1
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Liu C, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Bis(silylene)silole - synthesis, properties and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10446-10452. [PMID: 38855883 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A 1,1-bis(silylene)silole has been synthesised by a double salt-metathesis reaction from potassium silacyclopentadienediide, K2[1], and an amidinato-stabilized silylene chloride in a 1 : 2 ratio. The red colour of the title compound is due to the lp(Si)/π*(silole) transition. This band is bathochromically shifted compared to that of other 1,1-bissilylsiloles suggesting enhanced conjugation between the silole π-system and the newly formed Si(II)-Si(IV)-Si(II) group. The bissilylene is easily oxidised by the elemental chalcogens S, Se, and Te and forms a bissilaimide by reaction with an arylazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Liu
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
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2
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Lorent C, Teutloff C, Zhang Z, Fan J, Molino A, Krause KB, Schmidt J, Bittl R, Limberg C, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M. Stabilizing Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Bismuth(I) and Bismuth(II) Using a Redox Noninnocent Bis(germylene) Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6025-6036. [PMID: 38408197 PMCID: PMC10921399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of isolable monatomic BiI complexes and BiII radical species is challenging due to the pronounced reducing nature of metallic bismuth. Here, we report a convenient strategy to tame BiI and BiII atoms by taking advantage of the redox noninnocent character of a new chelating bis(germylene) ligand. The remarkably stable novel BiI cation complex 4, supported by the new bis(iminophosphonamido-germylene)xanthene ligand [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P)] 1, [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P) = Ph2P(NtBu)2GeII(Xant)GeII(NtBu)2PPh2, Xant = 9,9-dimethyl-xanthene-4,5-diyl], was synthesized by a two-electron reduction of the cationic BiIIII2 precursor complex 3 with cobaltocene (Cp2Co) in a molar ratio of 1:2. Notably, owing to the redox noninnocent character of the germylene moieties, the positive charge of BiI cation 4 migrates to one of the Ge atoms in the bis(germylene) ligand, giving rise to a germylium(germylene) BiI complex as suggested by DFT calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Likewise, migration of the positive charge of the BiIIII2 cation of 3 results in a bis(germylium)BiIIII2 complex. The delocalization of the positive charge in the ligand engenders a much higher stability of the BiI cation 4 in comparison to an isoelectronic two-coordinate Pb0 analogue (plumbylone; decomposition below -30 °C). Interestingly, 4[BArF] undergoes a reversible single-electron transfer (SET) reaction (oxidation) to afford the isolable BiII radical complex 5 in 5[BArF]2. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the unpaired electron predominantly resides at the BiII atom. Extending the redox reactivity of 4[OTf] employing AgOTf and MeOTf affords BiIII(OTf)2 complex 7 and BiIIIMe complex 8, respectively, demonstrating the high nucleophilic character of BiI cation 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Physical
and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Johannes Schmidt
- Functional
Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Suthar S, Mondal KC. Unveiling the Anomaly of Reduction of Carborane-bis-silylene-Stabilised Silylone/Germylone Leading to Unusual Oxidation of Si 0 /Ge 0 to Si I /Ge I with EDA-NOCV Analyses. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303355. [PMID: 38014513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have successfully isolated Si0 /Ge0 species, termed silylone and germylone, with two lone pairs of electrons on them. These elusive compounds have been stabilised in singlet ground states by using different donor base ligands. Driess et al. in particular have made strides in this area, isolating carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised silylone/germylone and their N+ /Pb analogues. Carborane (C2 B10 H10 ) plays a pivotal role as a redox-active ligand, converting from closo-carborane to nido-carborane with the addition of two electrons. Notably, anomalous oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 centres in carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised species to SiI /GeI has been reported, resulting in the formation of dimeric SiI -SiI /GeI -GeI di-cationic units. The energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) study focuses on the carborane-bis-silylene ligand in the free state, and its three other species, including silylone/germylone species. Interestingly, it reveals that the carborane unit in an anionic doublet state tends to form one electron-sharing bond and one dative bond with the counter fragment in its cationic doublet state. This helps us to rationalise why the carborane unit undergoes intramolecular electronic rearrangements leading to the formation of a di-anionic carborane unit with a significantly elongated C-C bond (2.38-2.68 Å) and undergoes unusual oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 to SiI /GeI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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4
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Nussbaum BC, Humphries AL, Gange GB, Peryshkov DV. Redox-active carborane clusters in bond activation chemistry and ligand design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9918-9928. [PMID: 37522167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral closo-dodecaboranes have the ability to accept two electrons, opening into a dianionic nido-cluster. This transformation can be utilized to store electrons, drive bond activation, or alter coordination to metal cations. In this feature article, we present cases for each of these applications, wherein the redox activity of carborane facilitates the generation of unique products. We highlight the effects of exohedral substituents on reactivity and the stability of the products through conjugation between the cluster and exohedral substituents. Futher, the utilization of the redox properties and geometry of carborane clusters in the ligand design is detailed, both in the stabilization of low-valent complexes and in the tuning of ligand geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Amanda L Humphries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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5
