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Clarke GE, Firth JD, Ledingham LA, Horbaczewskyj CS, Bourne RA, Bray JTW, Martin PL, Eastwood JB, Campbell R, Pagett A, MacQuarrie DJ, Slattery JM, Lynam JM, Whitwood AC, Milani J, Hart S, Wilson J, Fairlamb IJS. Deciphering complexity in Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3968. [PMID: 38729925 PMCID: PMC11087562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex reaction systems is critical in chemistry. While synthetic methods for selective formation of products are sought after, oftentimes it is the full reaction signature, i.e., complete profile of products/side-products, that informs mechanistic rationale and accelerates discovery chemistry. Here, we report a methodology using high-throughput experimentation and multivariate data analysis to examine the full signature of one of the most complicated chemical reactions catalyzed by palladium known in the chemical literature. A model Pd-catalyzed reaction was selected involving functionalization of 2-bromo-N-phenylbenzamide and multiple bond activation pathways. Principal component analysis, correspondence analysis and heatmaps with hierarchical clustering reveal the factors contributing to the variance in product distributions and show associations between solvents and reaction products. Using robust data from experiments performed with eight solvents, for four different reaction times at five different temperatures, we correlate side-products to a major dominant N-phenyl phenanthridinone product, and many other side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joshua T W Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Poppy L Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alex Pagett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - John M Slattery
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jessica Milani
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sam Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Julie Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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2
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Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Cheng YZ, You SL, Ananikov VP. Sulfur in Waste-Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon-Carbon Coupling Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402109. [PMID: 38421344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C-H-activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C-S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste-free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini-review is focused on existing sulfur-directed C-C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state-of-the-art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal-catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Egorova KS, Posvyatenko AV, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. Fast evaluation of the safety of chemical reactions using cytotoxicity potentials and bio-Strips. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137378. [PMID: 36455666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduce new quantitative environmental metrics - "cytotoxicity potentials" - which can be used for the preliminary evaluation of the safety of chemical reactions from the viewpoint of the cytotoxicity of their components. We also elaborate the concept of bio-Profiles to be employed for fast estimation of the potential environmental dangers of chemical processes by (1) including the common cytotoxicity scale for all routes of synthesis of a particular product and (2) proposing a novel, more compact representation of the bio-Profiles themselves in the form of bio-Strips. These improvements allow direct comparisons of various synthetic routes for a particular target product, thus providing faster assessment of the reactions in question from the viewpoint of their "overall cytotoxicity". The advantages of these developments are illustrated by 36 routes of synthesizing 1,1'-biphenyl and 72 routes of synthesizing 4-methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl. The effect of incomplete conversion on bio-Strips and their metrics is also discussed. In addition, we address the impact of the selection of a particular cell line on the evaluation of the reaction safety by comparing the results obtained in three cell lines of various origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Alexey S Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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4
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Beletskaya IP, Ananikov VP. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–S, C–Se, and C–Te Bond Formations via Cross-Coupling and Atom-Economic Addition Reactions. Achievements and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16110-16293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Beletskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Egorova KS, Galushko AS, Dzhemileva LU, D’yakonov VA, Ananikov VP. Application of Bio-Profiles of Chemical Reactions for Analysis of Solvent Impact on Overall Toxicity of C–C Cross-Coupling Process. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500822600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Comparative assessment of heterogeneous and homogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura catalytic reactions using bio-Profiles and bio-Factors. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khramtsov P, Burdina O, Lazarev S, Novokshonova A, Bochkova M, Timganova V, Kiselkov D, Minin A, Zamorina S, Rayev M. Modified Desolvation Method Enables Simple One-Step Synthesis of Gelatin Nanoparticles from Different Gelatin Types with Any Bloom Values. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1537. [PMID: 34683829 PMCID: PMC8541285 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin nanoparticles found numerous applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, immunotherapy, and vaccine development as well as in biotechnology and food science. Synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles is usually made by a two-step desolvation method, which, despite providing stable and homogeneous nanoparticles, has many limitations, namely complex procedure, low yields, and poor reproducibility of the first desolvation step. Herein, we present a modified one-step desolvation method, which enables the quick, simple, and reproducible synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. Using the proposed method one can prepare gelatin nanoparticles from any type of gelatin with any bloom number, even with the lowest ones, which remains unattainable for the traditional two-step technique. The method relies on quick one-time addition of poor solvent (preferably isopropyl alcohol) to gelatin solution in the absence of stirring. We applied the modified desolvation method to synthesize nanoparticles from porcine, bovine, and fish gelatin with bloom values from 62 to 225 on the hundreds-of-milligram scale. Synthesized nanoparticles had average diameters between 130 and 190 nm and narrow size distribution. Yields of synthesis were 62-82% and can be further increased. Gelatin nanoparticles have good colloidal stability and withstand autoclaving. Moreover, they were non-toxic to human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Khramtsov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Oksana Burdina
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Sergey Lazarev
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Anastasia Novokshonova
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Maria Bochkova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Valeria Timganova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Dmitriy Kiselkov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Technical Chemistry, 614013 Perm, Russia;
| | - Artem Minin
- Lab of Applied Magnetism, M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the UB RAS, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Ural Federal University Named after The First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Zamorina
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Mikhail Rayev
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
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Liu J, Fu D, Wang K, Yuan Y, Deng Y, Shi L, Li M, Zhou C, Lu X, Lv Q, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Improving regorafenib's organ target precision via nano-assembly to change its delivery mode abolishes chemoresistance and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:229-241. [PMID: 34500422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Distant metastases and chemotherapy repellency are the key causes of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related mortality. Regorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor approved for treating advanced CRC with distant metastases and/or chemo-resistance, however only improves median overall survival by 1.4 months. Such limited therapeutic effect is likely due to the low bioavailability of orally administered hydrophobic regorafenib. A regorafenib nanodrug is fabricated by one-step self-assembly with a clinically often-used fluorescent agent (indocyanine green) for overcoming regorafenib's limitations, towards improving regorafenib's therapeutic efficacy in advanced CRC. This nanodrug (nanoRF) was characterized, and its antitumor effects were assessed in three preclinical CRC models. NanoRF converts regorafenib's delivery approach from oral to intravenous with a significantly high encapsulation efficacy of regorafenib (96%) and a long-time colloidal stability. Nanodrug (nanoRF) markedly prolongs regorafenib's blood circulation by halving clearance rate, and enhances regorafenib's tumor accumulation. Across three preclinical CRC models (xenografted tumor, chemodrug-resistant xenografted tumor, and liver metastasis), nanoRF drastically enhances regorafenib's tumor inhibiting efficacy by 0.5-4 folds and effectively extends survival by 0.5-5 folds. This regorafenib nanodrug is a simple, safe, and efficient therapeutic nanodrug for treating advanced CRC with a ready-to-be-clinically-translated potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Daan Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Hubei Province Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingyi Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaohuan Lu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiying Lv
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Titov IY, Stroylov VS, Rusina P, Svitanko IV. Preliminary modelling as the first stage of targeted organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review aims to present a classification and applicability analysis of methods for preliminary molecular modelling for targeted organic, catalytic and biocatalytic synthesis. The following three main approaches are considered as a primary classification of the methods: modelling of the target – ligand coordination without structural information on both the target and the resulting complex; calculations based on experimentally obtained structural information about the target; and dynamic simulation of the target – ligand complex and the reaction mechanism with calculation of the free energy of the reaction. The review is meant for synthetic chemists to be used as a guide for building an algorithm for preliminary modelling and synthesis of structures with specified properties.
The bibliography includes 353 references.
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Denisov MS, Gagarskikh ON. Palladium(II) Complexes with Catecholamines: Synthesis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221070136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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