1
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Flear EJ, Horst M, Yang J, Xia Y. Force Transduction Through Distant Force-Bearing Regioisomeric Linkages Affects the Mechanochemical Reactivity of Cyclobutane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406103. [PMID: 38818671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of mechanochemical reactivity is important for designing new mechanophores. Besides the core structure of mechanophores, substituents on a mechanophore can affect its mechanochemical reactivity through electronic stabilization of the intermediate or effectiveness of force transduction from the polymer backbone to the mechanophore. The latter factor represents a unique mechanical effect in considering polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we show that regioisomeric linkage that is not directly adjacent to the first cleaving bond in cyclobutane can still significantly affect the mechanochemical reactivity of the mechanophore. We synthesized three non-scissile 1,2-diphenyl cyclobutanes, varying their linkage to the polymer backbone via the o, m, or p-position of the diphenyl substituents. Even though the regioisomers share the same substituted cyclobutane core structure and similar electronic stabilization of the diradical intermediate from cleaving the first C-C bond, the p isomer exhibited significantly higher mechanochemical reactivity than the o and m isomers. The observed difference in reactivity can be rationalized as the much more effective force transduction to the scissile bond through the p-position than the other two substitution positions. These findings point to the importance of considering force-bearing linkages that are more distant from the bond to be cleaved when incorporating mechanophores into polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Flear
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Matías Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
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2
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Jang I, Kim HY, Oh K. Visible-Light [4+2] Homodimerization of Decomposition-Prone Styrenes via Electron Transfer Catalysis of Diaryl Diselenides. Org Lett 2024; 26:4008-4012. [PMID: 38683186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The facile electron transfer catalysis of diaryl diselenides was utilized for the visible-light [4+2] homodimerization of decomposition-prone styrenes. The reaction required only 0.5 mol % TPT+BF4- photocatalyst and 1.5 mol % electron transfer catalyst (ArSe)2. The spontaneous electron transfer capability of diaryl diselenides was demonstrated for the first time, leading to the sequestration of redox-prone radical cation intermediates via electron transfer processes. A variety of polymerization-prone styrenes smoothly underwent the visible-light-promoted [4+2] homodimerization to tetralin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Jang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang B, Singh J, Deng Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Divergent Radical Cascade Annulations of 1,6-Enynes via Pyridine N-Oxide-Promoted Vinyl Radical Generation. Org Lett 2023; 25:9219-9224. [PMID: 38112553 PMCID: PMC10842598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The divergent organophotoredox-catalyzed radical cascade annulation reactions of 1,6-enynes were developed. A series of cyclopropane-fused hetero- and carbo-bicyclic, tricyclic, and spiro-tetracyclic compounds were facilely synthesized from a broad scope of 1,6-enynes and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide under mild and metal-free conditions with blue light-emitting diode light irradiation. The cascade annulation reaction occurs with the intermediacy of a β-oxyvinyl radical, which is produced from photocatalytically generated pyridine N-oxy radical addition to the carbon-carbon triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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4
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Yuan P, Liu R, Zhu HM, Liao Z, Xiang JC, Wu AX. An I 2-DMSO catalytic manifold enabled aromatization for C-ring editing of podophyllotoxone. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6468-6473. [PMID: 37539709 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00927k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise aromatization of the C-ring of podophyllotoxone to access value-added dehydropodophyllotoxin derivatives conventionally requires the use of equivalent amounts of unsustainable oxidants and suffers from inefficiencies. Taking advantage of the hydridic character of the C8 and C8' of podophyllotoxone, we have developed an I2-DMSO catalytic manifold that enables a green and selective dehydrogenative aromatization to overcome these synthetic challenges. An unprecedented dehydrogenative amination of podophyllotoxone derivatives was also realized using aniline as the reaction partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Min Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixin Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Chen Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - An-Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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5
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Gennaiou K, Kelesidis A, Kourgiantaki M, Zografos AL. Combining the best of both worlds: radical-based divergent total synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1-26. [PMID: 36686041 PMCID: PMC9830495 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A mature science, combining the art of the total synthesis of complex natural structures and the practicality of delivering highly diverged lead compounds for biological screening, is the constant aim of the organic chemistry community. Delivering natural lead compounds became easier during the last two decades, with the evolution of green chemistry and the concepts of atom economy and protecting-group-free synthesis dominating the field of total synthesis. In this new era, total synthesis is moving towards natural efficacy by utilizing both the biosynthetic knowledge of divergent synthesis and the latest developments in radical chemistry. This contemporary review highlights recent total syntheses that incorporate the best of both worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Gennaiou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Antonios Kelesidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Maria Kourgiantaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alexandros L Zografos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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6
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Modern Photocatalytic Strategies in Natural Product Synthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 120:1-104. [PMID: 36587307 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11783-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern photocatalysis has proven its generality for the development and functionalization of native functionalities. To date, the field has found broad applications in diverse research areas, including the total synthesis of natural products. This contribution covers recent reports of total syntheses involving as a key step a photocatalytic reaction. Among the selected examples, the photocatalytic processes proceed in a highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective manner, thereby allowing the rapid access to structurally complex architectures under light-driven conditions.
