1
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Doig AI, Stadel JT, Back TG. A Computational Study of Heteroatom Analogues of Selenoxide and Selenone syn Eliminations. Molecules 2024; 29:4915. [PMID: 39459281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29204915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenoxide syn elimination is a widely used method for the synthesis of alkenes because it proceeds under exceptionally mild conditions, typically with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Surprisingly, hetero-selenoxide eliminations, where one or both olefinic carbon atoms are replaced with heteroatoms, have been little investigated, and their selenonyl counterparts even less so. A variety of such reactions, where the heteroatoms included combinations of O, N and S, as well as C, were investigated computationally. Selenoxides typically have lower activation energies and are slightly endothermic, while the corresponding selenones display higher activation energies and are exothermic in the gas state. The results are consistent with concerted, five-centre processes, leading to the formation of dioxygen, aldehydes, diazenes and imines from seleninyl or selenonyl peroxides, esters, hydrazines and amines, respectively. The more acidic selenenyl hydrodisulfide analogue undergoes proton transfer to the basic selenoxide oxygen atom instead of concerted elimination, resulting in the formation of a zwitterion. However, the formation of the corresponding selenonyl zwitterion is disfavoured compared to concerted syn elimination. The effects of solvents were also computed along with changes in enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Solvent effects were variable, while free energy calculations indicated overall ΔG values ranging between 3.60 and -32.12 kcal mol-1 for the syn eliminations of methyl methanethioseleninate and methaneperoxyselenonic acid, respectively. These computations suggest that the olefin-forming selenoxide syn elimination may be more general than currently understood and that replacement of the two carbon atoms with heteroatoms can lead to viable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian I Doig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica T Stadel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Batabyal M, Chaurasia D, Panda PR, Jha RK, Kadu R, Kumar S. Benzoimidazolyl Organoseleniums: Antioxidant Activity and Catalysts for Selective Iodination of Arenes and Nitro-Michael Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14328-14340. [PMID: 39283162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Here, the synthesis and catalytic activities of benzoimidazole-derived organoselenium compounds have been explored. The synthesized bis(2-benzoimidazolyl) diselenide, having increased Lewis acidity on the selenium center, outperforms simple phenyl and N-phenyl benzamide-based diselenides when compared for thiol peroxidase hydrogen peroxide decomposing antioxidant activity with a reduction rate of 18.6 ± 1.9 μM/s. The synthesized diselenide also acted as an efficient catalyst for the activation of N-iodo-succinimide toward the regioselective, monoiodination of electron-rich arenes and activation of nitro-alkene for nitro-Michael reactions for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Batabyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Deeksha Chaurasia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Priyanka Rani Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rahul Kadu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
- MIT School of Engineering, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, Maharashtra 412201, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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3
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Madabeni A, Tanini D, Capperucci A, Orian L. Untangling the catalytic importance of the Se oxidation state in organoselenium-mediated oxygen-transfer reactions: the conversion of aniline to nitrobenzene. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12126-12137. [PMID: 39092090 PMCID: PMC11290331 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Seleninic acids and their precursors are well-known oxygen-transfer agents that can catalyze several oxidations with H2O2 as the final oxidant. Until very recently, the Se(iv) "peroxyseleninic" acid species has been considered the only plausible catalytic oxidant. Conversely, in 2020, the involvement of Se(vi) "peroxyselenonic" acid has been proposed for the selenium mediated epoxidation of alkenes. In this work, we theoretically probe different mechanisms of H2O2 activation and of Se(iv) to Se(vi) interconversion. In addition, we investigate through a combined theoretical (DFT) and experimental approach the mechanistic steps leading to the oxidation of aniline to nitrobenzene, when Se(iv) seleninic acid or Se(vi) selenonic acids are used as catalysts and H2O2 as the oxidant. This process encompasses three subsequent organoselenium mediated oxidations by H2O2. These results provide a mechanistic explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of both oxidation states (iv and vi) in the different stages of catalytic oxygen-transfer reactions: hydrogen peroxide activation and actual substrate oxidation. While the Se(vi) "peroxyselenonic" acid is found to be a better oxidant, the privileged role of "peroxyseleninic" acid as the main active species is assessed and its origin is identified in the lower catalyst-distortion that seleninic acid undergoes when activating H2O2. Conversely, the higher catalyst-distortion that characterizes the reaction of selenonic acid with H2O2 supports an inactivating role of Se(iv) to Se(vi) interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università Degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff' Università Degli Studi di Firenze Via Della Lastruccia 3-13 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff' Università Degli Studi di Firenze Via Della Lastruccia 3-13 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università Degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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4
