1
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Feng S, Su R. Synthetic Chemistry in Flow: From Photolysis & Homogeneous Photocatalysis to Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400064. [PMID: 38608169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals has gained increasing attention in recent years owing to its versatility in driving many important reactions under ambient conditions. Selective hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and halogenation with a high conversion of the reactants have been realized using designed photocatalysts in batch reactors with small volumes at a laboratory scale; however, scaling-up remains a critical challenge due to inefficient utilization of incident light and active sites of the photocatalysts, resulting in poor catalytic performance that hinders its practical applications. Flow systems are considered one of the solutions for practical applications of light-driven reactions and have experienced great success in photolytic and homogeneous photocatalysis, yet their applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis are still under development. In this perspective, we have summarized recent progress in photolytic and photocatalytic synthetic chemistry performed in flow systems from the view of reactor design with a special focus on heterogeneous photocatalysis. The advantages and limitations of different flow systems, as well as some practical considerations of design strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
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2
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Sellet N, Frey J, Cormier M, Goddard JP. Near-infrared photocatalysis with cyanines: synthesis, applications and perspectives. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8639-8650. [PMID: 38873079 PMCID: PMC11168079 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanines are organic dyes bearing two aza-heterocycles linked by a polymethine chain. Excited states, fluorescence, redox activity, and energy transfer are interesting properties of cyanines which have been used by chemists. Moreover, they are easily accessible and highly tunable. For all these reasons, cyanines are often selected for applications like fluorescent probes, phototherapy and photovoltaics. However, considering cyanines as photocatalysts is a new field of investigation and has been sparsely reported in the literature. This field of research has been launched on the basis of near-infrared light photocatalysis. With a deeper NIR light penetration, the irradiation is compatible with biological tissues. Due to the longer wavelengths that are involved, the safety of the operator can be guaranteed. In this perspective review, the photophysical/redox properties of cyanines are reported as well as their preparations and applications in modern synthetic approaches. Finally, recent examples of cyanine-based NIR-photocatalysis are discussed including photopolymerization and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sellet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS Mulhouse 68100 France
| | - Johanna Frey
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS Mulhouse 68100 France
| | - Morgan Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS Mulhouse 68100 France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS Mulhouse 68100 France
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3
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Christensen M, Xu Y, Kwan EE, Di Maso MJ, Ji Y, Reibarkh M, Sun AC, Liaw A, Fier PS, Grosser S, Hein JE. Dynamic sampling in autonomous process optimization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7160-7169. [PMID: 38756794 PMCID: PMC11095507 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autonomous process optimization (APO) is a technology that has recently found utility in a multitude of process optimization challenges. In contrast to most APO examples in microflow reactor systems, we recently presented a system capable of optimization in high-throughput batch reactor systems. The drawback of APO in a high-throughput batch reactor system is the reliance on reaction sampling at a predetermined static timepoint rather than a dynamic endpoint. Static timepoint sampling can lead to the inconsistent capture of the process performance under each process parameter permutation. This is important because critical process behaviors such as rate acceleration accompanied by decomposition could be missed entirely. To address this drawback, we implemented a dynamic reaction endpoint determination strategy to capture the product purity once the process stream stabilized. We accomplished this through the incorporation of a real-time plateau detection algorithm into the APO workflow to measure and report the product purity at the dynamically determined reaction endpoint. We then applied this strategy to the autonomous optimization of a photobromination reaction towards the synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant intermediate. In doing so, we not only uncovered process conditions to access the desired monohalogenation product in 85 UPLC area % purity with minimal decomposition risk, but also measured the effect of each parameter on the process performance. Our results highlight the advantage of incorporating dynamic sampling in APO workflows to drive optimization toward a stable and high-performing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Eugene E Kwan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Michael J Di Maso
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Yining Ji
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Alexandra C Sun
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Andy Liaw
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Patrick S Fier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Shane Grosser
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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4
