1
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Teng Y, Yang H, Tian Y. The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research. Molecules 2024; 29:4109. [PMID: 39274956 PMCID: PMC11397416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With low background radiation, tritiate compounds exclusively emit intense beta particles without structural changes. This makes them a useful tool in the drug discovery arsenal. Thanks to the recent rapid progress in tritium chemistry, the preparation and analysis of tritium-labeled compounds are now much easier, simpler, and cheaper. Pharmacokinetics, autoradiography, and protein binding studies have been much more efficient with the employment of tritium-labeled compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tritium-labeled compounds regarding their properties, synthesis strategies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Martinelli E, Spiller M, Weck R, Llompart P, Minoletti C, Güssregen S, Sib A, Derdau V. Pegylated Phosphine Ligands in Iridium(I) Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions in Aqueous Buffers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402038. [PMID: 38861127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a water-soluble, phosphine-pegylated iridium(I) catalyst and its application in hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions in buffer is reported. The longer polyethylene glycol side chains on the phosphine increased the water solubility independently from the pH. HIE reactions of polar substrates in protic solvents were studied. DFT calculations gave further insights into the catalytic processes. The scope and limitation of the pegylated catalyst was studied in HIE reactions of several complex compounds in borax buffer at pH 9 and the best conditions were applied in a tritium experiment with the drug telmisartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Spiller
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre Llompart
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Claire Minoletti
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Stefan Güssregen
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Feng M, Norlöff M, Guichard B, Kealey S, D'Anfray T, Thuéry P, Taran F, Gee A, Feuillastre S, Audisio D. Pyridine-based strategies towards nitrogen isotope exchange and multiple isotope incorporation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6063. [PMID: 39025881 PMCID: PMC11258231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Isotopic labeling is at the core of health and life science applications such as nuclear imaging, metabolomics and plays a central role in drug development. The rapid access to isotopically labeled organic molecules is a sine qua non condition to support these societally vital areas of research. Based on a rationally driven approach, this study presents an innovative solution to access labeled pyridines by a nitrogen isotope exchange reaction based on a Zincke activation strategy. The technology conceptualizes an opportunity in the field of isotope labeling. 15N-labeling of pyridines and other relevant heterocycles such as pyrimidines and isoquinolines showcases on a large set of derivatives, including pharmaceuticals. Finally, we explore a nitrogen-to-carbon exchange strategy in order to access 13C-labeled phenyl derivatives and deuterium labeling of mono-substituted benzene from pyridine-2H5. These results open alternative avenues for multiple isotope labeling on aromatic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Feng
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maylis Norlöff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Guichard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Steven Kealey
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Timothée D'Anfray
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antony Gee
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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4
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Kriegelstein M, Hojcsková J, Hroch M, Marek A. Direct Multi-Deuterium Labelling of Pirtobrutinib. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:314-323. [PMID: 39004786 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an efficient method for multi-deuterium labelling of pirtobrutinib-a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor recently approved by the FDA-using a straightforward hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction. A remarkably high level of deuterium incorporation was achieved using an excess of a Kerr-type iridium catalyst. The key factor in the significant deuterium labelling was the decision to employ a deuterium uniformly labelled solvent, chlorobenzene-d5, at an elevated temperature. Virtually, no d0-d3 species were detected, with only traces of d4-d5 isotopomers (< 5%) observable in the mass spectrum of pirtobrutinib-d8, fulfilling requirements for stable isotope-labelled internal standard. The labelled compound-mainly consisting of isotopomers d6-d9 at 82.4% of the total abundance-was isolated in a high yield (73%) and purity (99%). Noteworthy, fluorine group acting as a directing group was observed for the first time. Significant incorporation of deuterium in ortho-positions, exceeding 87%, was observed. Interestingly, chlorinated solvent used in the HIE reactions was non-specifically deuterated yielding up to 0.42 deuterium per chlorobenzene molecule even at an exceptionally low iridium catalyst loading of 4.17 × 10-2 mol%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kriegelstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hojcsková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Dey J, Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Nondirected Late-Stage C(sp 2)-H Deuteration of Heteroarenes Enabled Through a Multi-Substrate Screening Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404421. [PMID: 38512005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The importance of deuterium labelling in a variety of applications, ranging from mechanistic studies to drug-discovery, has spurred immense interest in the development of new methods for its efficient incorporation in organic, and especially in bioactive molecules. The five-membered heteroarenes at the center of this work are ubiquitous motifs in bioactive molecules and efficient methods for the deuterium labelling of these compounds are therefore highly desirable. However, the profound differences in chemical properties encountered between different heteroarenes hamper the development of a single set of broadly applicable reaction conditions, often necessitating a separate optimization campaign for a given type of heteroarene. In this study we describe the use of a multi-substrate screening approach to identify optimal reaction conditions for different classes of heteroarenes from a minimal number of screening reactions. Using this approach, four sets of complementary reaction conditions derived from our dual ligand-based palladium catalysts for nondirected C(sp2)-H activation were identified, that together enable the deuteration of structurally diverse heteroarenes, including bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Dey