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Stadel JT, Back TG. Asymmetric Synthesis with Organoselenium Compounds - The Past Twelve Years. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304074. [PMID: 38199954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The discovery and synthetic applications of novel organoselenium compounds and their reactions proceeded rapidly during the past fifty years and such processes are now carried out routinely in many laboratories. At the same time, the growing demand for new enantioselective processes provided new challenges. The convergence of selenium chemistry and asymmetric synthesis led to key developments in the 1970s, although the majority of early work was based on stoichiometric processes. More recently, greater emphasis has been placed on greener catalytic variations, along with the discovery of novel reactions and a deeper understanding of their mechanisms. The present review covers the literature in this field from 2010 to early 2023 and encompasses asymmetric reactions mediated by chiral selenium-based reagents, auxiliaries, and especially, catalysts. Protocols based on achiral selenium compounds in conjunction with other species of chiral catalysts, as well as reactions that are controlled by chiral substrates, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Stadel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
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5
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Batabyal M, Jaiswal S, Jha RK, Kumar S. Directing Group Strategy for the Isolation of Organoselenium(VI) Benzoselenonates: Metal-Free Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:57-61. [PMID: 38109785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of fourth-period organoelements, particularly organoseleniums in their highest VI oxidation state, is limited owing to their stability and synthesis. Herein, the isolation of a new class of quinolinyl-embedded, hexavalent selenium(VI) benzoselenonates has been discussed and further evaluated for a metal-free electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Se(VI) benzoselenonates exhibited high Faradaic efficiency (F.E.) of metal-free H2 gas production up to 86% with a very good turnover number (TON) up to 43 and moderate overpotential (η) of 500 mV; in the presence of mild acetic acid source in a less deprotonating DMF solvent. Taken together with various (NMR, UV-vis, and EPR) spectroscopic and DFT computation studies, a plausible HER pathway is proposed, which suggests that the electrochemical reduction of quinolinyl ring is the initiation step and Se(VI) acts as the reaction site by involving a hydridic type of intermediate for the electrochemical H2 gas generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Batabyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Svastik Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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6
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Moraes CO, Santos RBC, Cavalcante MFO, Guilhermi JS, Ali MA, Botteselle GV, Frizon TEA, Shah MIA, Lião LM, Beatriz A, Saba S, Rafique J. Urea Hydrogen Peroxide and Ethyl Lactate, an Eco-Friendly Combo System in the Direct C(sp 2)-H Bond Selenylation of Imidazo[2,1- b]thiazole and Related Structures. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39535-39545. [PMID: 37901565 PMCID: PMC10600889 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a urea hydrogen peroxide-mediated sustainable protocol for the synthesis of selenylated imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole by using half molar equivalent diorganyl diselenides in ethyl lactate as a greener solvent. The reaction features high yields, easy performance on gram scale, metal-free conditions, as well as applicability to imidazopyridine and imidazopyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio
A. O. Moraes
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo
Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Rafaely B. C. Santos
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo
Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Marcos F. O. Cavalcante
- LABSO,
Instituto de Química, Universidade
Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Jhefferson S. Guilhermi
- LABSO,
Instituto de Química, Universidade
Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Muhammad A. Ali
- Institute
of Chemistry (ICS), University of Peshawar—UOP, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Giancarlo V. Botteselle
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Estadual
do Centro-Oeste—UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Paraná 85819110, Brazil
| | - Tiago E. A. Frizon
- Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Campus Araranguá, Araranguá, Santa Catarina 88905120, Brazil
| | - Muhammad I. A. Shah
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Luciano M. Lião
- LABSO,
Instituto de Química, Universidade
Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson Beatriz
