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Yang Q, Zheng W, Zhao Y, Shi Y, Wang Y, Sun H, Xu X. Advancing dentin remineralization: Exploring amorphous calcium phosphate and its stabilizers in biomimetic approaches. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00154-4. [PMID: 38871525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review elucidates the mechanisms underpinning intrafibrillar mineralization, examines various amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) stabilizers employed in dentin's intrafibrillar mineralization, and addresses the challenges encountered in clinical applications of ACP-based bioactive materials. METHODS The literature search for this review was conducted using three electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with specific keywords. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, allowing for a detailed examination and summary of current research on dentin remineralization facilitated by ACP under the influence of various types of stabilizers. RESULTS This review underscores the latest advancements in the role of ACP in promoting dentin remineralization, particularly intrafibrillar mineralization, under the regulation of various stabilizers. These stabilizers predominantly comprise non-collagenous proteins, their analogs, and polymers. Despite the diversity of stabilizers, the mechanisms they employ to enhance intrafibrillar remineralization are found to be interrelated, indicating multiple driving forces behind this process. However, challenges remain in effectively designing clinically viable products using stabilized ACP and maximizing intrafibrillar mineralization with limited materials in practical applications. SIGNIFICANCE The role of ACP in remineralization has gained significant attention in dental research, with substantial progress made in the study of dentin biomimetic mineralization. Given ACP's instability without additives, the presence of ACP stabilizers is crucial for achieving in vitro intrafibrillar mineralization. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and exhaustive reviews on ACP bioactive materials under the regulation of stabilizers. A detailed summary of these stabilizers is also instrumental in better understanding the complex process of intrafibrillar mineralization. Compared to traditional remineralization methods, bioactive materials capable of regulating ACP stability and controlling release demonstrate immense potential in enhancing clinical treatment standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wenqian Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yaru Shi
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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Pineda S, Staňo R, Murmiliuk A, Blanco PM, Montes P, Tošner Z, Groborz O, Pánek J, Hrubý M, Štěpánek M, Košovan P. Charge Regulation Triggers Condensation of Short Oligopeptides to Polyelectrolytes. JACS AU 2024; 4:1775-1785. [PMID: 38818083 PMCID: PMC11134362 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions between charged macromolecules are ubiquitous in biological systems, and they are important also in materials design. Attraction between oppositely charged molecules is often interpreted as if the molecules had a fixed charge, which is not affected by their interaction. Less commonly, charge regulation is invoked to interpret such interactions, i.e., a change of the charge state in response to a change of the local environment. Although some theoretical and simulation studies suggest that charge regulation plays an important role in intermolecular interactions, experimental evidence supporting such a view is very scarce. In the current study, we used a model system, composed of a long polyanion interacting with cationic oligolysines, containing up to 8 lysine residues. We showed using both simulations and experiments that while these lysines are only weakly charged in the absence of the polyanion, they charge up and condense on the polycations if the pH is close to the pKa of the lysine side chains. We show that the lysines coexist in two distinct populations within the same solution: (1) practically nonionized and free in solution; (2) highly ionized and condensed on the polyanion. Using this model system, we demonstrate under what conditions charge regulation plays a significant role in the interactions of oppositely charged macromolecules and generalize our findings beyond the specific system used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian
P. Pineda
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Staňo
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Physics, University of
Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anastasiia Murmiliuk
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Pablo M. Blanco
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
- Department
of Material Science and Physical Chemistry, Research Institute of
Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Physics, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Montes
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Tošner
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Groborz
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovský square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pánek
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovský square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovský square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Košovan
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
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3
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Khanra P, Rajdev P, Das A. Seed-Induced Living Two-Dimensional (2D) Supramolecular Polymerization in Water: Implications on Protein Adsorption and Enzyme Inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400486. [PMID: 38265331 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In biological systems, programmable supramolecular frameworks characterized by coordinated directional non-covalent interactions are widespread. However, only a small number of reports involve pure water-based dynamic supramolecular assembly of artificial π-amphiphiles, primarily due to the formidable challenge of counteracting the strong hydrophobic dominance of the π-surface in water, leading to undesired kinetic traps. This study reveals the pathway complexity in hydrogen-bonding-mediated supramolecular polymerization of an amide-functionalized naphthalene monoimide (NMI) building block with a hydrophilic oligo-oxyethylene (OE) wedge. O-NMI-2 initially produced entropically driven, collapsed spherical particles in water (Agg-1); however, over a span of 72 h, these metastable Agg-1 gradually transformed into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets (Agg-2), favoured by both entropy and enthalpy contributions. The intricate self-assembly pathways in O-NMI-2 enable us to explore seed-induced living supramolecular polymerization (LSP) in water for controlled synthesis of monolayered 2D assemblies. Furthermore, we demonstrated the nonspecific surface adsorption of a model enzyme, serine protease α-Chymotrypsin (α-ChT), and consequently the enzyme activity, which could be regulated by controlling the morphological transformation of O-NMI-2 from Agg-1 to Agg-2. We delve into the thermodynamic aspects of such shape-dependent protein-surface interactions and unravel the impact of seed-induced LSP on temporally controlling the catalytic activity of α-ChT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Khanra
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Priya Rajdev
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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4
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Xie S, Yue C, Ye S, Li Z. Probing the hierarchical dynamics of DNA-sperm nuclear transition protein complexes through fuzzy interaction and mesoscale condensation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10408-10418. [PMID: 38502252 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear transition protein TNP1 is a crucial player mediating histone-protamine exchange in condensing spermatids. A unique combination of intrinsic disorder and multivalent properties turns TNP1 into an ideal agent for orchestrating the formation of versatile TNP-DNA assemblies. Despite its significance, the physicochemical property and the molecular mechanism followed by TNP1 for histone replacement and DNA condensation are still poorly understood. This study reports the first-time in vitro expression and purification of human TNP1 and investigates the hierarchical dynamics of TNP1-DNA interaction using a combination of computational simulations, biochemical assays, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy. We explored three crucial facets of TNP1-DNA interactions. Initially, we delve into the molecular binding process that entails fuzzy interactions between TNP1 and DNA at the atomistic scale. Subsequently, we analyze how TNP1 binding affects the electrostatic and mechanical characteristics of DNA and influences its morphology. Finally, we study the biomolecular condensation of TNP1-DNA when subjected to high concentrations. The findings of our study set the foundation for comprehending the potential involvement of TNP1 in histone replacement and DNA condensation in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqiang Xie
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Congran Yue
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Sheng Ye
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenlu Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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5
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Hua C, Qiu L. Polymersomes for Therapeutic Protein and Peptide Delivery: Towards Better Loading Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2317-2340. [PMID: 38476284 PMCID: PMC10929215 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics based on proteins and peptides have profoundly transformed the landscape of treatment for diseases, from diabetes mellitus to cancers, yet the short half-life and low bioavailability of therapeutic proteins and peptides hinder their wide applications. To break through this bottleneck, biomolecules-loaded polymersomes with strong adjustability and versatility have attracted more and more attentions recently. Loading proteins or peptides into polymersomes is the first but extremely important step towards developing high-quality formulation products. However, increasing protein and peptide loading content is quite challenging due to the inherent nature of self-assembled vesicle formation mechanism and physiochemical characteristics of biomacromolecules. This review highlights the potential of polymersomes as the next-generation therapeutic proteins and peptides carrier and emphatically introduces novel approaches and recent progress to achieve satisfactory encapsulation capability of polymersomes for proteins and peptides. On the one hand, with the help of intermolecular interactions, such as electrostatic, lipid-protein, and hydrophobic interactions, the drug loading could be significantly improved. On the other hand, loading improvement could be attained through innovation of preparation methods, ranging from modified traditional film hydration techniques to the novel phase-guided assembly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxu Hua
- Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Hazra A, Samanta SK. Main-Chain Cationic Polyelectrolytes: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2417-2438. [PMID: 38253020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes have attracted a lot of attention spanning across disciplines, including polymer chemistry, materials chemistry, chemical biology, chemical engineering, as well as device physics, as a result of their widespread applications in sensing, biomedicine, food industry, wastewater treatment, optoelectronic devices, and renewable energy. In this review, we focus on the crucial synthetic strategies of structurally different classes of main-chain cationic polyelectrolytes. As a result of the presence of charged moieties in the main polymeric backbone, their solubility and photophysical properties can be easily tuned. Main-chain cationic polyelectrolytes provide various unique characteristics, including solubility in aqueous and organic solvents, easy processability, ease of film formation, ionic interaction, main-chain-directed charge transport, high conductivity, and aggregation. These properties make the main-chain polyelectrolyte a potential candidate for numerous applications ranging from chemo- and biosensing, antibacterial activity, optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, water splitting, ion conduction, to dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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7
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Popova TO, Borisov OV, Zhulina EB. Polyelectrolyte Brushes with Protein-Like Nanocolloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1232-1246. [PMID: 38176061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrostatic interaction of ampholytic nanocolloidal particles (NPs), which mimic globular proteins, with polyelectrolyte brushes is analyzed within mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann approximation. In accordance with experimental findings, the theory predicts that an electrostatic driving force for the particle uptake by the brush may emerge when the net charge of the particle in the buffer and the charge of the brush are of the same sign. The origin of this driving force is change in the ionization state of weak cationic and anionic groups on the NP surface provoked by interaction with the brush. In experimental systems, the ionic interactions are complemented by excluded-volume, hydrophobic, and other types of interactions that all together control NP uptake by or expulsion from the brush. Here, we focus on the NP-brush ionic interactions. It is demonstrated that deviation between the buffer pH and the NP isoelectric point, considered usually as the key control parameter, does not uniquely determine the insertion free energy patterns. The latter depends also on the proportion of cationic and anionic groups in the NPs and their specific ionization constants as well as on salt concentration in the buffer. The analysis of the free energy landscape proves that a local minimum in the free energy inside the brush appears, provided the NP charge reversal occurs upon insertion into the brush. This minimum corresponds either to a thermodynamically stable or to a metastable state, depending on the pH offset from the IEP and salt concentration, and is separated from the bulk of the solution by a free energy barrier. The latter, being fairly independent of salt concentration in height, may strongly impede the NP absorption kinetically even when it is thermodynamically favorable. Hence, change reversal is a necessary but insufficient condition for the uptake of the NPs by similarly charged polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana O Popova
- ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour UMR 5254, Pau 64053, France
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Zika W, Guldi DM, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Photoacid-macroion assemblies: how photo-excitation switches the size of nano-objects. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:923-940. [PMID: 38108137 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic self-assembly of photoacids with oppositely charged macroions yields supramolecular nano-objects in aqueous solutions, whose size is controlled through light irradiation. Nano-assemblies are formed due to electrostatic attractions and mutual hydrogen bonding of the photoacids. Irradiation with UV light leads to the deprotonation of the photoacid and, consequently, a change in particle size. Overall, the hydrodynamic radii of the well-defined photoacid-macroion nano-objects lie between 130 and 370 nm. For a set of photoacids, we determine the acidity constants in the ground and excited state, discuss the sizes of photoacid-macroion nano-objects (by dynamic and static light scattering), their composition and the particle shapes (by small-angle neutron scattering), and relate their charge characteristics to size, structure and shape. We investigate the association thermodynamics and relate nanoscale structures to thermodynamics and, in turn, thermodynamics to molecular features, particularly the ionization energy of the photoacid hydroxyl group proton. Structure-directing effects completely differ from those for previously investigated systems, with hydrogen bonding and entropic effects playing a major role herein. This combined approach allows developing a comprehensive understanding of assembly formation and photo-response, anchored in molecular parameters (pKa, ionization energy, substituent group location), charge characteristics, and the association enthalpy and entropy. This fundamental understanding again paves the way for tailoring application solutions with novel photoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Wiebke Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Rumyantsev AM, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Surface-Immobilized Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Formed by Polyelectrolyte Brushes. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1727-1732. [PMID: 38061050 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A scaling theory of interaction and complex formation between planar polyelectrolyte (PE) brush and oppositely charged mobile linear PEs is developed. Counterion release is found to be the main driving force for the complexation. An interpolyelectrolyte coacervate complex (IPEC) between the brush and oppositely charged mobile PEs is formed at moderate grafting density and low salt concentration. At higher grafting density mobile chains penetrate the brush, but the brush structure is controlled by the balance between entropic elasticity and nonelectrostatic short-range interactions, as happens in a neutral brush. An increase in salt concentration beyond the theoretically predicted threshold leads to the release of the guest polyions from the brush. For brushes with moderate grafting density, complexation with oppositely charged guest polyions is predicted to trigger lateral microphase separation and formation of the finite-size surface IPEC clusters. Power law dependencies for the cluster dimensions on the brush grafting density, PE length, and salt concentration are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem M Rumyantsev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, 64053 Pau, France
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10
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Popova TO, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Interaction of Polyanionic and Polycationic Brushes with Globular Proteins and Protein-like Nanocolloids. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:597. [PMID: 38132536 PMCID: PMC10741738 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of experimental studies have demonstrated that globular proteins can be absorbed from the solution by both polycationic and polyanionic brushes when the net charge of protein globules is of the same or of the opposite sign with respect to that of brush-forming polyelectrolyte chains. Here, we overview the results of experimental studies on interactions between globular proteins and polycationic or polyanionic brushes, and present a self-consistent field theoretical model that allows us to account for the asymmetry of interactions of protein-like nanocolloid particles comprising weak (pH-sensitive) cationic and anionic groups with a positively or negatively charged polyelectrolyte brush. The position-dependent insertion free energy and the net charge of the particle are calculated. The theoretical model predicts that if the numbers of cationic and anionic ionizable groups of the protein are approximately equal, then the interaction patterns for both cationic and anionic brushes at equal offset on the "wrong side" from the isoelectric point (IEP), i.e., when the particle and the brush charge are of the same sign, are similar. An essential asymmetry in interactions of particles with polycationic and polyanionic brushes is predicted when fractions of cationic and anionic groups differ significantly. That is, at a pH above IEP, the anionic brush better absorbs negatively charged particles with a larger fraction of ionizable cationic groups and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana O. Popova
- Chemical Engineering Center, National Research University ITMO, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Chemical Engineering Center, National Research University ITMO, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Macromolecular Compoundsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, 64053 Pau, France
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11