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Shi L, Liu M, Zheng L, Gao Q, Wang M, Wang X, Xiang J. Electrochemical γ-Selective Deuteration of Pyridines. Org Lett 2024; 26:4318-4322. [PMID: 38752547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we first report a γ-selective deuteration reaction of pyridines via H/D exchange without the need for preinstalled directing groups and transformable functional groups. The electrochemical process offers an attractive approach to producing γ-deuterated pyridines under gentle conditions. The broad substrate scope, excellent deuterium incorporation, and remarkable selectivity of the electrochemical method make it applicable for the late-stage modification of pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shi
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mian Liu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Lianyou Zheng
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qiansong Gao
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mingchun Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
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7
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Zhao Z, Zhang R, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Qiu Y. Electrochemical C-H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with D 2O. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3832. [PMID: 38714720 PMCID: PMC11076510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we develop a straightforward, metal-free, and acid-/base-free electrochemical C4-selective C - H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with economic and convenient D2O at room temperature. This strategy features an efficient and environmentally friendly approach with high chemo- and regioselectivity, affording a wide range of D-compounds, such as pyridines, quinolones, N-ligands and biorelevant compounds. Notably, the mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies demonstrate that N-butyl-2-phenylpyridinium iodide is a crucial intermediate during the electrochemical transformation, which provides a general and efficient way for deuteration of pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zile Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Pichugov AV, Escomel L, Lassalle S, Petit J, Jabbour R, Gajan D, Veyre L, Fonda E, Lesage A, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Highly Selective and Efficient Perdeuteration of n-Pentane via H/D Exchange Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Hafnium-Iridium Bimetallic Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400992. [PMID: 38373040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry (SOMC) approach is used to prepare a novel hafnium-iridium catalyst immobilized on silica, HfIr/SiO2, featuring well-defined [≡SiOHf(CH2 tBu)2(μ-H)3IrCp*] surface sites. Unlike the monometallic analogous materials Hf/SiO2 and Ir/SiO2, which promote n-pentane deuterogenolysis through C-C bond scission, we demonstrate that under the same experimental conditions (1 bar D2, 250 °C, 3 h, 0.5 mol %), the heterobimetallic catalyst HfIr/SiO2 is highly efficient and selective for the perdeuteration of alkanes with D2, exemplified on n-pentane, without substantial deuterogenolysis (<2 % at 95 % conversion). Furthermore this HfIr/SiO2 catalyst is robust and can be re-used several times without evidence of decomposition. This represents substantial advance in catalytic H/D isotope exchange (HIE) reactions of C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pichugov
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Lassalle
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Petit
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP-48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Derdau V, Elmore CS, Hartung T, McKillican B, Mejuch T, Rosenbaum C, Wiebe C. The Future of (Radio)-Labeled Compounds in Research and Development within the Life Science Industry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306019. [PMID: 37610759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review the applications of isotopically labeled compounds are discussed and put into the context of their future impact in the life sciences. Especially discussing their use in the pharma and crop science industries to follow their fate in the environment, in vivo or in complex matrices to understand the potential harm of new chemical structures and to increase the safety of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Research & Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruce McKillican
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, North America Product Safety (retired), USA
| | - Tom Mejuch
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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10