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo
Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- LABSO,
Instituto de Química, Universidade
Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo
Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79074-460, Brazil
- LABSO,
Instituto de Química, Universidade
Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
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7
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Sands KN, Burman AL, Ansah-Asamoah E, Back TG. Chemistry Related to the Catalytic Cycle of the Antioxidant Ebselen. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093732. [PMID: 37175141 PMCID: PMC10180093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant drug ebselen has been widely studied in both laboratories and in clinical trials. The catalytic mechanism by which it destroys hydrogen peroxide via reduction with glutathione or other thiols is complex and has been the subject of considerable debate. During reinvestigations of several key steps, we found that the seleninamide that comprises the first oxidation product of ebselen underwent facile reversible methanolysis to an unstable seleninate ester and two dimeric products. In its reaction with benzyl alcohol, the seleninamide produced a benzyl ester that reacted readily by selenoxide elimination, with formation of benzaldehyde. Oxidation of ebselen seleninic acid did not afford a selenonium seleninate salt as previously observed with benzene seleninic acid, but instead generated a mixture of the seleninic and selenonic acids. Thiolysis of ebselen with benzyl thiol was faster than oxidation by ca. an order of magnitude and produced a stable selenenyl sulfide. When glutathione was employed, the product rapidly disproportionated to glutathione disulfide and ebselen diselenide. Oxidation of the S-benzyl selenenyl sulfide, or thiolysis of the seleninamide with benzyl thiol, afforded a transient thiolseleninate that also readily underwent selenoxide elimination. The S-benzyl derivative disproportionated readily when catalyzed by the simultaneous presence of both the thiol and triethylamine. The phenylthio analogue disproportionated when exposed to ambient or UV (360 nm) light by a proposed radical mechanism. These observations provide additional insight into several reactions and intermediates related to ebselen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai N Sands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Austin L Burman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Esther Ansah-Asamoah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Capperucci A, Dalia C, Cenni A, Tanini D. Synthesis of nitroarenes and azoxyarenes through the selenium-mediated on water oxidation of aryl amines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2023.2166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capperucci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Dalia
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Cenni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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9
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Batabyal M, Upadhyay A, Kadu R, Birudukota NC, Chopra D, Kumar S. Tetravalent Spiroselenurane Catalysts: Intramolecular Se···N Chalcogen Bond-Driven Catalytic Disproportionation of H 2O 2 to H 2O and O 2 and Activation of I 2 and NBS. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8729-8745. [PMID: 35638247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen-bonding interactions have recently gained considerable attention in the field of synthetic chemistry, structure, and bonding. Here, three organo-spiroselenuranes, having a Se(IV) center with a strong intramolecular Se···N chalcogen-bonded interaction, have been isolated by the oxidation of the respective bis(2-benzamide) selenides derived from an 8-aminoquinoline ligand. Further, the synthesized spiroselenuranes, when assayed for their antioxidant activity, show disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2 with first-order kinetics with respect to H2O2 for the first time by any organoselenium molecules as monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Electron-donating 5-methylthio-benzamide ring-substituted spiroselenurane disproportionates hydrogen peroxide at a high rate of 15.6 ± 0.4 × 103 μM min-1 with a rate constant of 8.57 ± 0.50 × 10-3 s-1, whereas 5-methoxy and unsubstituted-benzamide spiroselenuranes catalyzed the disproportionation of H2O2 at rates of 7.9 ± 0.3 × 103 and 2.9 ± 0.3 × 103 μM min-1 with rate constants of 1.16 ± 0.02 × 10-3 and 0.325 ± 0.025 × 10-3 s-1, respectively. The evolved oxygen gas from the spiroselenurane-catalyzed disproportion of H2O2 has also been confirmed by a gas chromatograph-thermal conductivity detector (GCTCD) and a portable digital polarographic dissolved O2 probe. Additionally, the synthesized spiroselenuranes exhibit thiol peroxidase antioxidant activities for the reduction of H2O2 by a benzenethiol co-reductant monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy. Next, the Se···N bonded spiroselenuranes have been explored as catalysts in synthetic oxidation iodolactonization and bromination of arenes. The synthesized spiroselenurane has activated I2 toward the iodolactonization of alkenoic acids under base-free conditions. Similarly, efficient chemo- and regioselective monobromination of various arenes with NBS catalyzed by chalcogen-bonded synthesized spiroselenuranes has been achieved. Mechanistic insight into the spiroselenuranes in oxidation reactions