paul J Evans
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Univ. Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Univ. Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Spisak SN, Zhou Z, Liu S, Xu Q, Wei Z, Kato K, Segawa Y, Itami K, Rogachev AY, Petrukhina MA. Stepwise Generation of Mono‐, Di‐, and Triply‐Reduced Warped Nanographenes: Charge‐Dependent Aromaticity, Surface Nonequivalence, Swing Distortion, and Metal Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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14
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Spisak SN, Zhou Z, Liu S, Xu Q, Wei Z, Kato K, Segawa Y, Itami K, Rogachev AY, Petrukhina MA. Stepwise Generation of Mono-, Di-, and Triply-Reduced Warped Nanographenes: Charge-Dependent Aromaticity, Surface Nonequivalence, Swing Distortion, and Metal Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25445-25453. [PMID: 34554612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The stepwise chemical reduction of a molecular warped nanographene (WNG) having a negatively curved π-surface and defined C80 H30 composition with Cs metal used as the reducing and complexing agent allowed the isolation of three different reduced states with one, two, and three electrons added to its π-conjugated system. This provided a unique series of nanosized carbanions with increasing negative charge for in-depth structural analysis of consequences of controlled electron charging of non-planar nanographenes, using X-ray crystallographic and computational tools. The 3D molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps identified the negative charge localization at the central part of the WNG surface where selective coordination of Cs+ ions is confirmed crystallographically. In-depth theoretical investigation revealed a complex response of the WNG to the stepwise electron acquisition. The extended and contorted π-surface of the WNG undergoes subtle swinging distortions that are accompanied by notable changes in the electronic structure and site-dependent aromaticity of the resulting carbanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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15
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Zhou Z, Üngör Ö, Wei Z, Shatruk M, Tsybizova A, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA. Tuning Magnetic Interactions Between Triphenylene Radicals by Variation of Crystal Packing in Structures with Alkali Metal Counterions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14844-14853. [PMID: 34524808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The monoanion of triphenylene (C18H12, 1) was generated in THF using several alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, and Cs) as reducing agents and crystallized with the corresponding cations in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether. The UV-vis spectroscopy points to the metal-dependent coordination environment of the triphenylene monoanion-radicals, 1·-, in solution. The X-ray diffraction characterization confirmed the formation of a solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) with sodium ions, [{Na+(18-crown-6)(THF)2}(1·-)] (2), and three contact-ion pair (CIP) complexes formed by larger alkali metal ions, [{K+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (3), [{Rb+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (4), and [{Cs+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (5). Structural analysis of the series reveals a notable geometry perturbation of the triphenylene framework in 2 caused by one-electron acquisition, which is further enhanced by direct metal binding in 3-5. This has been correlated with the aromaticity changes and charge redistribution upon one-electron reduction of 1, as revealed by the computational studies. The EPR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm antiferromagnetic interactions corresponding to an S = 1/2 system in the solid state. The magnetic behavior of 3-5 correlates with the arrangement of triphenylene radicals in the crystal structures. All three compounds exhibit antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions between S = 1/2 radicals in the solid state, but the exchange coupling in 4 and 5 is notably stronger than that in 3, which leads to AFM ordering at 3.8 K in 4 and at 2.0 K in 5. The magnetic phase transitions in 4 and 5 can be interpreted as originating from interactions between the chains of the AFM-coupled S = 1/2 radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | | | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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16
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Biswas S, Tabasi ZA, Lin JB, Zhao Y, Bodwell GJ. Synthesis of [2.2]Paracyclophane/9-Alkylfluorene Hybrids and the Discovery of a Solvent-assisted Rearrangement. Org Lett 2021; 23:5461-5465. [PMID: 34228471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Work on the synthesis of [2.2]paracyclophane/9-alkylfluorene hybrids led to the discovery of the rearrangement of cyclopentadienone 7 to cyclophane 6. A DFT computational study revealed that this formal 1,3-alkyl shift occurs in two steps, but requires the participation of a solvent molecule (ethanol). The rearrangement could be avoided by generating 7 under mild conditions and using benzynes as dienophiles to afford the targeted cyclophanes 14 and 16, the latter of which exhibits dual fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1B3X7