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7
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Li M, Liu Y, Si H, Zhou X, Zhang YJ. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Formosanol, Tsugacetal, and Methyl β-Conidendral. Org Lett 2022; 24:7812-7816. [PMID: 36222500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of aryltetralin lignan acetals, (-)-formosanol, (+)-tsugacetal, (+)-methyl β-conidendral, and their enantiomers have been accomplished on the basis of the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic cycloaddition as a key step. Six stereoisomers of the lignan acetals have been synthesized via a 7-8 step sequence in up to 14% overall yield. The in vitro cytotoxicity against several cancer cells has preliminarily been examined for the obtained six stereoisomers of lignan acetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Si
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China
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8
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Li Q, Gu X, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-light-induced indole synthesis via intramolecular C-N bond formation: desulfonylative C(sp 2)-H functionalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11623-11632. [PMID: 36320397 PMCID: PMC9555724 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances made on the synthesis of indole derivatives through photochemical strategies during the past several years, the requirement of equivalent amounts of oxidants, bases or other additional additives has limited their practical applications in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals as environment-friendly processes. Herein, we report LED visible-light-induced redox neutral desulfonylative C(sp2)-H functionalization for the synthesis of N-substituted indoles with a broad scope through γ-fragmentation under mild conditions in the absence of any additional additive. The reaction mechanism paradigm has been investigated on the basis of deuterium labeling experiments, kinetic analysis, Hammett plotting analysis and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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9
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Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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10
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Kazerouni AM, Brandes DS, Davies CC, Cotter LF, Mayer JM, Chen S, Ellman JA. Visible Light-Mediated, Highly Diastereoselective Epimerization of Lactams from the Most Accessible to the More Stable Stereoisomer. ACS Catal 2022; 12:7798-7803. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaan M. Kazerouni
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel S. Brandes
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cassondra C. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Laura F. Cotter
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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11
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Taming the radical cation intermediate enabled one-step access to structurally diverse lignans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3481. [PMID: 35710543 PMCID: PMC9203495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. We report herein a divergent synthesis of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols in a short synthetic sequence. Blue LED irradiation of a dichloromethane solution of dicinnamyl ether derivatives in the presence of Cu(TFA)2, an alcohol (2.0 equiv) and a catalytic amount of Fukuzumi’s salt affords the C7-alkoxylated aryltetralin cyclic ethers. Increasing the amount of alcohol under otherwise identical conditions diverts the reaction course to furnish the C7,C7’-dialkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans, while replacing Cu(TFA)2 with diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) provides selectively the C7-monoalkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans. Aza-, thia- and carba-analogues of lignans are equally accessible by simply changing the tethering atom of the allylic alcohols. Concise total syntheses of aglacins A, E, F, brassilignan, and dehydrodimethylconidendrin are documented featuring these transformations. Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. Here, the authors describe a divergent and stereoselective chemical synthesis of three types of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols, exploiting the different reaction manifolds of highly reactive radical cation intermediate.