has been gained by 77Se NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray structure, and theoretical (DFT, NBO, and AIM) studies. It seems that the highly electrophilic nature of the selenium center is attributed to the presence of an intramolecular Se···N interaction and a vacant coordination site in spiroselenuranes is crucial for the activation of H2O2, I2, and NBS. The reaction of H2O2, I2, and NBS with tetravalent spiroselenurane would lead to an octahedral-Se(VI) intermediate, which is reduced back to Se(IV) due to thermodynamic instability of selenium in its highest oxidation state and the presence of a strong intramolecular N-donor atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Batabyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Kadu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.,MIT School of Engineering, MIT Art, Design and Technology University Pune, Loni Kalbhor, Maharashtra 412201, India
| | - Nihal Chaitanya Birudukota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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10
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Azeredo JB, Penteado F, Nascimento V, Sancineto L, Braga AL, Lenardao EJ, Santi C. "Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:1597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano B. Azeredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana 97501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LaSOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (F.P.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Vanessa Nascimento
- Laboratório SupraSelen, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24020-150, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luca Sancineto
- Group of Catalysis Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Eder João Lenardao
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LaSOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (F.P.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Claudio Santi
- Group of Catalysis Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
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11
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Abstract
Nitro compounds are an important class of organic molecules with broad application in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Among the variety of methodologies available for their synthesis, the direct oxidation of primary amines represents an attractive alternative route. Efforts towards the development of oxidative procedures for the synthesis of nitro derivatives have spanned over the past decades, leading to a wide variety of protocols for the selective oxidative conversion of amines to nitro derivatives. Methods for the synthesis of nitroarenes via oxidation of aryl amines, with particular emphasis on recent advances in the field, are summarised in this review.
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12
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Pálla T, Herbath L, Mazák K, Mirzahosseini A, Noszál B. Selenate-An internal chemical shift standard for aqueous 77 Se NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:148-156. [PMID: 34273131 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The 77 Se NMR spectra of selenate were studied under various circumstances, such as concentration, pH, temperature, ionic strength, and D2 O:H2 O ratio, in order to examine its potential as a water-soluble internal chemical shift standard. The performance of selenate as a chemical shift reference and that of other attempted ones from the literature (dimethyl selenide, tetramethylsilane/TMS, and 3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-1-sulfonate/DSS) was also explored. The uncertainty in the resulting chemical shift relative to the effective spectral width is comparable to that of DSS. Compared to the currently prevalent water-soluble external chemical shift reference, selenic acid solution, the properties of internal selenate are much more favorable in terms of ease of use. We have also demonstrated that selenate can be used in reducing media, which is inevitable for the analysis of selenol compounds. Thus, it can be stated that sodium selenate is a robust internal chemical shift reference in aqueous media for 77 Se NMR measurements; the chemical shift of this reference in a solution containing 5 V/V% D2 O at 25°C and 0.15 mol·dm-3 ionic strength is 1048.65 ppm relative to 60 V/V% dimethyl selenide in CDCl3 and 1046.40 ppm relative to the 1 H signal of 0.03 V/V% TMS in CDCl3 . In summary, a water-soluble, selenium-containing internal chemical shift reference compound was introduced for 77 Se NMR measurements for the first time in the literature, and with the aforementioned results all previous 77 Se measurements can be converted to a unified scale defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pálla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Herbath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Mazák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arash Mirzahosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Xu B, Liu S, Li Y, Zhang J, Pan X, Zhu J. Synthesis of Precisely Structured Olefin Copolymers by Phenylseleno Oxidation Elimination. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shaoxiang Liu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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Orian L, Flohé L. Selenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Hydroperoxides in Chemistry and Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1560. [PMID: 34679695 PMCID: PMC8533274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the chalcogens, selenium is the key element for catalyzed H2O2 reduction. In organic synthesis, catalytic amounts of organo mono- and di-selenides are largely used in different classes of oxidations, in which H2O2 alone is poorly efficient. Biological hydroperoxide metabolism is dominated by peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, which balance hydroperoxide challenge and contribute to redox regulation. When their selenocysteine is replaced by cysteine, the cellular antioxidant defense system is impaired. Finally, classes of organoselenides have been synthesized with the aim of mimicking the biological strategy of glutathione peroxidases, but their therapeutic application has so far been limited. Moreover, their therapeutic use may be doubted, because H2O2 is not only toxic but also serves as an important messenger. Therefore, over-optimization of H2O2 reduction may lead to unexpected disturbances of metabolic regulation. Common to all these systems is the nucleophilic attack of selenium to one oxygen of the peroxide bond promoting its disruption. In this contribution, we revisit selected examples from chemistry and biology, and, by using results from accurate quantum mechanical modelling, we provide an accurate unified picture of selenium's capacity of reducing hydroperoxides. There is clear evidence that the selenoenzymes remain superior in terms of catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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15
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Sands KN, Gelfand BS, Back TG. One-Pot Synthesis of Aryl Selenonic Acids and Some Unexpected Byproducts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9938-9944. [PMID: 34269577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of aryl selenonic acids was achieved from diverse aryl bromides via a one-pot method involving metalation, selenation, and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide followed by ion exchange to afford the pure products in 77-90% yield. An o-hydroxymethyl derivative was found to dehydrate readily, affording the first example of a cyclic selenonic ester, while two minor byproducts were isolated and shown by X-ray crystallography to be mixed salts of aryl selenonic acids with either the corresponding aryl seleninic or selenious acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai N Sands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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16
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Silva MS, Alves D, Hartwig D, Jacob RG, Perin G, Lenardão EJ. Selenium‐NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Synthesis: From Structural Characterization Toward New Investigations. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcio S. Silva
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Daniela Hartwig
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Jacob
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- LASOL – CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – P.O. Box 354 – 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
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17
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Abenante L, Padilha NB, Anghinoni JM, Penteado F, Rosati O, Santi C, Silva MS, Lenardão EJ. Arylseleninic acid as a green, bench-stable selenylating agent: synthesis of selanylanilines and 3-selanylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5210-5217. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C–Se bonds in electron-rich arenes are easily formed by the reaction of bench-stable arylseleninic acids as an electrophilic selenium source. The only waste in the reaction is water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abenante
- LASOL - CCQFA
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel
- 96010-900 Pelotas
- Brazil
| | | | - João M. Anghinoni
- LASOL - CCQFA
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel
- 96010-900 Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - Filipe Penteado
- LASOL - CCQFA
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel
- 96010-900 Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Group of Catalysis
- Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
| | - Claudio Santi
- Group of Catalysis
- Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
| | - Marcio S. Silva
- LASOL - CCQFA
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel
- 96010-900 Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- LASOL - CCQFA
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel
- 96010-900 Pelotas
- Brazil
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18
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Bortoli M, Bruschi M, Swart M, Orian L. Sequential oxidations of phenylchalcogenides by H2O2: insights into the redox behavior of selenium via DFT analysis. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of sulfur and selenium, despite their similarity, shows some remarkable differences that have been recognized in many different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Via Marzolo 1
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Matteo Bruschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Via Marzolo 1
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Marcel Swart
- University of Girona
- Campus Montilivi (Ciències)
- IQCC
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Via Marzolo 1
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
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