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Dual Nickel(II)/Mechanoredox Catalysis: Mechanical-Force-Driven Aryl-Amination Reactions Using Ball Milling and Piezoelectric Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311531. [PMID: 37638843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a nickel(II) catalyst and a mechanoredox catalyst under ball-milling conditions promotes mechanical-force-driven C-N cross-coupling reactions. In this nickel(II)/mechanoredox cocatalyst system, the modulation of the oxidation state of the nickel center, induced by piezoelectricity, is used to facilitate a highly efficient aryl-amination reaction, which is characterized by a broad substrate scope, an inexpensive combination of catalysts (NiBr2 and BaTiO3 ), short reaction times, and an almost negligible quantity of solvents. Moreover, this reaction can be readily up-scaled to the multi-gram scale, and all synthetic operations can be carried out under atmospheric conditions without the need for complicated reaction setups. Furthermore, this force-induced system is suitable for excitation-energy-accepting molecules and poorly soluble polyaromatic substrates that are incompatible with solution-based nickel(II)/photoredox cocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
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5
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Dulov DA, Magdesieva TV. N, N'-Diaryldihydrophenazines as Visible-Light Photocatalysts for Anilines' Arylation Using a Dual Photoredox/Ni(II) Cross-Coupling Strategy. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12765-12775. [PMID: 37596978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that cheap and easily available N,N'-diaryldihydrophenazines can successfully replace Ir(III)- and Ru(II)-based photocatalysts in the dual photoredox/Ni(II) C-N coupling of aryl halides with a wide range of anilines (32 examples). The efficient, operationally simple approach to diarylamines has been elaborated, which is amenable to scaling up via a flow apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Dulov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119234, Russia
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6
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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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7
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Zondag SDA, Mazzarella D, Noël T. Scale-Up of Photochemical Reactions: Transitioning from Lab Scale to Industrial Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:283-300. [PMID: 36913716 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-074313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have witnessed a rapid emergence of new and powerful photochemical and photocatalytic synthetic methods. Although these methods have been used mostly on a small scale, there is a growing need for efficient scale-up of photochemistry in the chemical industry. This review summarizes and contextualizes the advancements made in the past decade regarding the scale-up of photo-mediated synthetic transformations. Simple scale-up concepts and important fundamental photochemical laws have been provided along with a discussion concerning suitable reactor designs that should facilitate scale-up of this challenging class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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8
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Zhu Q, Zhao E, Shen Y, Chen Z, Fang W. Photocatalytic C-N cross-coupling mediated by heterogeneous nickel-coordinated carbon nitride. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4276-4281. [PMID: 37144980 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An easy to prepare nickel-coordinated mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (Ni-mpg-CN) was introduced as a heterogeneous photocatalyst, which efficiently accelerated the photocatalytic C-N cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl bromides and aliphatic amines, delivering the desired monoaminated products in good yields. In addition, the concise synthesis of the pharmaceutical tetracaine was accomplished in the final stage, further highlighting the practical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China.
| | - En Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yajing Shen
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China.
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Schade AH, Mei L. Applications of red light photoredox catalysis in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2472-2485. [PMID: 36880439 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as an efficient and versatile approach for developing novel synthetic methodologies. Particularly, red light photocatalysis has attracted more attention due to its intrinsic advantages of low energy, few health risks, few side reactions, and high penetration depth through various media. Impressive progress has been made in this field. In this review, we outline the applications of different photoredox catalysts in a wide range of red light-mediated reactions including direct red light photoredox catalysis, red light photoredox catalysis through upconversion, and dual red light photoredox catalysis. Due to the similarities between near-infrared (NIR) and red light, an overview of NIR-induced reactions is also presented. Lastly, current evidence showing the advantages of red light and NIR photoredox catalysis is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Schade
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
| | - Liangyong Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
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10