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Zhu L, Kinjo R. Reactions of main group compounds with azides forming organic nitrogen-containing species. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5563-5606. [PMID: 37519098 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00290j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of phenyl azide by Grieß in 1864, a variety of organic azides (R-N3) have been developed and extensively studied. The amenability of azides to a number of reactions has expanded their utility as building blocks not only in organic synthesis but also in bioorthogonal chemistry and materials science. Over the decades, it has been demonstrated that the reactions of main group compounds with azides lead to diverse N-containing main group molecules. In view of the pronounced progress in this area, this review summarizes the reactions of main group compounds with azides, emphatically introducing their reaction patterns and mechanisms. The reactions of forming inorganic nitrogen species are not included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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6
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Wang X, Lei B, Zhang Z, Chen M, Rong H, Song H, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and characterization of bis(silylene)-stabilized antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2968. [PMID: 37221189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monovalent group 15 cations L2Pn + (L = σ-donor ligands, Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) have attracted significant experimental and theoretical interest because of their unusual electronic structures and growing synthetic potential. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a family of antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations supported by a bis(silylene) ligand [(TBDSi2)Pn][BArF4] (TBD = 1, 8, 10, 9-triazaboradecalin; ArF = 3,5-CF3-C6H3; Pn = Sb, (2); Bi, (3)). The structures of 2 and 3 have been unambiguously characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations. They feature bis-coordinated Sb and Bi atoms which exhibit two lone pairs of electrons. The reactions of 2 and 3 with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate provide a approach for the preparation of dicationic antimony(III) and bismuth(III) methyl complexes. Compounds 2 and 3 serve as 2e donors to group 6 metals (Cr, Mo), giving rise to ionic antimony and bismuth metal carbonyl complexes 6-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Diab M, Jaiswal K, Bawari D, Dobrovetsky R. The Chemistry of [1,1′‐bis(
o‐
Carboranyl)]Borane η
2
‐
σ‐
Silane Adduct. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Diab
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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8
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Yao S, Saddington A, Xiong Y, Driess M. Chelating Bis-silylenes As Powerful Ligands To Enable Unusual Low-Valent Main-Group Element Functions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:475-488. [PMID: 36720115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSilylenes are divalent silicon species with an unoccupied 3p orbital and one lone pair of electrons at the SiII center. Owing to the excellent σ-donating ability of amidinato-based silylenes, which stems from the intramolecular imino-N donor interaction with the vacant 3p orbital of the silicon atom, N-heterocyclic amidinato bis(silylenes) [bis(NHSi)s] can serve as versatile strong donating ligands for cooperative stabilization of central atoms in unusually low oxidation states. Herein, we present our recent achievement on the application of bis(NHSi) ligands with electronically and spatially different spacers to main-group chemistry, which has allowed the isolation of a variety of low-valent compounds consisting of monatomic zero-valent group 14 E0 complexes (named "metallylones", E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb); monovalent group 15 EI complexes (E = N, P, isoelectronic with metallylones); and diatomic low-valent E2 complexes (E = Si, Ge, P) with intriguing electronic structures and chemical reactivities.The role of the SiII···SiII distance was revealed to be crucial in this chemistry. Utilizing the pyridine-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 7.8 Å) ligand, germanium(0) complexes with additional Fe(CO)4 protection at the Ge0 site have been isolated. Featuring a shorter Si···Si distance of 4.3 Å, the xanthene-based bis(NHSi) has allowed the realization of the full series of heavy zero-valent group 14 element E0 complexes (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), while the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 3.3 Å) has enabled the isolation of Si0 and Ge0 complexes. Remarkably, reduction of the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi)-supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes induces the movement of two electrons into the o-carborane core and provides access to SiI-SiI and GeI-GeI species as oxidation products. Additionally, the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) reacts with adamantyl azide, leading to a series of nitrogen(I) complexes as isoelectronic species of a carbone (C0 complex). Moreover, cooperative activation of white phosphorus gives bis(NHSi)-supported phosphorus complexes with varying and unexpected electronic structures when employing the xanthene-, o-carborane-, and aniline-based bis(NHSi)s. With the better kinetic protection provided by the xanthene-based bis(NHSi), small-molecule activation and functionalization of the bis(NHSi)-supported central E or E2 atoms (E = Si, Ge, P) are possible and furnish several novel functionalized silicon, germanium, and phosphorus compounds.With knowledge of the ability of chelating bis(NHSi)s in coordinating and functionalizing low-valent group 14 and 15 elements, the application of these ligand systems to other main-group elements such as group 2 and 13 is quite promising. To fully understand the role of the NHSi in a bis(NHSi) ligand, introducing a mixed ligand, i.e., the combination of an NHSi with other functional groups, such as Lewis acidic borane or Lewis basic borylene, in one chelating ligand could lead to new types of low-valent main-group species. Furthermore, the development of a genuine acyclic silylene, without an imino-N interaction with the vacant 3p orbital at the silicon(II) atom, as part of a chelating bis(acyclic silylene) has the potential to form very electronically different main-group element complexes that could achieve even more challenging bond activations such as N2 or unactivated C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang H. Application of N-heterocyclic silylenes in low-valent group 13, 14 and 15 chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Liu R, Tang Y, Wang C, Zhang ZF, Su MD, Li Y. Diverse Reactions of o-Carborane-Fused Silylenes with C≡E (E = C, P) Triple Bonds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1095-1101. [PMID: 36617725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactivities of o-carborane-fused silylenes toward molecules with C≡E (E = C, P) bonds are reported. The reactions of bis(silylene) [(LSi:)C]2B10H10 (1a, L = PhC(NtBu)2) with arylalkynes afforded bis(silylium) carborane adducts 2 and 3, showing a Si(μ-C2)Si structure with an open-cage nido-carborane backbone. In contrast, the reaction of 1a with a phosphaalkyne AdC≡P (Ad = 1-adamantyl) smoothly furnished compound 4, comprising fused CPSi rings with a C=Si double bond and Si-Si single bond, and the related formation mechanism was investigated by DFT calculations. Furthermore, when monosilylene [(LSi:)C]CHB10H10 (1b) was employed to react with AdC≡P, compound 5 was isolated. The structure of 5 features a 1,2,3-triphosphetene core. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and/or X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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11