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12
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Zhang HQ, Yan CX, Xiao J, Wang YW, Peng Y. Recent advances in the total synthesis of 2,7'-cyclolignans. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1623-1636. [PMID: 35129186 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02457d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic progress of bioactive 2,7'-cyclolignans is reviewed. After a short introduction to biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis, the chemical synthesis of various aryltetralin, dihydronaphthalene and 7'-arylnaphthalene-types of these lignans is demonstrated. Notably, newly developed methods, such as Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation, organocatalysis and photocatalysis under visible-light, are discussed during the construction of their skeleton. These efforts will stimulate further development of novel synthetic strategies for this kind of natural product with important biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qiu Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chu-Xuan Yan
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Peng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Leclair A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Two-Carbon Ring Expansion of Cyclobutanols to Cyclohexenones Enabled by Indole Radical Cation Intermediate: Development and Application to a Total Synthesis of Uleine. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leclair
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Xu GQ, Xu PF. Visible light organic photoredox catalytic cascade reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12914-12935. [PMID: 34782893 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, impressive progress has been made in the development of organic photoredox catalytic cascade reactions without the participation of expensive and toxic transition metals under visible light irradiation. These transformations highly depend on the in situ generation of various radical species in the photoredox catalytic cycles. Numerous chemically and biomedically valuable building blocks have been synthesized through this efficient and sustainable protocol. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in this blooming area by presenting a series of new catalytic cascade reactions mediated by organic photoredox catalysts and describe their mechanisms and applications which have appeared in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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15
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Xu M, Hou M, He H, Gao S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Aglacins A, B, and E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University China
| | - Min Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
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16
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Xu M, Hou M, He H, Gao S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Aglacins A, B, and E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16655-16660. [PMID: 34008314 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric photoenolization/Diels-Alder (PEDA) reaction between electron-rich 2-methylbenzaldehydes and unsaturated γ-lactones was developed to directly construct the basic tricyclic core of aryltetralin lactone lignans. This methodology enabled the first asymmetric total synthesis of aglacins A, B, and E and revision of the absolute configuration of these natural lignans. The strategy was also used to prepare the naturally occurring aryldihydronaphthalene-type lignans (-)-7,8-dihydroisojusticidin B and (+)-linoxepin in four and six steps, as well as 27 natural-product-like molecules containing a C8' quaternary center. We believe that the synthetic aglacins and small-molecule library provide new opportunities to carry out the SAR studies of the podophyllotoxin family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, China
| | - Min Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical, Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
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17
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Pitre SP, Overman LE. Strategic Use of Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1717-1751. [PMID: 34232019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of photocatalytic reactions promoted by visible light is leading to a renaissance in the use of photochemistry in the construction of structurally elaborate organic molecules. Because of the rich functionality found in natural products, studies in natural product total synthesis provide useful insights into functional group compatibility of these new photocatalytic methods as well as their impact on synthetic strategy. In this review, we examine total syntheses published through the end of 2020 that employ a visible-light photoredox catalytic step. To assist someone interested in employing the photocatalytic steps discussed, the review is organized largely by the nature of the bond formed in the photocatalytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P Pitre
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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18
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Afanasenko A, Barta K. Pharmaceutically relevant (hetero)cyclic compounds and natural products from lignin-derived monomers: Present and perspectives. iScience 2021; 24:102211. [PMID: 33733071 PMCID: PMC7941040 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin, the richest source of renewable aromatics on the planet, is an intriguing raw material for the construction of value-added aromatics. In the past decade, much progress has been made regarding the development of efficient lignin depolymerization methods, able to produce specific monophenol derivatives in high-enough selectivity and yields. This now serves as an excellent basis for developing powerful downstream conversion strategies toward a wide range of products, including fine chemical building blocks. The inherent structural features of lignin-derived platform chemicals undoubtedly inspire the development of novel, creative, atom-economic synthetic routes toward biologically active molecules or natural products. In this perspective we attempt to bridge the structural features of lignin-derived platform chemicals with existing synthetic strategies toward the construction of heterocycles and provide a summary of efforts for the production of natural products from aromatics that can be, in principle, obtained from lignin. Last, we comment on the latest efforts that present entire value-chains from wood to valuable pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Afanasenko
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Shen Z, Walker MM, Chen S, Parada GA, Chu DM, Dongbang S, Mayer JM, Houk KN, Ellman JA. General Light-Mediated, Highly Diastereoselective Piperidine Epimerization: From Most Accessible to Most Stable Stereoisomer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:126-131. [PMID: 33373212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined photocatalytic and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) approach for the light-mediated epimerization of readily accessible piperidines to provide the more stable diastereomer with high selectivity. The generality of the transformation was explored for a large variety of di- to tetrasubstituted piperidines with aryl, alkyl, and carboxylic acid derivatives at multiple different sites. Piperidines without substitution on nitrogen as well as N-alkyl and aryl derivatives were effective epimerization substrates. The observed diastereoselectivities correlate with the calculated relative stabilities of the isomers. Demonstration of reaction reversibility, luminescence quenching, deuterium labeling studies, and quantum yield measurements provide information about the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zican Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Morgan M Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Giovanny A Parada
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Duc M Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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