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Behera N, Gunasekera D, Mahajan JP, Frimpong J, Liu ZF, Luo L. Electrochemical hydrogen isotope exchange of amines controlled by alternating current frequency. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:45-58. [PMID: 37466111 PMCID: PMC10796833 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an electrochemical protocol for hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) at α-C(sp3)-H amine sites. Tetrahydroisoquinoline and pyrrolidine are selected as two model substrates because of their different proton transfer (PT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) kinetics at the α-C(sp3)-H amine sites, which are utilized to control the HIE reaction outcome at different applied alternating current (AC) frequencies. We found the highest deuterium incorporation for tetrahydroisoquinolines at 0 Hz (i.e., under direct current (DC) electrolysis conditions) and pyrrolidines at 0.5 Hz. Analysis of the product distribution and D isotope incorporation at different frequencies reveals that the HIE of tetrahydroisoquinolines is limited by its slow HAT, whereas the HIE of pyrrolidines is limited by the overoxidation of its α-amino radical intermediates. The AC-frequency-dependent HIE of amines can be potentially used to achieve selective labeling of α-amine sites in one drug molecule, which will significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Disni Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Jyoti P Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Joseph Frimpong
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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11
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Molinillo P, Puyo M, Vattier F, Lacroix B, Rendón N, Lara P, Suárez A. Ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by 1,2,3-triazolylidene ligands in the hydrogen isotope exchange of E-H bonds (E = B, Si, Ge, Sn) using deuterium gas. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14488-14495. [PMID: 37606171 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru·MIC) stabilized with different mesoionic 1,2,3-triazolylidene (MIC) ligands were prepared by decomposition of the Ru(COD)(COT) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene; COT = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene) precursor with H2 (3 bar) in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of the stabilizer (0.1-0.2 equiv.). Small and monodisperse nanoparticles exhibiting mean sizes between 1.1 and 1.2 nm were obtained, whose characterization was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including high resolution TEM (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, XPS measurements confirmed the presence of MIC ligands on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The Ru·MIC nanoparticles were used in the isotopic H/D exchange of different hydrosilanes, hydroboranes, hydrogermananes and hydrostannanes using deuterium gas under mild conditions (1.0 mol% Ru, 1 bar D2, 55 °C). Selective labelling of the E-H (E = B, Si, Ge, Sn) bond in these derivatives, with high levels of deuterium incorporation, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Molinillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA). CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Maxime Puyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA). CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Florencia Vattier
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bertrand Lacroix
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nuria Rendón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA). CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA). CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Andrés Suárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA). CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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12
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Kramp H, Weck R, Sandvoss M, Sib A, Mencia G, Fazzini PF, Chaudret B, Derdau V. In situ Generated Iridium Nanoparticles as Hydride Donors in Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions with Deuterium and Tritium Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308983. [PMID: 37453077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the photoredox-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction with deuterium or tritium gas as isotope sources and in situ formed transition metal nanoparticles as hydrogen atom transfer pre-catalysts. By this means we have found synergistic reactivities applying two different HIE mechanisms, namely photoredox-catalyzed and CH-functionalization HIE leading to the synthesis of highly deuterated complex molecules. Finally, we adopted these findings successfully to tritium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kramp
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Appert E, Martin‐Mingot A, Karam O, Zunino F, Michelet B, Bouazza F, Thibaudeau S. Superacid‐Mediated Late‐Stage Aromatic Polydeuteration of Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201583. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Appert
- Superacid Group – Organic Synthesis Team IC2MP Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
- @rtMolecule 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Bâtiment B37 86000 Poitiers France
| | - Agnès Martin‐Mingot
- Superacid Group – Organic Synthesis Team IC2MP Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Omar Karam
- @rtMolecule 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Bâtiment B37 86000 Poitiers France
| | - Fabien Zunino
- @rtMolecule 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Bâtiment B37 86000 Poitiers France
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Superacid Group – Organic Synthesis Team IC2MP Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Fodil Bouazza
- @rtMolecule 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Bâtiment B37 86000 Poitiers France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Superacid Group – Organic Synthesis Team IC2MP Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
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14