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Barman R, Mukherjee A, Nag A, Rajdev P, Ghosh S. Hierarchical assembly of foldable polymers and applications in organic optoelectronics and antibacterial or antiviral materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13951-13961. [PMID: 37937399 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of amphiphilic polymers in block-selective solvents produces different nanostructures, which have been studied extensively for wide-ranging applications. Nevertheless, such immiscibility-driven aggregation does not endow them with the desired structural precision, predictability or surface functional group exposure, which significantly impact their functional applications. More recently, biomimetic folded structures of synthetic macromolecules (mostly oligomers) have come to the fore, but such studies have been limited to probe the secondary structures. In this article, we have collated hierarchical structures of foldamers, especially highlighting our recent contribution to the field of chain-folding regulated assembly of segmented polyurethanes (PUs) and their functional applications. A series of such PUs have been discussed, which contain a segmented hydrocarbon backbone and alternately placed pendant solvophilic groups. In either water or highly non-polar solvents (TCE, MCH), depending on the nature of the pendant group, they exhibit folded structures stabilized by intra-chain H-bonding. Hierarchical assembly of such folded chains by inter-chain H-bonding and/or π-stacking leads to the formation of well-defined nanostructures with functional applications ranging from organic optoelectronics to biomaterials. For example, a segmented PU with appended naphthalene-diimide (NDI) chromophores showed a pleated structure in MCH, which helped in organization of the NDI chromophores within π-stacking distance. Such folded polymer chains eventually produced nanotubular structures with excellent electron mobility. They also showed efficient intercalation of the pyrene (Py) donor by NDI-Py charge-transfer interaction and in this case the mixed nanotubular structure exhibited prominent room-temperature ferroelectricity. On the other hand, having cationic functionalities as the pendant groups such chain-folding regulated assembly produced unilamellar polymersomes with excellent antibacterial activity with very low minimum inhibitory concentrations (<10 μg mL-1). Replacing the pendant amine functionality with sulphate groups made these polyurethanes highly potent antiviral materials. In the absence of the alternating connectivity of the solvophobic and solvophilic segments or rigid hydrocarbon backbone, such folding propensity is destroyed, leading to structural collapse. While significant efforts have been made in correlating primary structures of wide-ranging polymers with their functional applications, this article demonstrates the direct correlation between the secondary structures of polymers and their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Barman
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Anurag Mukherjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Atish Nag
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Priya Rajdev
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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12
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Merzougui CE, Aimar P, Bacchin P, Causserand C. pH-Dependent Adsorption of Human Serum Albumin Protein on a Polystyrene-Block-Poly(acrylic acid)-Coated PVDF Membrane. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:886. [PMID: 38132890 PMCID: PMC10744623 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the investigation of human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption on a poy-styrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA)-coated PVDF membrane, which is a potential smart material for biomedical applications. First, copolymer coating on the membrane surface was successfully performed, due to the hydrophobic interaction of the PS anchoring group with the PVDF membrane. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of the membrane. Then, HSA adsorption onto the coated membrane was assessed and was proved to be strongly dependent on the pH of the protein solution. Indeed, both FTIR mapping and mass balance calculation using UV-visible spectroscopy displayed a greater HSA adsorption on the membrane at pH 5, even though it still took place at higher pH, but to a lower extent. Afterwards, an ionic strength influence study evinced the role of electrostatic interactions between HSA and the PAA layer on HSA adsorption. Dead-end filtration of HSA through the coated membrane confirmed the pH dependence of HSA adsorption on the coated membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charaf-Eddine Merzougui
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France; (P.A.); (P.B.)
| | | | | | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France; (P.A.); (P.B.)
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13
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Chowdhury A, Borgia A, Ghosh S, Sottini A, Mitra S, Eapen RS, Borgia MB, Yang T, Galvanetto N, Ivanović MT, Łukijańczuk P, Zhu R, Nettels D, Kundagrami A, Schuler B. Driving forces of the complex formation between highly charged disordered proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304036120. [PMID: 37796987 PMCID: PMC10576128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304036120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly disordered complexes between oppositely charged intrinsically disordered proteins present a new paradigm of biomolecular interactions. Here, we investigate the driving forces of such interactions for the example of the highly positively charged linker histone H1 and its highly negatively charged chaperone, prothymosin α (ProTα). Temperature-dependent single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments and isothermal titration calorimetry reveal ProTα-H1 binding to be enthalpically unfavorable, and salt-dependent affinity measurements suggest counterion release entropy to be an important thermodynamic driving force. Using single-molecule FRET, we also identify ternary complexes between ProTα and H1 in addition to the heterodimer at equilibrium and show how they contribute to the thermodynamics observed in ensemble experiments. Finally, we explain the observed thermodynamics quantitatively with a mean-field polyelectrolyte theory that treats counterion release explicitly. ProTα-H1 complex formation resembles the interactions between synthetic polyelectrolytes, and the underlying principles are likely to be of broad relevance for interactions between charged biomolecules in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Souradeep Ghosh
- Department of Physical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Andrea Sottini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Soumik Mitra
- Department of Physical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Rohan S. Eapen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Tianjin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Galvanetto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Miloš T. Ivanović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Paweł Łukijańczuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Ruijing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nettels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Arindam Kundagrami
- Department of Physical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
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14
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Hong YK, Nakamoto M, Matsusaki M. Engineering metabolic cycle-inspired hydrogels with enzyme-fueled programmable transient volume changes. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8136-8141. [PMID: 37565488 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00638g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-fueled transient volume phase transition (TVPT) of hydrogels under out-of-equilibrium conditions is reported. The approach takes inspiration from the metabolic cycle, comprising nutrient intake and anabolism/catabolism followed by waste excretion. The incorporation of methacrylic acid and acrylated trypsin in a polymeric hydrogel allowed the TVPT of the gel to be fueled by lysozyme. With the intake of lysozyme as fuel, the construction/destruction of electrostatic cross-linkages induced transient shrinkage/swelling of the gel accompanied by the depletion of lysozyme activity. The system's transient response could be flexibly programmed by adjusting not only the fuel concentration but the chemical composition of materials. The lysozyme-fueled TVPT of the gel could be exploited to transient changes in the mechanical properties of the gel. Our work opens a route toward a new class of stimuli-responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyoung Hong
- School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Wang D, Wang W, Wang P, Wang C, Niu J, Liu Y, Chen Y. Research progress of colon-targeted oral hydrogel system based on natural polysaccharides. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123222. [PMID: 37454829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life is significantly impacted by colon-related diseases. There have been a lot of interest in the oral colon-specific drug delivery system (OCDDS) as a potential carrier to decrease systemic side effects and protect drugs from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Hydrogels are effective oral colon-targeted drug delivery carriers due to their high biodegradability, substantial drug loading, and great biocompatibility. Natural polysaccharides give the hydrogel system unique structure and function to effectively respond to the complex environment of the GIT and deliver drugs to the colon. In this paper, the physiological factors of colonic drug delivery and the pathological characteristics of common colonic diseases are summarized, and the latest advances in the design, preparation and characterization of natural polysaccharide hydrogels are reviewed, which are expected to provide new references for colon-targeted oral hydrogel systems using natural polysaccharides as raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juntao Niu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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16