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Noto N, Yada A, Yanai T, Saito S. Machine-Learning Classification for the Prediction of Catalytic Activity of Organic Photosensitizers in the Nickel(II)-Salt-Induced Synthesis of Phenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219107. [PMID: 36645619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic systems using a small amount of organic photosensitizer for the activation of an inorganic (on-demand ligand-free) nickel(II) salt represent a cost-effective method for cross-coupling reactions, while C(sp2 )-O bond formation remains less developed. Herein, we report a strategy for the synthesis of phenols with a nickel(II) salt and an organic photosensitizer, which was identified via an investigation into the catalytic activity of 60 organic photosensitizers consisting of various electron donor and acceptor moieties. To examine the effect of multiple intractable parameters on the catalytic activity of photosensitizers, machine-learning (ML) models were developed, wherein we embedded descriptors representing their physical and structural properties, which were obtained from DFT calculations and RDKit, respectively. The study clarified that integrating both DFT- and RDKit-derived descriptors in ML models balances higher "precision" and "recall" across a wide range of search space relative to using only one of the two descriptor sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noto
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Yada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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11
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Dubois MAJ, Rojas JJ, Sterling AJ, Broderick HC, Smith MA, White AJP, Miller PW, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Duarte F, Bull JA. Visible Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkylation of 3-Aryl-Oxetanes and Azetidines via Benzylic Tertiary Radicals and Implications of Benzylic Radical Stability. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6476-6488. [PMID: 36868184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Four-membered heterocycles offer exciting potential as small polar motifs in medicinal chemistry but require further methods for incorporation. Photoredox catalysis is a powerful method for the mild generation of alkyl radicals for C-C bond formation. The effect of ring strain on radical reactivity is not well understood, with no studies that address this question systematically. Examples of reactions that involve benzylic radicals are rare, and their reactivity is challenging to harness. This work develops a radical functionalization of benzylic oxetanes and azetidines using visible light photoredox catalysis to prepare 3-aryl-3-alkyl substituted derivatives and assesses the influence of ring strain and heterosubstitution on the reactivity of small-ring radicals. 3-Aryl-3-carboxylic acid oxetanes and azetidines are suitable precursors to tertiary benzylic oxetane/azetidine radicals which undergo conjugate addition into activated alkenes. We compare the reactivity of oxetane radicals to other benzylic systems. Computational studies indicate that Giese additions of unstrained benzylic radicals into acrylates are reversible and result in low yields and radical dimerization. Benzylic radicals as part of a strained ring, however, are less stable and more π-delocalized, decreasing dimer and increasing Giese product formation. Oxetanes show high product yields due to ring strain and Bent's rule rendering the Giese addition irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hannah C Broderick
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Milo A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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12
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Cohen B, Lehnherr D, Sezen-Edmonds M, Forstater JH, Frederick MO, Deng L, Ferretti AC, Harper K, Diwan M. Emerging Reaction Technologies in Pharmaceutical Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Electrochemistry, Photochemistry, and Biocatalysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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13
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Flow photochemistry — from microreactors to large-scale processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Ruck RT, Strotman NA, Krska SW. The Catalysis Laboratory at Merck: 20 Years of Catalyzing Innovation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
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15
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Membrane-based TBADT recovery as a strategy to increase the sustainability of continuous-flow photocatalytic HAT transformations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6147. [PMID: 36257941 PMCID: PMC9579200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes have been the object of numerous studies showcasing the potential of the homogeneous photocatalyst tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) for the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds. However, to translate these studies into large-scale industrial processes, careful considerations of catalyst loading, cost, and removal are required. This work presents organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) as an answer to reduce TBADT consumption, increase its turnover number and lower its concentration in the product solution, thus enabling large-scale photocatalytic HAT-based transformations. The operating parameters for a suitable membrane for TBADT recovery in acetonitrile were optimized. Continuous photocatalytic C(sp3)-H alkylation and amination reactions were carried out with in-line TBADT recovery via two OSN steps. Promisingly, the observed product yields for the reactions with in-line catalyst recycling are comparable to those of reactions performed with pristine TBADT, therefore highlighting that not only catalyst recovery (>99%, TON > 8400) is a possibility, but also that it does not happen at the expense of reaction performance.
