1
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Lang X, Guo W, Fang Z, Xie G, Mei G, Duan Z, Liu D, Zhai Y, Lu X. Crystalline-Amorphous Interfaces Engineering of CoO-InO x for Highly Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction to CO. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311694. [PMID: 38363062 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
As a fundamental product of CO2 conversion through two-electron transfer, CO is used to produce numerous chemicals and fuels with high efficiency, which has broad application prospects. In this work, it has successfully optimized catalytic activity by fabricating an electrocatalyst featuring crystalline-amorphous CoO-InOx interfaces, thereby significantly expediting CO production. The 1.21%CoO-InOx consists of randomly dispersed CoO crystalline particles among amorphous InOx nanoribbons. In contrast to the same-phase structure, the unique CoO-InOx heterostructure provides plentiful reactive crystalline-amorphous interfacial sites. The Faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO) can reach up to 95.67% with a current density of 61.72 mA cm-2 in a typical H-cell using MeCN containing 0.5 M 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6) as the electrolyte. Comprehensive experiments indicate that CoO-InOx interfaces with optimization of charge transfer enhance the double-layer capacitance and CO2 adsorption capacity. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the regulating of the electronic structure at interfacial sites not only optimizes the Gibbs free energy of *COOH intermediate formation but also inhibits HER, resulting in high selectivity toward CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Lang
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Fang
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Guixian Xie
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Mei
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Zongxia Duan
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Doudou Liu
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Zhai
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
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2
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Sun J, Liu Z, Zhou H, Cao M, Cai W, Xu C, Xu J, Huang Z. Ionic Liquids Modulating Local Microenvironment of Ni-Fe Binary Single Atom Catalyst for Efficient Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308522. [PMID: 38161261 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Ni and Fe dual-atom catalysts still undergo strikingly attenuation under high current density and high overpotential. To ameliorate the issue, the ionic liquids with different cations or anions are used in this work to regulate the micro-surface of nitrogen-doped carbon supported Ni and Fe dual-atom sites catalyst (NiFe-N-C) by an impregnation method. The experimental data reveals the dual function of ionic liquids, which enhances CO2 adsorption ability and modulates electronic structure, facilitating CO2 anion radical (CO2 •¯) stabilization and decreasing onset potential. The theoretical calculation results prove that the attachment of ionic liquids modulates electronic structure, reduces energy barrier of CO2 •¯ formation, and enhances overall ECR performance. Based on these merits, BMImPF6 modified NiFe-N-C (NiFe-N-C/BMImPF6) achieves the high CO faradaic efficiency of 91.9% with a CO partial current density of -120 mA cm-2 at -1.0 V. When the NiFe-N-C/BMImPF6 is assembled as cathode of Zn-CO2 battery, it delivers the highest power density of 2.61 mW cm-2 at 2.57 mA cm-2 and superior cycling stability. This work will afford a direction to modify the microenvironment of other dual-atom catalysts for high-performance CO2 electroreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Haihui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Mengxue Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Junwei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhongyuan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 510000, P. R. China
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3
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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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4
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Ai C, Chang JH, Tygesen AS, Vegge T, Hansen HA. High-throughput Compositional Screening of Pd xTi 1-xH y and Pd xNb 1-xH y Hydrides for CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301277. [PMID: 37965780 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that Pd-based metal hydrides can perform well for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Our previous work on doped-PdH showed that doping Ti and Nb into PdH can improve the CO2RR activity, suggesting that the Pd alloy hydrides with better performance are likely to be found in the PdxTi1-xHy and PdxNb1-xHy phase space. However, the vast compositional and structural space with different alloy hydride compositions and surface adsorbates, makes it intractable to screen out the stable and active PdxM1-xHy catalysts using density functional theory calculations. Herein, an active learning cluster expansion (ALCE) surrogate model equipped with Monte Carlo simulated annealing (MCSA), a CO* binding energy filter and a kinetic model are used to identify promising PdxTi1-xHy and PdxNb1-xHy catalysts with high stability and superior activity. Using our approach, we identify 24 stable and active candidates of PdxTi1-xHy and 5 active candidates of PdxNb1-xHy. Among these candidates, the Pd0.23Ti0.77H, Pd0.19Ti0.81H0.94, and Pd0.17Nb0.83H0.25 are predicted to display current densities of approximately 5.1, 5.1 and 4.6 μA cm-2 at -0.5 V overpotential, respectively, which are significantly higher than that of PdH at 3.7 μA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Ai
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Dänemark
| | - Jin Hyun Chang
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Dänemark
| | - Alexander Sougaard Tygesen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Dänemark
| | - Tejs Vegge
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Dänemark
| | - Heine Anton Hansen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Bygning 101A, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Dänemark
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5