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Lauster D, Osterrieder K, Haag R, Ballauff M, Herrmann A. Respiratory viruses interacting with cells: the importance of electrostatics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169547. [PMID: 37440888 PMCID: PMC10333706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rekindled interest in the molecular mechanisms involved in the early steps of infection of cells by viruses. Compared to SARS-CoV-1 which only caused a relatively small albeit deadly outbreak, SARS-CoV-2 has led to fulminant spread and a full-scale pandemic characterized by efficient virus transmission worldwide within a very short time. Moreover, the mutations the virus acquired over the many months of virus transmission, particularly those seen in the Omicron variant, have turned out to result in an even more transmissible virus. Here, we focus on the early events of virus infection of cells. We review evidence that the first decisive step in this process is the electrostatic interaction of the spike protein with heparan sulfate chains present on the surface of target cells: Patches of cationic amino acids located on the surface of the spike protein can interact intimately with the negatively charged heparan sulfate chains, which results in the binding of the virion to the cell surface. In a second step, the specific interaction of the receptor binding domain (RBD) within the spike with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor leads to the uptake of bound virions into the cell. We show that these events can be expressed as a semi-quantitative model by calculating the surface potential of different spike proteins using the Adaptive Poison-Boltzmann-Solver (APBS). This software allows visualization of the positive surface potential caused by the cationic patches, which increased markedly from the original Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 to the Omicron variant. The surface potential thus enhanced leads to a much stronger binding of the Omicron variant as compared to the original wild-type virus. At the same time, data taken from the literature demonstrate that the interaction of the RBD of the spike protein with the ACE2 receptor remains constant within the limits of error. Finally, we briefly digress to other viruses and show the usefulness of these electrostatic processes and calculations for cell-virus interactions more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Pharmazie, Biopharmazeutika, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Walkowiak JJ, Nikam R, Ballauff M. Adsorption of Mono- and Divalent Ions onto Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfate (dPGS) as Studied Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2792. [PMID: 37447437 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective charge of highly charged polyelectrolytes is significantly lowered by a condensation of counterions. This effect is more pronounced for divalent ions. Here we present a study of the counterion condensation to dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) that consists of a hydrophilic dendritic scaffold onto which sulfate groups are appended. The interactions between the dPGS and divalent ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+) were analyzed using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and showed no ion specificity upon binding, but clear competition between the monovalent and divalent ions. Our findings, in line with the latest theoretical studies, demonstrate that a large fraction of the monovalent ions is sequentially replaced with the divalent ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Walkowiak
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit Nikam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Taktstraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Yang J, Li H, Zou H, Ding J. Polymer Nanoantidotes. Chemistry 2023:e202301107. [PMID: 37335074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication is one of the most common causes of accidental death globally. Although some antidotes capable of neutralizing the toxicity of certain xenobiotics have become well established, the current reality is that clinicians primarily rely on nonspecific extracorporeal techniques to remove toxins. Nano-intervention strategies in which nanoantidotes neutralize toxicity in situ via physical interaction, chemical bonding, or biomimetic clearance have begun to show clinical potential. However, most nanoantidotes remain in the proof-of-concept stage, and the difficulty of constructing clinical relevance models and the unclear pharmacokinetics of nanoantidotes hinder their translation to clinic. This Concept reviews the detoxification mechanisms of polymer nanoantidotes and predicts the opportunities and challenges associated with their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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19
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Lourenço TC, de Mello LR, Icimoto MY, Bicev RN, Hamley IW, Castelletto V, Nakaie CR, da Silva ER. DNA-templated self-assembly of bradykinin into bioactive nanofibrils. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37334565 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) is a peptide hormone that plays a crucial role in blood pressure control, regulates inflammation in the human body, and has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. In this study, we report a strategy for fabricating highly ordered 1D nanostructures of BK using DNA fragments as a template for self-assembly. We have combined synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and high-resolution microscopy to provide insights into the nanoscale structure of BK-DNA complexes, unveiling the formation of ordered nanofibrils. Fluorescence assays hint that BK is more efficient at displacing minor-groove binders in comparison with base-intercalant dyes, thus, suggesting that interaction with DNA strands is mediated by electrostatic attraction between cationic groups at BK and the high negative electron density of minor-grooves. Our data also revealed an intriguing finding that BK-DNA complexes can induce a limited uptake of nucleotides by HEK-293t cells, which is a feature that has not been previously reported for BK. Moreover, we observed that the complexes retained the native bioactivity of BK, including the ability to modulate Ca2+ response into endothelial HUVEC cells. Overall, the findings presented here demonstrate a promising strategy for the fabrication of fibrillar structures of BK using DNA as a template, which keep bioactivity features of the native peptide and may have implications in the development of nanotherapeutics for hypertension and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Lourenço
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
| | - Lucas R de Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Y Icimoto
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
| | - Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | | | - Clovis R Nakaie
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
| | - Emerson R da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04062-000, Brazil.
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20
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Page TM, Nie C, Neander L, Povolotsky TL, Sahoo AK, Nickl P, Adler JM, Bawadkji O, Radnik J, Achazi K, Ludwig K, Lauster D, Netz RR, Trimpert J, Kaufer B, Haag R, Donskyi IS. Functionalized Fullerene for Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206154. [PMID: 36651127 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As virus outbreaks continue to pose a challenge, a nonspecific viral inhibitor can provide significant benefits, especially against respiratory viruses. Polyglycerol sulfates recently emerge as promising agents that mediate interactions between cells and viruses through electrostatics, leading to virus inhibition. Similarly, hydrophobic C60 fullerene can prevent virus infection via interactions with hydrophobic cavities of surface proteins. Here, two strategies are combined to inhibit infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Effective inhibitory concentrations in the millimolar range highlight the significance of bare fullerene's hydrophobic moiety and electrostatic interactions of polysulfates with surface proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, microscale thermophoresis measurements support that fullerene linear polyglycerol sulfates interact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus via its spike protein, and highlight importance of electrostatic interactions within it. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the fullerene binding site is situated close to the receptor binding domain, within 4 nm of polyglycerol sulfate binding sites, feasibly allowing both portions of the material to interact simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Page
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenard Neander
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatyana L Povolotsky
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anil Kumar Sahoo
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philip Nickl
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia M Adler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Tiermedizinischen Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Obida Bawadkji
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Radnik
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36A, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Tiermedizinischen Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Tiermedizinischen Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ievgen S Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Zhang Z, Ding P, Meng Y, Lin T, Zhang Z, Shu H, Ma J, Cohen Stuart M, Gao Y, Wang J, Zhou X. Rational polyelectrolyte nanoparticles endow preosteoclast-targeted siRNA transfection for anabolic therapy of osteoporosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7379. [PMID: 36888701 PMCID: PMC9995075 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted transfection of siRNA to preosteoclasts features the potential of anti-osteoporosis, yet challenge arises from the development of satisfied delivery vehicles. Here, we design a rational core-shell nanoparticle (NP) composed of cationic and responsive core for controlled load and release of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and compatible polyethylene glycol shell modified with alendronate for enhanced circulation and bone-targeted delivery of siRNA. The designed NPs perform well on transfection of an active siRNA (siDcstamp) that interferes Dcstamp mRNA expression, leading to impeded preosteoclast fusion and bone resorption, as well as promoted osteogenesis. In vivo results corroborate the abundant siDcstamp accumulation on bone surfaces and the enhanced trabecular bone mass volume and microstructure in treating osteoporotic OVX mice by rebalancing bone resorption, formation, and vascularization. Our study validates the hypothesis that satisfied transfection of siRNA enables preserved preosteoclasts that regulate bone resorption and formation simultaneously as potential anabolic treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peng Ding