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16
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Li Z, Qiu S, Song Y, Huang S, Gao J, Sun L, Hou J. Engineering single–atom active sites anchored covalent organic frameworks for efficient metallaphotoredox C N cross–coupling reactions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1971-1981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Riddell A, Kvist P, Bernin D. A 3D printed photoreactor for investigating variable reaction geometry, wavelength, and fluid flow. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:084103. [PMID: 36050099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of photochemistry, including photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, has been revitalized due to the potential that photochemical reactions show in the sustainable production of chemicals. Therefore, there is a need for flexible photoreactor equipment that allows for the evaluation of the geometry, light wavelength, and intensity of the vessel, along with the fluid flow in various photochemical reactions. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have narrow emission spectra and can be either pulsed or run continuously; being flexible, they can be arranged to fit the dimensions of various types of the reactor vessel, depending on the application. This study presents a 3D printed photoreactor with the ability to adjust distances easily and switch between high-power LED light sources. The reactor design utilizes customized printed circuit boards to mount varying numbers and types of LEDs, which enables multiple wavelengths to be used simultaneously. These LED modules, comprised of heat sinks and cooling fans, fulfill the higher heat dissipation requirements of high-power LEDs. The flexibility of the reactor design is useful for optimizing the reaction geometry, flow conditions, wavelength, and intensity of photochemical reactions on a small scale. The estimates for incident light intensity under five possible reactor configurations using ferrioxalate actinometry are reported so that comparisons with other photoreactors can be made. The performance of the photoreactor for differing vessel sizes and distances, in both the flow and batch modes, is given for a photochemical reaction on 2-benzyloxyphenol-a model substance for lignin and applicable in the production of biobased chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riddell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patric Kvist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Comparative Evaluation of Light-Driven Catalysis: A Framework for Standardized Reporting of Data. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114106. [PMID: 35698245 PMCID: PMC9401044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis require a complex interplay between light absorption, charge separation, charge transfer, and catalytic turnover. Optical and irradiation parameters as well as reaction engineering aspects play major roles in controlling catalytic performance. This multitude of factors makes it difficult to objectively compare light-driven catalysts and provide an unbiased performance assessment. This Scientific Perspective highlights the importance of collecting and reporting experimental data in homogeneous and heterogeneous light-driven catalysis. A critical analysis of the benefits and limitations of the commonly used experimental indicators is provided. Data collection and reporting according to FAIR principles is discussed in the context of future automated data analysis. The authors propose a minimum dataset as a basis for unified collecting and reporting of experimental data in homogeneous and heterogeneous light-driven catalysis. The community is encouraged to support the future development of this parameter list through an open online repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
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19
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Vergleichende Evaluierung lichtgetriebener Katalyse: Ein Rahmenkonzept für das standardisierte Berichten von Daten**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Sven Rau
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Department Funktionale Grenzflächen Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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20
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Herbrik F, Sanz M, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Benaglia M. Enantioselective Organophotocatalytic Telescoped Synthesis of a Chiral Privileged Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200164. [PMID: 35239197 PMCID: PMC9325444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow, enantioselective, organophotoredox catalytic asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes was studied, by using a homemade, custom‐designed photoreactor for reactions under cryogenic conditions. Going from microfluidic conditions up to a 10 mL mesofluidic reactor, an increase of productivity by almost 18000 % compared to the batch reaction was demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a stereoselective photoredox organocatalytic continuous flow reaction in a fully telescoped process for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)synthesis was successfully achieved. The final process consists of four units of operation: visible light‐driven asymmetric catalytic benzylation under continuous flow, inline continuous work‐up, neutralisation and a final oxidative amidation step afforded the pharmaceutically active molecule in 95 % e.e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herbrik
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Sanz
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76 A, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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22
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Radjagobalou R, Imbratta M, Bergraser J, Gaudeau M, Lyvinec G, Delbrayelle D, Jentzer O, Roudin J, Laroche B, Ognier S, Tatoulian M, Cossy J, Echeverria PG. Selective Photochemical Continuous Flow Benzylic Monochlorination. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Radjagobalou
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Miguel Imbratta
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Julie Bergraser
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Marion Gaudeau
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Gildas Lyvinec
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | | | - Olivier Jentzer
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Jérémy Roudin
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stéphanie Ognier
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michael Tatoulian
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
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23