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Yan T, Chen X, Kumari L, Lin J, Li M, Fan Q, Chi H, Meyer TJ, Zhang S, Ma X. Multiscale CO 2 Electrocatalysis to C 2+ Products: Reaction Mechanisms, Catalyst Design, and Device Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10530-10583. [PMID: 37589482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals, directly from CO2, could foster achievement of carbon neutral through an alternative electrical approach to the energy-intensive thermochemical industry for carbon utilization. Progress in this area, based on electrogeneration of multicarbon products through CO2 electroreduction, however, lags far behind that for C1 products. Reaction routes are complicated and kinetics are slow with scale up to the high levels required for commercialization, posing significant problems. In this review, we identify and summarize state-of-art progress in multicarbon synthesis with a multiscale perspective and discuss current hurdles to be resolved for multicarbon generation from CO2 reduction including atomistic mechanisms, nanoscale electrocatalysts, microscale electrodes, and macroscale electrolyzers with guidelines for future research. The review ends with a cross-scale perspective that links discrepancies between different approaches with extensions to performance and stability issues that arise from extensions to an industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lata Kumari
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianlong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minglu Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haoyuan Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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6
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Yuan H, Gao W, Ye J, Ma T, Ma F, Wen D. Surface Hydrophobicity Engineering of Pt-Based Noble Metal Aerogels by Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21143-21151. [PMID: 37092815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the surface properties of electrocatalysts with ligands could effectively regulate their catalytic properties, while limited in-depth understanding of the surface ligands restricted their rational combination. Herein, ionic liquids (ILs) with different lengths of hydrophobic side chains were employed to regulate the surface hydrophobicity of noble metal aerogels, for comprehending the relationship between surface hydrophobicity and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and enhancing electrocatalytic ORR. The volcano-like trends between the hydrophobicity and the ORR activity for various Pt-based aerogels indicated that a suitable hydrophobic surface constructed by ILs was most favorable for contacting with oxygen molecules and the desorption of oxygen intermediates. Typically, the PtPd aerogel modified by ILs (PtPd aer-[MTBD][PFSI]) exhibited an inspiring ORR activity, with a 70 mV increase in half-wave potential and a 7.1-fold mass activity compared to the commercial Pt/C. Therefore, the regularity between the surface hydrophobicity and ORR activity of noble metal aerogels was uncovered and will facilitate the modulation of electrocatalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tuotuo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang GR, Yong C, Shen LL, Yu H, Brunnengräber K, Imhof T, Mei D, Etzold BJM. Increasing Accessible Active Site Density of Non-Precious Metal Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts through Ionic Liquid Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18781-18789. [PMID: 37024101 PMCID: PMC10119856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-precious metal catalysts show great promise to replace the state-of-the-art Pt-based catalysts for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while their catalytic activity still needs to be greatly improved before their broad-based application. Here, we report a facile approach to improving the performance of zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived carbon (ZDC) toward the ORR by incorporating a small amount of ionic liquid (IL). The IL would preferentially fill the micropores of ZDC and greatly enhance the utilization of the active sites within the micropores, which are initially not accessible due to insufficient surface wetting. It is also disclosed that the ORR activity in terms of kinetic current at 0.85 V depends on the loading amount of the IL, and the maximum activity is obtained at a mass ratio of IL to ZDC at 1.2. The optimum stems from the counterbalance between the enhanced utilization of the active sites within the micropores and the retarded diffusion of the reactants within the IL phase due to its high viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare
Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Street 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Cong Yong
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Liu-Liu Shen
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare
Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Street 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Kai Brunnengräber
- Department
of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare
Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Street 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Timo Imhof
- Department
of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare
Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Street 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Donghai Mei
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road 399, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Department
of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare
Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Street 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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8
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Koh ES, Geiger S, Gunnarson A, Imhof T, Meyer GM, Paciok P, Etzold BJM, Rose M, Schüth F, Ledendecker M. Influence of Support Material on the Structural Evolution of Copper during Electrochemical CO
2
Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra S. Koh
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Simon Geiger
- Department of Technical Thermodynamics Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Alexander Gunnarson
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Timo Imhof
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Gregor M. Meyer
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Paul Paciok
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Technical University of Darmstadt Department of Chemistry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Current address: Technical University of Munich Department of Sustainable Energy Materials 94315 Straubing
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9