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhanrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Haoming Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Martien Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
- Translational research center of orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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22
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Maysinger D, Zhang I, Wu PY, Kagelmacher M, Luo HD, Kizhakkedathu JN, Dernedde J, Ballauff M, Haag R, Shobo A, Multhaup G, McKinney RA. Sulfated Hyperbranched and Linear Polyglycerols Modulate HMGB1 and Morphological Plasticity in Neural Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:677-688. [PMID: 36717083 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish if polyglycerols with sulfate or sialic acid functional groups interact with high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and if so, which polyglycerol could prevent loss of morphological plasticity in excitatory neurons in the hippocampus. Considering that HMGB1 binds to heparan sulfate and that heparan sulfate has structural similarities with dendritic polyglycerol sulfates (dPGS), we performed the experiments to show if polyglycerols can mimic heparin functions by addressing the following questions: (1) do dendritic and linear polyglycerols interact with the alarmin molecule HMGB1? (2) Does dPGS interaction with HMGB1 influence the redox status of HMGB1? (3) Can dPGS prevent the loss of dendritic spines in organotypic cultures challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? LPS plays a critical role in infections with Gram-negative bacteria and is commonly used to test candidate therapeutic agents for inflammation and endotoxemia. Pathologically high LPS concentrations and other stressful stimuli cause HMGB1 release and post-translational modifications. We hypothesized that (i) electrostatic interactions of hyperbranched and linear polysulfated polyglycerols with HMGB1 will likely involve sites similar to those of heparan sulfate. (ii) dPGS can normalize HMGB1 compartmentalization in microglia exposed to LPS and prevent dendritic spine loss in the excitatory hippocampal neurons. We performed immunocytochemistry and biochemical analyses combined with confocal microscopy to determine cellular and extracellular locations of HMGB1 and morphological plasticity. Our results suggest that dPGS interacts with HMGB1 similarly to heparan sulfate. Hyperbranched dPGS and linear sulfated polymers prevent dendritic spine loss in hippocampal excitatory neurons. MS/MS analyses reveal that dPGS-HMGB1 interactions result in fully oxidized HMGB1 at critical cysteine residues (Cys23, Cys45, and Cys106). Triply oxidized HMGB1 leads to the loss of its pro-inflammatory action and could participate in dPGS-mediated spine loss prevention. LPG-Sia exposure to HMGB1 results in the oxidation of Cys23 and Cys106 but does not normalize spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pei You Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marten Kagelmacher
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Haiming Daniel Luo
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin13353, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
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23
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Salamatova TO, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Bovine Serum Albumin Interaction with Polyanionic and Polycationic Brushes: The Case Theoretical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043395. [PMID: 36834807 PMCID: PMC9961975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We apply a coarse-grained self-consistent field Poisson-Boltzmann framework to study interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and a planar polyelectropyte brush. Both cases of negatively (polyanionic) and positively (polycationic) charged brushes are considered. Our theoretical model accounts for (1) re-ionization free energy of the amino acid residues upon protein insertion into the brush; (2) osmotic force repelling the protein globule from the brush; (3) hydrophobic interactions between non-polar areas on the globule surface and the brush-forming chains. We demonstrate that calculated position-dependent insertion free energy exhibits different patterns, corresponding to either thermodynamically favourable BSA absorption in the brush or thermodynamically or kinetically hindered absorption (expulsion) depending on the pH and ionic strength of the solution. The theory predicts that due to the re-ionization of BSA within the brush, a polyanionic brush can efficiently absorb BSA over a wider pH range on the "wrong side" of the isoelectric point (IEP) compared to a polycationic brush. The results of our theoretical analysis correlate with available experimental data and thus validate the developed model for prediction of the interaction patterns for various globular proteins with polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Chemical Engineering Center, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour UMR 5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, 64053 Pau, France
- Correspondence:
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24
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Zhang T, Dong C, Ren J. Probing the Protein Corona of Nanoparticles in a Fluid Flow by Single-Particle Differenced Resonance Light Scattering Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2029-2038. [PMID: 36607829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein corona of nanoparticles (NPs) plays a crucial role in determining NPs' biological fates. Here, a novel measurement strategy was proposed to in situ investigate the protein corona formed in the NPs with the home-built dual-wavelength laser-irradiated differenced resonance light scattering correlation spectroscopy (D-RLSCS) technique, combined with the modified generation method of the D-RLSCS curve. With the measurement strategy, the dissociation constants and the binding rates between proteins and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were determined based on the binding-induced ratiometric diffusion change of NPs (the ratio of characteristic rotational diffusion time to translational one), using the formation of the protein corona of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fibrinogen (FIB) on gold nanoparticles as a model. It was found that BSA shows a stronger binding constant and faster binding rate to gold nanospheres (GNSs) compared with those of FIB. Meanwhile, the dynamic behavior of the protein corona in a fluid flow mimicking biological vessels was further studied based on the combination of the D-RLSCS technique with a microfluidic channel. The measurement results indicated that some "loose" protein corona layers would strip off the surface of NPs within the microchannel due to the fluid sheath force. This method can provide the comprehensive information of a protein corona by averaging the diffusion behavior of many particles different from some conventional methods and overcome the shortcomings of conventional correlation spectroscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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25
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Te Vrugt M, Wittkowski R. Perspective: New directions in dynamical density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:041501. [PMID: 35917827 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) has become one of the central modeling approaches in nonequilibrium soft matter physics. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel and interesting fields of application for DDFT. In particular, there has been a remarkable growth in the amount of work related to chemistry. Moreover, DDFT has stimulated research on other theories such as phase field crystal models and power functional theory. In this perspective, we summarize the latest developments in the field of DDFT and discuss a variety of possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Te Vrugt
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Baldina AA, Pershina LV, Noskova UV, Nikitina AA, Muravev AA, Skorb EV, Nikolaev KG. Uricase Crowding via Polyelectrolyte Layers Coacervation for Carbon Fiber-Based Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235145. [PMID: 36501541 PMCID: PMC9739113 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate oxidase (UOx) surrounded by synthetic macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is a convenient model of redox-active biomacromolecules in a crowded environment and could display high enzymatic activity towards uric acid, an important marker of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the carbon fiber electrode was modified with Prussian blue (PB) redox mediator, UOx layer, and a layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte film, which forms a complex coacervate consisting of a weakly charged polyelectrolyte (PEI or PAH) and a highly charged one (PSS). The film deposition process was controlled by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (at the stage of PB deposition) and through quartz crystal microbalance technique (at latter stages) revealed uniform distribution of the polyelectrolyte layers. Variation of the polyelectrolyte film composition derived the following statements. (1) There is a linear correlation between electrochemical signal and concentration of uric acid in the range of 10-4-10-6 M. (2) An increase in the number of polyelectrolyte layers provides more reproducible values for uric acid concentration in real urine samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients measured by electrochemical enzyme assay, which are comparable to those of spectrophotometric assay. (3) The PAH/UOx/PSS/(PAH/PSS)2-coated carbon fiber electrode displays the highest sensitivity towards uric acid. (4) There is a high enzyme activity of UOx immobilized into the hydrogel nanolayer (values of the Michaelis-Menten constant are up to 2 μM) and, consequently, high affinity to uric acid.