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Harper KC, Zhang EX, Liu ZQ, Grieme T, Towne TB, Mack DJ, Griffin J, Zheng SY, Zhang NN, Gangula S, Yuan JL, Miller R, Huang PZ, Gage J, Diwan M, Ku YY. Commercial-Scale Visible Light Trifluoromethylation of 2-Chlorothiophenol Using CF3I Gas. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaid C. Harper
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - En-Xuan Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Timothy Grieme
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Timothy B. Towne
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel J. Mack
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Song-Yuan Zheng
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Srinivas Gangula
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Long Yuan
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Robert Miller
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ping-Zhong Huang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - James Gage
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Company Limited, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Moiz Diwan
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi-Yin Ku
- Abbvie Process Research & Development, 1401 N. Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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24
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Burek BO, Duong HT, Hochradel K, Sutor A, Rupp M, Heilmann EK, Lovis K, Bloh JZ. Photochemistry at Scale: Wireless Light Emitters Drive Sustainability in Process Research & Development. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien O. Burek
- Chemical Technology DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hong Thu Duong
- Chemical Technology DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Klaus Hochradel
- Department Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology UMIT – University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1 16060 Hall in Tirol Austria
| | - Alexander Sutor
- Department Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology UMIT – University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1 16060 Hall in Tirol Austria
| | - Matthias Rupp
- Bayer AG Engineering & Technology 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Eike K. Heilmann
- Bayer AG Research & Development Crop Science 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Kai Lovis
- Bayer AG Research & Development Pharmaceuticals 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Jonathan Z. Bloh
- Chemical Technology DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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25
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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27
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Wan T, Wen Z, Laudadio G, Capaldo L, Lammers R, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Broersma R, Noël T. Accelerated and Scalable C(sp 3)-H Amination via Decatungstate Photocatalysis Using a Flow Photoreactor Equipped with High-Intensity LEDs. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:51-56. [PMID: 35106372 PMCID: PMC8796300 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-nitrogen bonds are ubiquitous in biologically active compounds, prompting synthetic chemists to design various methodologies for their preparation. Arguably, the ideal synthetic approach is to be able to directly convert omnipresent C-H bonds in organic molecules, enabling even late-stage functionalization of complex organic scaffolds. While this approach has been thoroughly investigated for C(sp2)-H bonds, only few examples have been reported for the direct amination of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein, we report the use of a newly developed flow photoreactor equipped with high intensity chip-on-board LED technology (144 W optical power) to trigger the regioselective and scalable C(sp3)-H amination via decatungstate photocatalysis. This high-intensity reactor platform enables simultaneously fast results gathering and scalability in a single device, thus bridging the gap between academic discovery (mmol scale) and industrial production (>2 kg/day productivity). The photocatalytic transformation is amenable to the conversion of both activated and nonactivated hydrocarbons, leading to protected hydrazine products by reaction with azodicarboxylates. We further validated the robustness of our manifold by designing telescoped flow approaches for the synthesis of pyrazoles, phthalazinones and free amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Lammers
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rémy Broersma
- Signify
Research, High Tech Campus
7, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Knoll S, Jusner CE, Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Horn M, Kappe CO. Autonomous model-based experimental design for rapid reaction development. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To automate and democratize model-based experimental design for flow chemistry applications, we report the development of open-source software, Optipus. Reaction models are built in an iterative and automated fashion, for rapid reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Knoll
- Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Francis D, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Marsden SP. Readily Reconfigurable Continuous-Stirred Tank Photochemical Reactor Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Francis
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Marsden
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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30
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Charboneau DJ, Huang H, Barth EL, Germe CC, Hazari N, Mercado BQ, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. Tunable and Practical Homogeneous Organic Reductants for Cross-Electrophile Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21024-21036. [PMID: 34846142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of four new tunable homogeneous organic reductants based on a tetraaminoethylene scaffold are reported. The new reductants have enhanced air stability compared to current homogeneous reductants for metal-mediated reductive transformations, such as cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), and are solids at room temperature. In particular, the weakest reductant is indefinitely stable in air and has a reduction potential of -0.85 V versus ferrocene, which is significantly milder than conventional reductants used in XEC. All of the new reductants can facilitate C(sp2)-C(sp3) Ni-catalyzed XEC reactions and are compatible with complex substrates that are relevant to medicinal chemistry. The reductants span a range of nearly 0.5 V in reduction potential, which allows for control over the rate of electron transfer events in XEC. Specifically, we report a new strategy for controlled alkyl radical generation in Ni-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) XEC. The key to our approach is to tune the rate of alkyl radical generation from Katritzky salts, which liberate alkyl radicals upon single electron reduction, by varying the redox potentials of the reductant and Katritzky salt utilized in catalysis. Using our method, we perform XEC reactions between benzylic Katritzky salts and aryl halides. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups, some of which are particularly challenging for most XEC transformations. Overall, we expect that our new reductants will both replace conventional homogeneous reductants in current reductive transformations due to their stability and relatively facile synthesis and lead to the development of novel synthetic methods due to their tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emily L Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cameron C Germe