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Levernier E, Tatoueix K, Garcia-Argote S, Pfeifer V, Kiesling R, Gravel E, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Easy-to-Implement Hydrogen Isotope Exchange for the Labeling of N-Heterocycles, Alkylkamines, Benzylic Scaffolds, and Pharmaceuticals. JACS AU 2022; 2:801-808. [PMID: 35557763 PMCID: PMC9088292 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Facilitating access to deuterated and tritiated complex molecules is of paramount importance due to the fundamental role of isotopically labeled compounds in drug discovery and development. Deuterated analogues of drugs are extensively used as internal standards for quantification purposes or as active pharmaceutical ingredients, whereas tritiated drugs are essential for preclinical ADME studies. In this report, we describe the labeling of prevalent substructures in FDA-approved drugs such as azines, indoles, alkylamine moieties, or benzylic carbons by the in situ generation of Rh nanoparticles able to catalyze both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H activation processes. In this easy-to-implement labeling process, Rh nanocatalysts are formed by decomposition of a commercially available rhodium dimer under a deuterium or tritium gas atmosphere (1 bar or less), using the substrate itself as a surface ligand to control the aggregation state of the resulting metallic clusters. It is noteworthy that the size of the nanoparticles observed is surprisingly independent of the substrate used and is homogeneous, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy experiments. This method has been successfully applied to the one-step synthesis of (1) deuterated pharmaceuticals usable as internal standards for MS quantification and (2) tritiated drug analogues with very high molar activities (up to 113 Ci/mmol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Levernier
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin Tatoueix
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Garcia-Argote
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Viktor Pfeifer
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Ralf Kiesling
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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15
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16
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Yang H, Huang Z, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Ren S, Strotman NA. Efficient Aliphatic Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange with Tritium Gas through the Merger of Photoredox and Hydrogenation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5010-5022. [PMID: 35263094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employment of a combination of an organophotoredox catalyst with Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl) has given rise to an unprecedented method for hydrogen-isotope exchange (HIE) of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds of complex pharmaceuticals using T2 gas directly. Wilkinson's catalyst, commonly used for catalytic hydrogenations, was exploited as a precatalyst for activation of D2 or T2 and hydrogen atom transfer. In this combined methodology and mechanistic study, we demonstrate that by coupling photocatalysis with Rh catalysis, carbon-centered radicals generated via photoredox catalysis can be intercepted by Rh-hydride intermediates to deliver an effective hydrogen atom donor for hydrogen-isotope labeling of complex molecules in one step. By optimizing the ratio of the photocatalyst and Wilkinson's catalyst to balance the rate of the dual catalytic cycles, we can achieve efficient HIE and high recovery yield. This protocol was readily applied to direct HIE of C(sp3)-H bonds in 10 complex drug molecules, showing high isotope incorporation efficiency and exceptionally good functional group tolerance and demonstrating this approach as a practical and attractive labeling method for deuteration and tritiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zheng Huang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sumei Ren
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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17
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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18
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Farizyan M, Mondal A, Mal S, Deufel F, van Gemmeren M. Palladium-Catalyzed Nondirected Late-Stage C-H Deuteration of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16370-16376. [PMID: 34582686 PMCID: PMC8517979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe a palladium-catalyzed nondirected late-stage deuteration of arenes. Key aspects include the use of D2O as a convenient and easily available deuterium source and the discovery of highly active N,N-bidentate ligands containing an N-acylsulfonamide group. The reported protocol enables high degrees of deuterium incorporation via a reversible C-H activation step and features extraordinary functional group tolerance, allowing for the deuteration of complex substrates. This is exemplified by the late-stage isotopic labeling of various pharmaceutically relevant motifs and related scaffolds. We expect that this method, among other applications, will prove useful as a tool in drug development processes and for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Pfeifer V, Zeltner T, Fackler C, Kraemer A, Thoma J, Zeller A, Kiesling R. Palladium Nanoparticles for the Deuteration and Tritiation of Benzylic Positions on Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Pfeifer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Birkendorfer Straße 65 88397 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - Thomas Zeltner
- Department RC Tritec AG Institution Speicherstraße 60A CH-9053 Teufen Switzerland
| | - Christian Fackler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Birkendorfer Straße 65 88397 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - Anja Kraemer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Birkendorfer Straße 65 88397 Biberach an der Riß Germany
| | - Julian Thoma
- Department RC Tritec AG Institution Speicherstraße 60A CH-9053 Teufen Switzerland
| | - Albert Zeller
- Department RC Tritec AG Institution Speicherstraße 60A CH-9053 Teufen Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kiesling
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Birkendorfer Straße 65 88397 Biberach an der Riß Germany
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20