| | - Zahra A Tabasi
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1B3X7
| | - Jian-Bin Lin
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1B3X7
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1B3X7
| | - Graham J Bodwell
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Canada, A1B3X7
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17
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Hirao T, Amaya T, Petrukhina MA. Structural Consequences of Two-Fold Deprotonation of Sumanene: Embedding Two Cp-rings into a Nonplanar Carbon Framework. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Toshikazu Hirao
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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18
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Ikemoto K, Sato S, Isobe H, Petrukhina MA. Chemical Reduction of a Nanosized [6]Cyclo‐2,7‐naphthylene Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
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19
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Ikemoto K, Sato S, Isobe H, Petrukhina MA. Chemical Reduction of a Nanosized [6]Cyclo-2,7-naphthylene Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11201-11205. [PMID: 33617079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of a naphthylene macrocycle, [6]cyclo-2,7-naphthylene ([6]CNAP, 1), with alkali metals, Li and K, revealed the accessibility of the doubly-reduced state of 1. The macrocyclic 12- anion was isolated in different coordination environments and crystallographically characterized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of contact-ion complexes with one Li+ and two K+ ions in THF, and a "naked" dianion in the solvent-separated ion product with K+ ions in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether. The detailed structural analysis of 12- showed that the π-conjugation over the biaryl linkages between naphthylene panels were enhanced upon two-fold reduction, which was rationally explained by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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20
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Rogachev AY, Zhou Z, Liu S, Wei Z, Schaub TA, Jasti R, Petrukhina MA. Stretching [8]cycloparaphenylene with encapsulated potassium cations: structural and theoretical insights into core perturbation upon four-fold reduction and complexation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6526-6535. [PMID: 34040728 PMCID: PMC8132928 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of four-electron addition to [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP, 1) have been evaluated crystallographically, revealing a significant core deformation. The structural analysis exposes an elliptical distortion observed upon electron transfer, with the deformation parameter (D.P.) increased by 28% in comparison with neutral [8]CPP. The C-C bond length alteration pattern also indicates a quinoidal structural rearrangement upon four-fold reduction. The large internal cavity of [8]CPP4- allows the encapsulation of two {K+(THF)2} cationic moieties with two additional cations bound externally in the solid-state structure of [{K+(THF)2}4([8]CPP4-)]. The experimental structural data have been used as a benchmark for the comprehensive theoretical description of the geometric changes and electronic properties of the highly-charged [8]CPP4- nanohoop in comparison with its neutral parent. While neutral [8]CPP and the [8]CPP2- anion clearly show aromatic behavior of all six-membered rings, subsequent addition of two more electrons completely reverses their aromatic character to afford the highly-antiaromatic [8]CPP4- anion, as evidenced by structural, topological, and magnetic descriptors. The disentanglement of electron transfer from metal binding effects allowed their contributions to the overall core perturbation of the negatively-charged [8]CPP to be revealed. Consequently, the internal coordination of potassium cations is identified as the main driving force for drastic elliptic distortion of the macrocyclic framework upon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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21
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Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Petrukhina MA. Two-Fold Reduction of Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene with Group 1 Metals: From Lithium to Cesium. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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22
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Saal F, Zhang F, Holzapfel M, Stolte M, Michail E, Moos M, Schmiedel A, Krause AM, Lambert C, Würthner F, Ravat P. [n]Helicene Diimides (n = 5, 6, and 7): Through-Bond versus Through-Space Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21298-21303. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Saal
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evripidis Michail