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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31
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Chan AY, Perry IB, Bissonnette NB, Buksh BF, Edwards GA, Frye LI, Garry OL, Lavagnino MN, Li BX, Liang Y, Mao E, Millet A, Oakley JV, Reed NL, Sakai HA, Seath CP, MacMillan DWC. Metallaphotoredox: The Merger of Photoredox and Transition Metal Catalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1485-1542. [PMID: 34793128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The merger of photoredox catalysis with transition metal catalysis, termed metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become a mainstay in synthetic methodology over the past decade. Metallaphotoredox catalysis has combined the unparalleled capacity of transition metal catalysis for bond formation with the broad utility of photoinduced electron- and energy-transfer processes. Photocatalytic substrate activation has allowed the engagement of simple starting materials in metal-mediated bond-forming processes. Moreover, electron or energy transfer directly with key organometallic intermediates has provided novel activation modes entirely complementary to traditional catalytic platforms. This Review details and contextualizes the advancements in molecule construction brought forth by metallaphotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian B Perry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Noah B Bissonnette
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Benito F Buksh
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grant A Edwards
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lucas I Frye
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Olivia L Garry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marissa N Lavagnino
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Beryl X Li
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yufan Liang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Edna Mao
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Agustin Millet
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James V Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas L Reed
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ciaran P Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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32
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Bottecchia C, Lévesque F, McMullen JP, Ji Y, Reibarkh M, Peng F, Tan L, Spencer G, Nappi J, Lehnherr D, Narsimhan K, Wismer MK, Chen L, Lin Y, Dalby SM. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 2: A Continuous Flow Visible-Light-Induced Benzylic Bromination. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Glenn Spencer
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jarod Nappi
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Like Chen
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Yipeng Lin
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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33
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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34
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Simon LL, Dieckmann M, Robinson A, Vent-Schmidt T, Marantelli D, Kohlbrenner R, Saint-Dizier A, Gribkov D, Krieger JP. Monte Carlo Analysis-Based CapEx Uncertainty Estimation of New Technologies: The Case of Photochemical Lamps. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente L. Simon
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alan Robinson
- Process Research Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4334 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Marantelli
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kohlbrenner
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Saint-Dizier
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Denis Gribkov
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
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35
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Robinson A, Dieckmann M, Krieger JP, Vent-Schmidt T, Marantelli D, Kohlbrenner R, Gribkov D, Simon LL, Austrup D, Rod A, Bochet CG. Development and Scale-Up of a Novel Photochemical C–N Oxidative Coupling. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Group, Breitenloh 5, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Denis Gribkov
- Syngenta Group, Breitenloh 5, CH-4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | | | - David Austrup
- Syngenta Group, Breitenloh 5, CH-4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Rod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Ch. du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Ch. du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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36
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González-Esguevillas M, Fernández DF, Rincón JA, Barberis M, de Frutos O, Mateos C, García-Cerrada S, Agejas J, MacMillan DWC. Rapid Optimization of Photoredox Reactions for Continuous-Flow Systems Using Microscale Batch Technology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1126-1134. [PMID: 34345665 PMCID: PMC8323116 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful and versatile platform for the synthesis of complex molecules. While photocatalysis is already broadly used in small-scale batch chemistry across the pharmaceutical sector, recent efforts have focused on performing these transformations in process chemistry due to the inherent challenges of batch photocatalysis on scale. However, translating optimized batch conditions to flow setups is challenging, and a general approach that is rapid, convenient, and inexpensive remains largely elusive. Herein, we report the development of a new approach that uses a microscale high-throughput experimentation (HTE) platform to identify optimal reaction conditions that can be directly translated to flow systems. A key design point is to simulate the flow-vessel pathway within a microscale reaction plate, which enables the rapid identification of optimal flow reaction conditions using only a small number of simultaneous experiments. This approach has been validated against a range of widely used photoredox reactions and, importantly, was found to translate accurately to several commercial flow reactors. We expect that the generality and operational efficiency of this new HTE approach to photocatalysis will allow rapid identification of numerous flow protocols for scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F. Fernández