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27
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Marin A, Taraban MB, Patel V, Yu YB, Andrianov AK. Supramolecular Protein-Polyelectrolyte Assembly at Near Physiological Conditions-Water Proton NMR, ITC, and DLS Study. Molecules 2022; 27:7424. [PMID: 36364250 PMCID: PMC9656440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo potency of polyphosphazene immunoadjuvants is inherently linked to the ability of these ionic macromolecules to assemble with antigenic proteins in aqueous solutions and form physiologically stable supramolecular complexes. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of interactions in this biologically relevant system is a prerequisite for a better understanding of mechanism of immunoadjuvant activity. Present study explores a self-assembly of polyphosphazene immunoadjuvant-PCPP and a model antigen-lysozyme in a physiologically relevant environment-saline solution and neutral pH. Three analytical techniques were employed to characterize reaction thermodynamics, water-solute structural organization, and supramolecular dimensions: isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), water proton nuclear magnetic resonance (wNMR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The formation of lysozyme-PCPP complexes at near physiological conditions was detected by all methods and the avidity was modulated by a physical state and dimensions of the assemblies. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the dissociation constant in micromolar range and the dominance of enthalpy factor in interactions, which is in line with previously suggested model of protein charge anisotropy and small persistence length of the polymer favoring the formation of high affinity complexes. The paper reports advantageous use of wNMR method for studying protein-polymer interactions, especially for low protein-load complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Marc B. Taraban
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vanshika Patel
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Y. Bruce Yu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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28
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Simončič M, Hritz J, Lukšič M. Biomolecular Complexation on the "Wrong Side": A Case Study of the Influence of Salts and Sugars on the Interactions between Bovine Serum Albumin and Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4412-4426. [PMID: 36134887 PMCID: PMC9554918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the protein purification, drug delivery, food industry, and biotechnological applications involving protein-polyelectrolyte complexation, proper selection of co-solutes and solution conditions plays a crucial role. The onset of (bio)macromolecular complexation occurs even on the so-called "wrong side" of the protein isoionic point where both the protein and the polyelectrolyte are net like-charged. To gain mechanistic insights into the modulatory role of salts (NaCl, NaBr, and NaI) and sugars (sucrose and sucralose) in protein-polyelectrolyte complexation under such conditions, interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) at pH = 8.0 was studied by a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and thermodynamic modeling. The BSA-NaPSS complexation proceeds by two binding processes (first, formation of intrapolymer complexes and then formation of interpolymer complexes), both driven by favorable electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged sulfonic groups (-SO3-) of NaPSS and positively charged patches on the BSA surface. Two such positive patches were identified, each responsible for one of the two binding processes. The presence of salts screened both short-range attractive and long-range repulsive electrostatic interactions between both macromolecules, resulting in a nonmonotonic dependence of the binding affinity on the total ionic strength for both binding processes. In addition, distinct anion-specific effects were observed (NaCl < NaBr < NaI). The effect of sugars was less pronounced: sucrose had no effect on the complexation, but its chlorinated analogue, sucralose, promoted it slightly due to the screening of long-range repulsive electrostatic interactions between BSA and NaPSS. Although short-range non-electrostatic interactions are frequently mentioned in the literature in relation to BSA or NaPSS, we found that the main driving force of complexation on the "wrong side" are electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Simončič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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29
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Muronetz VI, Pozdyshev DV, Semenyuk PI. Polyelectrolytes for Enzyme Immobilization and the Regulation of Their Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194204. [PMID: 36236151 PMCID: PMC9571273 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we considered aspects related to the application of polyelectrolytes, primarily synthetic polyanions and polycations, to immobilize enzymes and regulate their properties. We mainly focused on the description of works in which polyelectrolytes were used to create complex and unusual systems (self-regulated enzyme-polyelectrolyte complexes, artificial chaperones, polyelectrolyte brushes, layer-by-layer immobilization and others). These works represent the field of "smart polymers", whilst the trivial use of charged polymers as carriers for adsorption or covalent immobilization of proteins is beyond the scope of this short review. In addition, we have included a section on the molecular modeling of interactions between proteins and polyelectrolytes, as modeling the binding of proteins with a strictly defined, and already known, spatial structure, to disordered polymeric molecules has its own unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I. Muronetz
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)939-14-56
| | - Denis V. Pozdyshev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Semenyuk
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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30
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Du K, Xia QS, Zhang LH, Wen J, Huang Z, Zhu ZS. Copolymers induced co-assembly for constructing novel micellar carriers by computer simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Nakamoto M, Kitano S, Matsusaki M. Biomacromolecule-Fueled Transient Volume Phase Transition of a Hydrogel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205125. [PMID: 35441476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A metabolic cycle-inspired hydrogel which exhibits the biomacromolecule-fueled transient volume phase transition is reported. This hydrogel has the affinity and digestive capacity for a fuel α-poly-L-lysine by incorporating acrylic acid and trypsin. The hydrogel captured fuel and transiently shrank owing to the construction of electrostatic cross-linkages. This process was inherently connected with the digestion of these cross-linkages and the release of oligo-lysine as waste, which induced the reswelling of the hydrogel at equilibrium. The transient volume change of the hydrogel realized the fuel-stimulated transient release of a payload. This study provides a strategy for engineering materials with biomacromolecule-fueled dynamic functions under the out-of-equilibrium condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nakamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Malicka W, Haag R, Ballauff M. Interaction of Heparin with Proteins: Hydration Effects. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6250-6260. [PMID: 35960645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a thermodynamic investigation of the interaction of heparin with lysozyme in the presence of potassium glutamate (KGlu). The binding constant Kb is measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in a temperature range from 288 to 310 K for concentrations of KGlu between 25 and 175 mM. The free energy of binding ΔGb derived from Kb is strongly decreasing with increasing concentration of KGlu, whereas the dependence of ΔGb on temperature T is found to be small. The decrease of ΔGb can be explained in terms of counterion release: Binding of lysozyme to the strong polyelectrolyte heparin liberates approximately three of the condensed counterions of heparin, thus increasing the entropy of the system. The dependence of ΔGb on T, on the other hand, is traced back to a change of hydration of the protein and the polyelectrolyte upon complex formation. This dependence is quantitatively described by the parameter Δw that depends on T and vanishes at a characteristic temperature T0. A comparison of the complex formation in the presence of KGlu with the one in the presence of NaCl demonstrates that the parameters related to hydration are changed considerably. The characteristic temperature T0 in the presence of KGlu solutions is considerably smaller than that in the presence of NaCl solutions. The change of specific heat Δcp is found to become more negative with increasing salt concentration: This finding agrees with the model-free analysis by the generalized van't Hoff equation. The entire analysis reveals a small but important change of the free energy of binding by hydration. It shows that these ion-specific Hofmeister effects can be modeled quantitatively in terms of a characteristic temperature T0 and a parameter describing the dependence of Δcp on salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Malicka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Pouyan P, Cherri M, Haag R. Polyglycerols as Multi-Functional Platforms: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132684. [PMID: 35808728 PMCID: PMC9269438 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable and unique characteristics of polyglycerols (PG) have made them an attractive candidate for many applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The presence of multiple hydroxy groups on the flexible polyether backbone not only enables the further modification of the PG structure but also makes the polymer highly water-soluble and results in excellent biocompatibility. In this review, the polymerization routes leading to PG with different architectures are discussed. Moreover, we discuss the role of these polymers in different biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, protein conjugation, and surface modification.
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34
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Nakamoto M, Kitano S, Matsusaki M. Biomacromolecule‐Fueled Transient Volume Phase Transition of a Hydrogel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nakamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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35
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Leal M, Leiva Á, Villalobos V, Palma V, Carrillo D, Edwards N, Maine A, Cauich-Rodriguez J, Tamayo L, Neira-Carrillo A, Urzúa M. Blends based on amino acid functionalized poly (ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) polyelectrolytes and PEO for nanofiber elaboration:biocompatible and angiogenic polyelectrolytes. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Xu X. Development of the Sequential Binding Model and Application for Anticooperative Protein Adsorption onto Charged Dendrimers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4102-4110. [PMID: 35324205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir binding model provides one of the simplest and elegant methods for characterizing an adsorption process. Despite its wide-ranging applications, enormous effort has been spent to further integrate complexity onto the standard Langmuir isotherm to incorporate a wide breadth of binding kinetics with the heterogeneity and cooperative effect among ligands and receptors. Here, we use statistical mechanics as a convenient theoretical framework to depict several adsorption processes on a Langmuir-like description. With regard to the system with a two-component mixture of macromolecular binders, we have derived the two-group sequential binding isotherm as an important extension of the original sequential model with more applications, including systems of non-identical binders. Via comparison of the Langmuir equilibrium with the Boltzmann equilibrium, for the first time the binding free energy defined in the Langmuir-like models can be meaningfully compared with simulations. In a practical example of the adsorption between the lysozyme protein and charged dendrimer, we have demonstrated how the calorimetry data of this system could be interpreted by the binding models described above, with an accurate description of the adsorption process, including the cooperative effect and dendrimer heterogeneity. Using the computer simulation as a benchmark, we also reveal and discuss the strengths and limitations of the proposed binding models. The entire analysis serves as a starting point for extending the standard Langmuir model to access more complicated binding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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37
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Synthetic Sulfated Polymers Control Amyloid Aggregation of Ovine Prion Protein and Decrease Its Toxicity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071478. [PMID: 35406350 PMCID: PMC9002794 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation, including aggregation and propagation of prion protein, is a key factor in numerous human diseases, so-called amyloidosis, with a very poor ability for treatment or prevention. The present work describes the effect of sulfated or sulfonated polymers (sodium dextran sulfate, polystyrene sulfonate, polyanethole sulfonate, and polyvinyl sulfate) on different stages of amyloidogenic conversion and aggregation of the prion protein, which is associated with prionopathies in humans and animals. All tested polymers turned out to induce amyloid conversion of the ovine prion protein. As suggested from molecular dynamics simulations, this effect probably arises from destabilization of the native prion protein structure by the polymers. Short polymers enhanced its further aggregation, whereas addition of high-molecular poly(styrene sulfonate) inhibited amyloid fibrils formation. According to the seeding experiments, the protein–polymer complexes formed after incubation with poly(styrene sulfonate) exhibited significantly lower amyloidogenic capacity compared with the control fibrils of the free prion protein. The cytotoxicity of soluble oligomers was completely inhibited by treatment with poly(styrene sulfonate). To summarize, sulfonated polymers are a promising platform for the formulation of a new class of anti-prion and anti-amyloidosis therapeutics.