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Karas LJ, Campbell AT, Alabugin IV, Wu JI. Antiaromaticity Gain Activates Tropone and Nonbenzenoid Aromatics as Normal-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Dienes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7083-7087. [PMID: 32856925 PMCID: PMC8124018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a carbonyl umpolung strategy for activating tropone as a normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder diene. Tropone has low reactivity for Diels-Alder reactions because of its [4n+2] π-aromaticity. Conversion of the carbonyl group into a hydrazone ion (═N-NR-) reverses the polarity of the exocyclic double bond, increases the [4n] ring π-antiaromaticity, and raises the HOMO energy. Computed gas-phase activation free energies for a Diels-Alder reaction with maleimide suggest a billion-fold rate increase when the tropone C═O is replaced by ═N-NR- (R = H or SO2CH3). Other nonbenzenoid aromatics can be activated as normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder dienes in the same way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Adam T Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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24
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Schaub TA, Jasti R, Petrukhina MA. Structural deformation and host-guest properties of doubly-reduced cycloparaphenylenes, [ n]CPPs 2- ( n = 6, 8, 10, and 12). Chem Sci 2020; 11:9395-9401. [PMID: 34094205 PMCID: PMC8161678 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reduction of several cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) ranging in size from [8]CPP to [12]CPP has been investigated with potassium metal in THF. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the resulting doubly-reduced [n]CPPs provided a unique series of carbon nanohoops with increasing dimensions and core flexibility for the first comprehensive structural analysis. The consequences of electron acquisition by a [n]CPP core have been analyzed in comparison with the neutral parents. The addition of two electrons to the cyclic carbon framework of [n]CPPs leads to the characteristic elliptic core distortion and facilitates the internal encapsulation of sizable cationic guests. Molecular and solid-state structure changes, alkali metal binding and unique size-dependent host abilities of the [n]CPP2- series with n = 6-12 are discussed. This in-depth analysis opens new perspectives in supramolecular chemistry of [n]CPPs and promotes their applications in size-selective guest encapsulation and chemical separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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25
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Gauthier ES, Rodríguez R, Crassous J. Metal‐Based Multihelicenic Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22840-22856. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Gauthier ES, Rodríguez R, Crassous J. Metal‐Based Multihelicenic Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Zhou Z, Fu L, Hu Y, Wang X, Wei Z, Narita A, Müllen K, Petrukhina MA. Compressing Double [7]Helicene by Successive Charging with Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15923-15927. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University 932 Lushan S Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Akimutsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
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28
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Zhou Z, Fu L, Hu Y, Wang X, Wei Z, Narita A, Müllen K, Petrukhina MA. Compressing Double [7]Helicene by Successive Charging with Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University 932 Lushan S Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Akimutsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Abdo MA, Dos Passos Gomes G, Ayad S, White FD, Tsvetkov NP, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Twofold π-Extension of Polyarenes via Double and Triple Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Radical Cascades Converging on the Same Aromatic Core. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8352-8366. [PMID: 32249571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to distannyl-substituted polyarenes was developed via double radical peri-annulations. The cyclization precursors were equipped with propargylic OMe traceless directing groups (TDGs) for regioselective Sn-radical attack at the triple bonds. The two peri-annulations converge at a variety of polycyclic cores to yield expanded difunctionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This approach can be extended to triple peri-annulations, where annulations are coupled with a radical cascade that connects two preexisting aromatic cores via a formal C-H activation step. The installed Bu3Sn groups serve as chemical handles for further functionalization via direct cross-coupling, iodination, or protodestannylation and increase solubility of the products in organic solvents. Photophysical studies reveal that the Bu3Sn-substituted PAHs are moderately fluorescent, and their protodestannylation results in an up to 10-fold fluorescence quantum yield enhancement. DFT calculations identified the most likely possible mechanism of this complex chemical transformation involving two independent peri-cyclizations at the central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Miguel A Abdo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Suliman Ayad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frankie D White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Nikolay P Tsvetkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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