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Pfeifer V, Zeltner T, Fackler C, Kraemer A, Thoma J, Zeller A, Kiesling R. Palladium Nanoparticles for the Deuteration and Tritiation of Benzylic Positions on Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26671-26676. [PMID: 34424591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNp) were revealed as an efficient hydrogen isotope exchange catalyst for the deuterium and tritium labeling of benzylic positions of complex molecules. A practical way to obtain small palladium nanoparticles and to apply them as a catalyst for hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) is presented. Several model compounds and popular bioactive molecules were submitted to HIE reactions catalyzed by the PdNp. Benzylic positions situated far away from heteroatoms were labeled with high isotopic enrichments. The observed non-directed HIE gave rise to regioselectivities complementary to those obtained with other methods, which typically require specific directing groups. For this reason, the successful deuteration of a broad variety of benzylic positions created a helpful tool to produce internal LC-MS standards of complex drugs. Furthermore, this nanocatalyst paved the way for the radiolabeling of drug molecules with high specific activities by using low pressures of tritium gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Pfeifer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeltner
- Department RC, Tritec AG, Institution Speicherstraße 60A, CH-9053, Teufen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fackler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Anja Kraemer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Julian Thoma
- Department RC, Tritec AG, Institution Speicherstraße 60A, CH-9053, Teufen, Switzerland
| | - Albert Zeller
- Department RC, Tritec AG, Institution Speicherstraße 60A, CH-9053, Teufen, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kiesling
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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21
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Uttry A, Mal S, van Gemmeren M. Late-Stage β-C(sp 3)-H Deuteration of Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10895-10901. [PMID: 34279928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are highly abundant in bioactive molecules. In this study, we describe the late-stage β-C(sp3)-H deuteration of free carboxylic acids. On the basis of the finding that C-H activation with our catalysts is reversible, the de-deuteration process was first optimized. The resulting method uses ethylenediamine-based ligands and can be used to achieve the desired deuteration when using a deuterated solvent. The reported method allows for the functionalization of a wide range of free carboxylic acids with diverse substitution patterns, as well as the late-stage deuteration of bioactive molecules and related frameworks and enables the functionalization of nonactivated methylene β-C(sp3)-H bonds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sourjya Mal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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22
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Lepron M, Daniel-Bertrand M, Mencia G, Chaudret B, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Nanocatalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1465-1480. [PMID: 33622033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions have experienced impressive development due to the growing importance of isotope containing compounds in various fields including materials and life sciences, in addition to their classical use for mechanistic studies in chemistry and biology. Tritium-labeled compounds are also of crucial interest to study the in vivo fate of a bioactive substance or in radioligand binding assays. Over the past few years, deuterium-labeled drugs have been extensively studied for the improvement of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) properties of existing bioactive molecules as a consequence of the primary kinetic isotope effect. Furthermore, in the emergent "omic" fields, the need for new stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SILS) for quantitative GC- or LC-MS analyses is increasing. Because of their numerous applications, the development of powerful synthetic methods to access deuterated and tritiated molecules with either high isotope incorporation and/or selectivities is of paramount importance.HIE reactions allow a late-stage incorporation of hydrogen isotopes in a single synthetic step, thus representing an advantageous alternative to conventional multistep synthesis approaches which are time- and resource-consuming. Moreover, HIE reactions can be considered as the most fundamental C-H functionalization processes and are therefore of great interest for the chemists' community. Depending on the purpose, HIE reactions must either be highly regioselective or allow a maximal incorporation of hydrogen isotopes, sometimes both. In this context, metal-catalyzed HIE reactions are generally performed using either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis which may have considerable drawbacks including an insufficient isotope incorporation and a lack of chemo- and/or regioselectivity, respectively.Over the past 6 years, we have shown that nanocatalysis can be considered as a powerful tool to access complex labeled molecules (e.g., pharmaceuticals, peptides and oligonucleotides) via regio- and chemoselective or even enantiospecific labeling processes occurring at the surface of metallic nanoclusters (Ru or Ir). Numerous heterocyclic (both saturated and unsaturated) and acyclic scaffolds have been labeled with an impressive functional group tolerance, and highly deuterated compounds or high molar activity tritiated drugs have been obtained. An insight into mechanisms has also been provided by theoretical calculations to explain the regioselectivities of the isotope incorporation. Our studies have suggested that undisclosed key intermediates, including 4- and 5-membered dimetallacycles, account for the particular regioselectivities observed during the process, in contrast to the 5- or 6-membered metallacycle key intermediates usually encountered in homogeneous catalysis. These findings together with the important number of available coordination sites explain the compelling reactivity of metal nanoparticles, in between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. They represent innovative tools combining the advantages of both methods for the isotopic labeling and activation of C-H bonds of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepron
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Daniel-Bertrand
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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