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Vichou E, Solé‐Daura A, Mellot‐Draznieks C, Li Y, Gomez‐Mingot M, Fontecave M, Sánchez‐Sánchez CM. Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO 2 to Formate at Low Overpotential by Electrolyte Engineering in Model Molecular Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201566. [PMID: 36209505 PMCID: PMC10100316 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An electrolyte engineering strategy was developed for CO2 reduction into formate with a model molecular catalyst, [Rh(bpy)(Cp*)Cl]Cl, by modifying the solvent (organic or aqueous), the proton source (H2 O or acetic acid), and the electrode/solution interface with imidazolium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs). Experimental and theoretical density functional theory investigations suggested that π+ -π interactions between the imidazolium-based IL cation and the reduced bipyridine ligand of the catalyst improved the efficiency of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) by lowering the overpotential, while granting partial suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction. This allowed tuning the selectivity towards formate, reaching for this catalyst an unprecedented faradaic efficiency (FEHCOO -) ≥90 % and energy efficiency of 66 % in acetonitrile solution. For the first time, relevant CO2 conversion to formic acid/formate was reached at low overpotential (0.28 V) using a homogeneous catalyst in acidic aqueous solution (pH=3.8). These results open up a new strategy based on electrolyte engineering for enhancing carbon balance in CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Vichou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
- CNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes ElectrochimiquesLISESorbonne UniversitéUMR 82354 Place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
| | - Albert Solé‐Daura
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Caroline Mellot‐Draznieks
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Maria Gomez‐Mingot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Carlos M. Sánchez‐Sánchez
- CNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes ElectrochimiquesLISESorbonne UniversitéUMR 82354 Place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
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10
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Wang X, Hu Q, Li G, Yang H, He C. Recent Advances and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Toward C2+ Products on Cu-Based Catalysts. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Feng J, Zhou K, Liu C, Hu Q, Fang H, Yang H, He C. Superbase and Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Confined within Ni Foams as a Free-Standing Catalyst for CO 2 Electroreduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38717-38726. [PMID: 35983881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Access to high-performance and cost-effective catalyst materials is one of the crucial preconditions for the industrial application of electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR). In this work, a facile and simple strategy is proposed for the construction of a free-standing electrocatalyst via confining a superbase and hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL, [P66614][triz]) into Ni foam pores, denoted as [P66614][triz]@Ni foam. These ILs can modulate the surface of Ni foam and create a microenvironment with high CO2 concentration around the electrode/electrolyte interface, which successfully suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Ni foam. Consequently, the synthesized [P66614][triz]@Ni foam sample can obtain a CO product with 63% Faradaic efficiency from the ECR procedure, while no detectable CO can be found on pristine Ni foam. Owing to the superbase IL, the valency of Ni species retains Ni(I)/Ni(0) during electrolysis. Furthermore, the strikingly high CO2 capacity by [P66614][Triz] (0.91 mol CO2 per mole of IL) offers a high CO2 local concentration in the reaction region. Theoretical calculations indicated that the neutral CO2 molecule turned to be negatively charged with -0.546 e and changed into a bent geometry, thus rendering CO2 activation and reduction in a low-energy pathway. This study provides a new method of electrode interface modification for the design of efficient ECR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Kangjie Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Changsha Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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12
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Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH4. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Parada WA, Vasilyev DV, Mayrhofer KJJ, Katsounaros I. CO 2 Electroreduction on Silver Foams Modified by Ionic Liquids with Different Cation Side Chain Length. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14193-14201. [PMID: 35302346 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are capable of tuning the kinetics of electroreduction processes by modifying a catalyst interface. In this work, a group of hydrophobic imidazolium-based ILs were immobilized on Ag foams by using a procedure known as "solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer" (SCILL). The derived electrocatalysts demonstrated altered selectivity and CO production rates for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 compared to the unmodified Ag foam. The activity change caused by the IL was dependent on the length of the N-alkyl substituent. The rate of CO production is optimized at moderate chain length and IL loadings. The observed trends are attributed to a local enrichment of CO2-based species in the proximity of the catalyst and a modification of the environment of its active sites. On the contrary, high loadings or long IL chains render the surface inaccessible and favor the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Parada
- Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmitry V Vasilyev
- Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Katsounaros
- Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Deng B, Huang M, Zhao X, Mou S, Dong F. Interfacial Electrolyte Effects on Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Deng
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Mou
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Harmanli I, Tarakina NV, Antonietti M, Oschatz M. "Giant" Nitrogen Uptake in Ionic Liquids Confined in Carbon Pores. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9377-9384. [PMID: 34128662 PMCID: PMC8251693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ionic liquids are
well known for their high gas absorption capacity.