- Merck
Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Barberis
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerrada
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Agejas
- Centro
de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck
Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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37
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Qin Y, Zhu Q, Sun R, Ganley JM, Knowles RR, Nocera DG. Mechanistic Investigation and Optimization of Photoredox Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10232-10242. [PMID: 34191486 PMCID: PMC8600941 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism and the origin of the selectivity for the photocatalytic intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of unactivated alkenes with primary amines to furnish secondary amines have been revealed by time-resolved laser kinetics measurements of the key reaction intermediates. We show that back-electron transfer (BET) between the photogenerated aminium radical cation (ARC) and reduced photocatalyst complex (Ir(II)) is nearly absent due to rapid deprotonation of the ARC on the sub-100 ns time scale. The selectivity for primary amine alkylation is derived from the faster addition of the primary ARCs (as compared to secondary ARCs) to alkenes. The turnover of the photocatalyst occurs via the reaction between Ir(II) and a thiyl radical; the in situ formation of an off-cycle disulfide from thiyl radicals suppresses this turnover, diminishing the efficiency of the reaction. With these detailed mechanistic insights, the turnover of the photocatalyst has been optimized, resulting in a >10-fold improvement in the quantum yield. These improvements enabled the development of a scalable flow protocol, demonstrating a potential strategy for practical applications with improved energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jacob M Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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38
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Li J, Jiao J, Chang J, Li M, Han Q. Visible-Light-Driven C-N Bond Formation by a Hexanickel Cluster Substituted Polyoxometalate-Based Photocatalyst. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10022-10029. [PMID: 34133163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A powerful and attractive route to develop novel photocatalysts for C-N bond formation involves the use of pyrrolidine as the substrate and cocatalyst simultaneously. Herein, a new polyoxometalate (POM)-based metal-organic framework, namely, [Ni6(OH)3(H2O)9(DPNDIH)(SiW9O34)]2·2H2O (SiW9Ni6-DPNDI) (DPNDI = N,N'-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide), was prepared by incorporating a Ni6 cluster-substituted POM anion and a photosensitizer (DPNDI) into a framework. The anion···π interactions and covalent bonds between SiW9Ni6 and DPNDI are beneficial for the consecutive electron separation and transfer. Under visible-light irradiation, DPNDI can be easily excited to generate radical species DPNDI* that could be further excited in the presence of the electron donor pyrrolidine for the inert O2 activation. SiW9Ni6-DPNDI showed a high efficiency in the photocatalysis of C-N bond formation under a mild condition by the synergy of DPNDI and SiW9Ni6. The results of the reaction were confirmed by gas chromatography and 1H NMR. In addition, SiW9Ni6-DPNDI exhibited a high sustainability without an obvious change in yields after five cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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39
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Parameter assessment for scale-up of co- and counter-current photochemical reactors using non-collimated LEDs. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Abstract
AbstractDynamic irradiation is a potent option to influence the interaction between photochemical reactions and mass transport to design high performant and efficient photochemical processes. To systematically investigate the impact of this parameter, the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was conducted as a test reaction. Dynamic irradiation was realized through provoked secondary flow patterns, multiple spatially distributed light emitting diodes (LEDs) and electrical pulsation of LEDs. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealed significant potential to enhance photochemical processes. The reaction rate was accelerated by more than 70% and even more important the photonic efficiency was increased by more than a factor of 4. This renders imposed dynamic irradiation an innovative and powerful tool to intensify photoreactions on the avenue to large scale sustainable photochemical processes.
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C-H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.
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42
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Radical philicity and its role in selective organic transformations. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:486-499. [PMID: 37118440 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical intermediates in organic chemistry lack a full octet of electrons and, thus, are commonly said to be electron deficient. By denotation, such a statement is technically correct; however, in modern literature, the term 'electron deficient' carries a connotation of electrophilicity. This lexical quirk leads one to predict that all radicals should behave as electrophiles, when this is not the case. Indeed, practitioners of radical chemistry have known for decades that many radicals behave as nucleophiles, sometimes strongly so. This Review aims to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity by highlighting examples from recent literature as a demonstration of general reactivity paradigms across a series of different carbon-based and heteroatom-based radicals. We present strategies for predicting the philicity of a given radical on the basis of qualitative features of the radical's structure. Finally, we discuss the implications of radical philicity to selective hydrogen atom transfer.