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38
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Morzy D, Bastings M. Significance of Receptor Mobility in Multivalent Binding on Lipid Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114167. [PMID: 34982497 PMCID: PMC9303963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous key biological processes rely on the concept of multivalency, where ligands achieve stable binding only upon engaging multiple receptors. These processes, like viral entry or immune synapse formation, occur on the diffusive cellular membrane. One crucial, yet underexplored aspect of multivalent binding is the mobility of coupled receptors. Here, we discuss the consequences of mobility in multivalent processes from four perspectives: (I) The facilitation of receptor recruitment by the multivalent ligand due to their diffusivity prior to binding. (II) The effects of receptor preassembly, which allows their local accumulation. (III) The consequences of changes in mobility upon the formation of receptor/ligand complex. (IV) The changes in the diffusivity of lipid environment surrounding engaged receptors. We demonstrate how understanding mobility is essential for fully unravelling the principles of multivalent membrane processes, leading to further development in studies on receptor interactions, and guide the design of new generations of multivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morzy
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maartje Bastings
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Morzy D, Bastings M. Significance of Receptor Mobility in Multivalent Binding on Lipid Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morzy
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory Institute of Materials School of Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Route Cantonale 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maartje Bastings
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory Institute of Materials School of Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Route Cantonale 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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40
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Lunkad R, Barroso da Silva FL, Košovan P. Both Charge-Regulation and Charge-Patch Distribution Can Drive Adsorption on the Wrong Side of the Isoelectric Point. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1813-1825. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Lunkad
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando L. Barroso da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Košovan
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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41
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Nie C, Sahoo AK, Herrmann A, Ballauff M, Netz RR, Haag R. Charge Matters: Mutations in Omicron variant favor Binding to Cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100681. [PMID: 35020256 PMCID: PMC9015620 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is strengthening to suggest that the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 mutant Omicron, with its more than 60 mutations, will spread and dominate worldwide. Although the mutations in the spike protein are known, the molecular basis for why the additional mutations in the spike protein that have not previously occurred account for Omicron's higher infection potential, is not understood. We propose, based on chemical rational and molecular dynamics simulations, that the elevated occurrence of positively charged amino acids in certain domains of the spike protein (Delta: +4; Omicron: +5 vs. wild type) increases binding to cellular polyanionic receptors, such as heparan sulfate due to multivalent charge‐charge interactions. This observation is a starting point for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie: Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Anil Kumar Sahoo
- Freie Universitat Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee, 14, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie: Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie: Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Roland R Netz
- Freie Universitat Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee, 14, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustr. 3, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195, Berlin, GERMANY
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42
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Ahmadi V, Nie C, Mohammadifar E, Achazi K, Wedepohl S, Kerkhoff Y, Block S, Osterrieder K, Haag R. One-pot gram-scale synthesis of virucidal heparin-mimicking polymers as HSV-1 inhibitors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11948-11951. [PMID: 34671786 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and gram-scale synthesis method was developed to engineer highly sulfated hyperbranched polyglycerol bearing sulfated alkyl chains. The compounds with shorter alkyl chains showed multivalent virustatic inhibition against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), similar to heparin. In contrast, the compound with the longest alkyl chains irreversibly inhibited the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ahmadi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ehsan Mohammadifar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Wedepohl
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Block
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Wanasingha N, Dorishetty P, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Polyelectrolyte Gels: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications. Gels 2021; 7:148. [PMID: 34563034 PMCID: PMC8482214 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels are an important class of polymer gels and a versatile platform with charged polymer networks with ionisable groups. They have drawn significant recent attention as a class of smart material and have demonstrated potential for a variety of applications. This review begins with the fundamentals of polyelectrolyte gels, which encompass various classifications (i.e., origin, charge, shape) and crucial aspects (ionic conductivity and stimuli responsiveness). It further centralises recent developments of polyelectrolyte gels, emphasising their synthesis, structure-property relationships and responsive properties. Sequentially, this review demonstrates how polyelectrolyte gels' flourishing properties create attractiveness to a range of applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, actuators and bioelectronics. Finally, the review outlines the indisputable appeal, further improvements and emerging trends in polyelectrolyte gels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naba K. Dutta
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.W.); (P.D.)
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44
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Interaction of Linear Polyelectrolytes with Proteins: Role of Specific Charge-Charge Interaction and Ionic Strength. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091377. [PMID: 34572590 PMCID: PMC8472085 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a thermodynamic study of the interaction of synthetic, linear polyelectrolytes with bovine serum albumin (BSA). All polyelectrolytes are based on poly(allyl glycidyl ether) which has been modified by polymer-analogous reaction with anionic (-SO3Na), cationic (-NH3Cl or -NHMe2Cl) or zwitterionic groups (-NMe2(CH2)3SO3). While the anionic polymer shows a very weak interaction, the zwitterionic polymer exhibits no interaction with BSA (pI = 4.7) under the applied pH = 7.4, ionic strength (I = 23–80 mM) and temperature conditions (T = 20–37 °C). A strong binding, however, was observed for the polycations bearing primary amino or tertiary dimethyl amino groups, which could be analysed in detail by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The analysis was done using an expression which describes the free energy of binding, ΔGb, as the function of the two decisive variables, temperature, T, and salt concentration, cs. The underlying model splits ΔGb into a term related to counterion release and a term related to water release. While the number of released counter ions is similar for both systems, the release of bound water is more important for the primary amine compared to the tertiary N,N-dimethyl amine presenting polymer. This finding is further traced back to a closer contact of the polymers’ protonated primary amino groups in the complex with oppositely charged moieties of BSA as compared to the bulkier protonated tertiary amine groups. We thus present an investigation that quantifies both driving forces for electrostatic binding, namely counterion release and change of hydration, which contribute to a deeper understanding with direct impact on future advancements in the biomedical field.