It is shown that this is not a solvent constant, but can be enhanced
by another factor of 10 by pore confinement, here of the ionic liquid
(IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc) in the pores of
carbon materials. A matrix of four different carbon compounds with
micro- and mesopores as well as with and without nitrogen doping is
utilized to investigate the influence of the carbons structure on
the nitrogen uptake in the pore-confined EmimOAc. In general, the
absorption is most improved for IL in micropores and in nitrogen-doped
carbon. This effect is so large that it is already seen in TGA and
DSC experiments. Due to the low vapor pressure of the IL, standard
volumetric sorption experiments can be used to quantify details of
this effect. It is reasoned that it is the change of the molecular
arrangement of the ions in the restricted space of the pores that
creates additional free volume to host molecular nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Harmanli
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strase 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nadezda V Tarakina
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strase 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Guo W, Tan X, Bi J, Xu L, Yang D, Chen C, Zhu Q, Ma J, Tayal A, Ma J, Huang Y, Sun X, Liu S, Han B. Atomic Indium Catalysts for Switching CO2 Electroreduction Products from Formate to CO. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6877-6885. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingxing Tan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Bi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunjun Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qinggong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Akhil Tayal
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory (SSRF, ZJLab), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory (SSRF, ZJLab), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaofu Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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17
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Pankhurst JR, Iyengar P, Okatenko V, Buonsanti R. Copper Nanocrystal Morphology Determines the Viability of Molecular Surface Functionalization in Tuning Electrocatalytic Behavior in CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6939-6945. [PMID: 33851828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular surface functionalization of metallic catalysts is emerging as an ever-developing approach to tuning their catalytic performance. Here, we report the synthesis of hybrid catalysts comprising copper nanocrystals (CuNCs) and an imidazolium ligand for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). We show that this organic modifier steers the selectivity of cubic CuNCs toward liquid products. A comparison between cubic and spherical CuNCs reveals the impact of surface reconstruction on the viability of surface functionalization schemes. Indeed, the intrinsic instability of spherical CuNCs leads to ejection of the functionalized surface atoms. Finally, we also demonstrate that the more stable hybrid nanocrystal catalysts, which include cubic CuNCs, can be transferred into gas-flow CO2RR cells for testing under more industrially relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Pranit Iyengar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
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18
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Ling Y, Ma Q, Yu Y, Zhang B. Optimization Strategies for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Fuels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12209-021-00283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCapturing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into fuels are an efficient strategy to stop the deteriorating greenhouse effect and alleviate the energy crisis. Among various CO2 conversion approaches, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has received extensive attention because of its mild operating conditions. However, the high onset potential, low selectivity toward multi-carbon products and poor cruising ability of CO2RR impede its development. To regulate product distribution, previous studies performed electrocatalyst modification using several universal methods, including composition manipulation, morphology control, surface modification, and defect engineering. Recent studies have revealed that the cathode and electrolytes influence the selectivity of CO2RR via pH changes and ionic effects, or by directly participating in the reduction pathway as cocatalysts. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art optimization strategies to efficiently enhance CO2RR selectivity from two main aspects, namely the cathode electrocatalyst and the electrolyte.
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19
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Wang Q, Cai C, Dai M, Fu J, Zhang X, Li H, Zhang H, Chen K, Lin Y, Li H, Hu J, Miyauchi M, Liu M. Recent Advances in Strategies for Improving the Performance of CO
2
Reduction Reaction on Single Atom Catalysts. SMALL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyou Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Chao Cai
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Minyang Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Junwei Fu
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Huangjingwei Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Kejun Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Lin
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Junhua Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Masahiro Miyauchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152‐8503 Japan
| | - Min Liu
- Shenzhen Research Institute School of Physics and Electronics Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
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