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Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow photochemistry as a field has witnessed an increasing popularity over the last decade in both academia and industry. Key drivers for this development are safety, practicality as well as the ability to rapidly access complex chemical structures. Continuous flow reactors, whether home-built or from commercial suppliers, additionally allow for creating valuable target compounds in a reproducible and automatable manner. Recent years have furthermore seen the advent of new energy efficient LED lamps that in combination with innovative reactor designs provide a powerful means to increasing both the practicality and productivity of modern photochemical flow reactors. In this review article we wish to highlight key achievements pertaining to the scalability of such continuous photochemical processes.
Graphical abstract
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44
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Obah Kosso AR, Sellet N, Baralle A, Cormier M, Goddard JP. Cyanine-based near infra-red organic photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6964-6968. [PMID: 34123323 PMCID: PMC8153078 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct metal-free near infra-red photoredox catalysis is applied to organic oxidation, photosensitization and reduction, involving cyanines as photocatalysts. This photocatalyst is competitive with conventional reactions catalyzed under visible light. Kinetic and quenching experiments are also reported. Interestingly, these systems are compatible with water media, opening perspective for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roly Obah Kosso
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Nicolas Sellet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Alexandre Baralle
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Morgan Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 68100 Mulhouse France
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45
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Sellet N, Cormier M, Goddard JP. The dark side of photocatalysis: near-infrared photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01476e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Near-Infrared photoredox catalysis is now consider as the next evolution of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sellet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Morgan Cormier
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), UMR 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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46
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Radiometric measurement techniques for in-depth characterization of photoreactors – part 2: 3 dimensional and integral radiometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and potentials of a three-dimensionally resolving radiometric scanning method, complemented by integrating sphere measurements are presented for the evaluation of the radiation field of photoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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47
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Sender M, Wriedt B, Ziegenbalg D. Radiometric measurement techniques for in-depth characterization of photoreactors – part 1: 2 dimensional radiometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A spatially resolving radiometric scanning method for the evaluation of the radiation field of photoreactors is presented, allowing for a knowledge driven development of highly efficient photoreactors and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wriedt
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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48
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Graham MA, Noonan G, Cherryman JH, Douglas JJ, Gonzalez M, Jackson LV, Leslie K, Liu ZQ, McKinney D, Munday RH, Parsons CD, Whittaker DTE, Zhang EX, Zhang JW. Development and Proof of Concept for a Large-Scale Photoredox Additive-Free Minisci Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Graham
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Gary Noonan
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Janette H. Cherryman
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - James J. Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Miguel Gonzalez
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lucinda V. Jackson
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Kevin Leslie
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Zhi-qing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - David McKinney
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rachel H. Munday
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Chris D. Parsons
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David T. E. Whittaker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - En-xuan Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jun-wang Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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49
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Sun AC, Steyer DJ, Allen AR, Payne EM, Kennedy RT, Stephenson CRJ. A droplet microfluidic platform for high-throughput photochemical reaction discovery. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6202. [PMID: 33273454 PMCID: PMC7712835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow technology is critical towards enhancing the application of photochemical reactions for industrial process development. However, there are significant time and resource constraints associated with translating discovery scale vial-based batch reactions to continuous flow scale-up conditions. Herein we report the development of a droplet microfluidic platform, which enables high-throughput reaction discovery in flow to generate pharmaceutically relevant compound libraries. This platform allows for enhanced material efficiency, as reactions can be performed on picomole scale. Furthermore, high-throughput data collection via on-line ESI mass spectrometry facilitates the rapid analysis of individual, nanoliter-sized reaction droplets at acquisition rates of 0.3 samples/s. We envision this high-throughput screening platform to expand upon the robust capabilities and impact of photochemical reactions in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Steyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony R Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emory M Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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50
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Wenger OS. Photoactive Nickel Complexes in Cross‐Coupling Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2270-2278. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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