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45
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Rajdev P, Ghosh S. Thermodynamic Insights into Protein Adsorption on Supramolecular Assemblies of π-Amphiphiles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8981-8988. [PMID: 34324355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific adsorption of proteins on the surface of nanocarriers plays a critical role in their cellular uptake and other biological functions. This article reports vesicular assemblies of two π-amphiphiles (NDI-1 and NDI-2) and thermodynamic aspects of their interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Both contain a hydrophobic naphthalene-diimide (NDI) core and two oligo-oxyethylene (OE) wedges but differ by the presence of the hydrazide group in NDI-1. NDI-2 exhibits a constricted π-stacking and enthalpy-driven adsorption of BSA. In contrast, NDI-1 exhibits a stronger interaction due to enhanced entropy contribution. It is postulated that a tight packing of NDI chromophores in NDI-2 results in an inadequate space in the corona, leading to the dehydration of OE chains, which contributes to the observed enthalpy-driven binding. On the other hand, due to H-bonding along the direction of π-stacking in NDI-1, an enhanced interchromophoric distance provides more space in the shell, resulting in less dehydration of the OE chains, which results in an entropy gain from the BSA binding-induced release of water from the OE chains. Intercalation of an electron-rich pyrene in the electron-deficient NDI-1 stack further reduces the grafting density of the OE chains, resulting in negligible BSA adsorption, similar to a stealth polymer. A correlation can be seen between the thermodynamic landscape of the protein adsorption and the trend of their lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which follows the order NDI-1 + Py < NDI-1 < NDI-2.
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46
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Ivanov AS, Pershina LV, Nikolaev KG, Skorb EV. Recent Progress of Layer-by-layer Assembly, Free-Standing Film and Hydrogel Based on Polyelectrolytes. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100117. [PMID: 34272830 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, polyelectrolytes play an essential role in the development of new materials. Their use allows creating new properties of materials and surfaces and vary them in a wide range. Basically, modern methods are divided into three areas-the process of layer-by-layer deposition, free-standing films, and hydrogels based on polyelectrolytes. Layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes on various surfaces is a powerful technique. It allows giving surfaces new properties, for example, protect them from corrosion. Free-standing films are essential tools for the design of membranes and sensors. Hydrogels based on polyelectrolytes have recently shown their applicability in electrical and materials science. The creation of new materials and components with controlled properties can be achieved using polyelectrolytes. This review focuses on new technologies that have been developed with polyelectrolytes over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii S Ivanov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, Lomonosova str. 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Lyubov V Pershina
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, Lomonosova str. 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Nikolaev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, Lomonosova str. 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, Lomonosova str. 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
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47
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Nie C, Pouyan P, Lauster D, Trimpert J, Kerkhoff Y, Szekeres GP, Wallert M, Block S, Sahoo AK, Dernedde J, Pagel K, Kaufer BB, Netz RR, Ballauff M, Haag R. Polysulfate hemmen durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen die SARS‐CoV‐2‐Infektion**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Virologie Freie Universität Berlin Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7–13 14163 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie Freie Universität Berlin Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7–13 14163 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Emmy-Noether Group “Bionanointerfaces” Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Gergo Peter Szekeres
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Molecular Physics Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Wallert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Emmy-Noether Group “Bionanointerfaces” Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Emmy-Noether Group “Bionanointerfaces” Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Anil Kumar Sahoo
- Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Augustenburgerplatz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Molecular Physics Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie Freie Universität Berlin Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7–13 14163 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Roland R. Netz
- Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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48
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Nie C, Pouyan P, Lauster D, Trimpert J, Kerkhoff Y, Szekeres GP, Wallert M, Block S, Sahoo AK, Dernedde J, Pagel K, Kaufer BB, Netz RR, Ballauff M, Haag R. Polysulfates Block SARS-CoV-2 Uptake through Electrostatic Interactions*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15870-15878. [PMID: 33860605 PMCID: PMC8250366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that negatively charged polysulfates can bind to the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 via electrostatic interactions. Using a plaque reduction assay, we compare inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 by heparin, pentosan sulfate, linear polyglycerol sulfate (LPGS) and hyperbranched polyglycerol sulfate (HPGS). Highly sulfated LPGS is the optimal inhibitor, with an IC50 of 67 μg mL−1 (approx. 1.6 μm). This synthetic polysulfate exhibits more than 60‐fold higher virus inhibitory activity than heparin (IC50: 4084 μg mL−1), along with much lower anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, in molecular dynamics simulations, we verified that LPGS can bind more strongly to the spike protein than heparin, and that LPGS can interact even more with the spike protein of the new N501Y and E484K variants. Our study demonstrates that the entry of SARS‐CoV‐2 into host cells can be blocked via electrostatic interactions, therefore LPGS can serve as a blueprint for the design of novel viral inhibitors of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gergo Peter Szekeres
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Wallert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anil Kumar Sahoo
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Braatz D, Dimde M, Ma G, Zhong Y, Tully M, Grötzinger C, Zhang Y, Mavroskoufis A, Schirner M, Zhong Z, Ballauff M, Haag R. Toolbox of Biodegradable Dendritic (Poly glycerol sulfate)-SS-poly(ester) Micelles for Cancer Treatment: Stability, Drug Release, and Tumor Targeting. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2625-2640. [PMID: 34076415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present well-defined dPGS-SS-PCL/PLGA/PLA micellar systems demonstrating excellent capabilities as a drug delivery platform in light of high stability and precise in vitro and in vivo drug release combined with active targetability to tumors. These six amphiphilic block copolymers were each targeted in two different molecular weights (8 or 16 kDa) and characterized using 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and elemental analysis. The block copolymer micelles showed monodispersed size distributions of 81-187 nm, strong negative charges between -52 and -41 mV, and low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of up to 1.13-3.58 mg/L (134-527 nM). The serum stability was determined as 94% after 24 h. The drug-loading efficiency for Sunitinib ranges from 38 to 83% (8-17 wt %). The release was selectively triggered by glutathione (GSH) and lipase, reaching 85% after 5 days, while only 20% leaching was observed under physiological conditions. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies showed sustained release of Sunitinib over 1 week. CCK-8 assays on HeLa lines demonstrated the high cell compatibility (1 mg/mL, 94% cell viability, 48 h) and the high cancer cell toxicity of Sunitinib-loaded micelles (IC50 2.5 μg/mL). By in vivo fluorescence imaging studies on HT-29 tumor-bearing mice, the targetability of dPGS7.8-SS-PCL7.8 enabled substantial accumulation in tumor tissue compared to nonsulfated dPG3.9-SS-PCL7.8. As a proof of concept, Sunitinib-loaded dPGS-SS-poly(ester) micelles improved the antitumor efficacy of the chemotherapeutic. A tenfold lower dosage of loaded Sunitinib led to an even higher tumor growth inhibition compared to the free drug, as demonstrated in a HeLa human cervical tumor-bearing mice model. No toxicity for the organism was observed, confirming the good biocompatibility of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Braatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Dimde
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guoxin Ma
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yinan Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Michael Tully
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Alexandros Mavroskoufis
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schirner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Walkowiak JJ, Ballauff M. Interaction of Polyelectrolytes with Proteins: Quantifying the Role of Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100661. [PMID: 34194953 PMCID: PMC8224434 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model is presented for the free energy ΔGb of complex formation between a highly charged polyelectrolyte and a protein. The model introduced here comprises both the effect of released counterions and the uptake or release of water molecules during complex formation. The resulting expression for ΔGb is hence capable of describing the dependence of ΔGb on temperature as well as on the concentration of salt in the system: An increase of the salt concentration in the solution increases the activity of the ions and counterion release becomes less effective for binding. On the other hand, an increased salt concentration leads to the decrease of the activity of water in bulk. Hence, release of water molecules during complex formation will be more advantageous and lead to an increase of the magnitude of ΔGb and the binding constant. It is furthermore demonstrated that the release or uptake of water molecules is the origin of the marked enthalpy-entropy cancellation observed during complex formation of polyelectrolytes with proteins. The comparison with experimental data on complex formation between a synthetic (sulfated dendritic polyglycerol) and natural polyelectrolytes (DNA; heparin) with proteins shows full agreement with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J. Walkowiak
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTaktstraße 3Berlin14195Germany
- Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased MaterialsMaastricht UniversityBrightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22Geleen6167 RDThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTaktstraße 3Berlin14195Germany
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