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Dai C, Huang Y, Zhu J. Predicting Dinitrogen Activation by Carborane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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12
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Tian J, Cordier M, Bour C, Auffrant A, Gandon V. A cyclic divalent N(I) species isoelectronic to carbodiphosphoranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5741-5744. [PMID: 35466973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a rare type of diphosphazenium cation is described. Its synthesis features a unique oxidative dealkylation of an iminophosphorane-phosphole by a silver(I) salt. DFT study of this compound reveals the low valent character of the N(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Marie Cordier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Audrey Auffrant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France. .,Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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13
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Dubey G, Mahawar N, Singh T, Saha N, Sahoo SC, Bharatam PV. Thiazetidin-2-ylidenes as four membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: theoretical studies and the generation of complexes with N + center. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:629-633. [PMID: 34933326 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiazetidin-2-ylidenes have been designed as four membered N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) using quantum chemical studies. These species are smaller analogs of thiazol-2-ylidenes, possess high singlet stability (57 kcal mol-1) and large nucleophilicity (3.4 eV). The possible existence of these carbenes has been established by synthesizing and crystalizing compounds with NHC→N+←(thiazetidin-2-ylidene) coordination bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Dubey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Nutan Mahawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Nirjhar Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Subash C Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
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14
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Greb L. Valence Tautomerism of p‐Block Element Compounds – An Eligible Phenomenon for Main Group Catalysis? Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2022:e202100871. [PMID: 35910784 PMCID: PMC9306562 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Valence tautomerism has had a remarkable impact on several branches of transition metal chemistry. By switching between different valence tautomeric states, physicochemical properties and reactivities can be triggered reversibly. Is this phenomenon transferrable into the p‐block – or is it already happening there? This Perspective collects observations of p‐block element‐ligand systems that might be assignable to valence tautomerism. Further, it discusses occurrences in p‐block element compounds that exhibit the related effect of redox‐induced electron transfer. As disclosed, the concept of valence tautomerism with p‐block elements is at a very early stage. However, given the substantial disparity in the properties of those elements in different redox states, it might offer a valid extension for future developments in main group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34–36 14195 Berlin Germany
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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15
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Ding Y, Sarkar SK, Nazish M, Muhammed S, Lüert D, Ruth PN, Legendre CM, Herbst‐Irmer R, Parameswaran P, Stalke D, Yang Z, Roesky HW. Stabilization of Reactive Nitrene by Silylenes without Using a Reducing Metal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Daniel Lüert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christina M. Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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16
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Ding Y, Sarkar SK, Nazish M, Muhammed S, Lüert D, Ruth PN, Legendre CM, Herbst-Irmer R, Parameswaran P, Stalke D, Yang Z, Roesky HW. Stabilization of Reactive Nitrene by Silylenes without Using a Reducing Metal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27206-27211. [PMID: 34545990 PMCID: PMC9299049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the stabilization of nitrene reagents as the source of a nitrogen atom to synthesize nitrogen‐incorporated R1LSi‐N←SiLR2 (1) [L=PhC(NtBu)2; R1=NTMS2, R2=NTMS]. Compound 1 is synthesized by reacting LSi(I)‐SiIL with 3.1 equivalents of Me3SiN3 at low temperature to afford a triene‐like structural framework. Whereas the reaction of the LSi(I)‐SiIL with 2.1 equivalents of Me3SiN3 at room temperature produced silaimine 2 with a central four‐membered Si2N2 ring which is accompanied by a silylene LSi and a cleaved silylene fragment. 1 further reacts with AgOTf at room temperature to yield compound 3 which shows coordination of nitrene to silver with the triflate salt. The compounds 1 and 2 were fully characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, and X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The quantum mechanical calculations reveal that compounds 1 and 2 have dicoordinated monovalent N atoms having two active lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs are stabilized by hyperconjugative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shahila Muhammed
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - Daniel Lüert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Recent advances on carborane-based ligands in low-valent group 13 and group 14 elements chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kassymbek A, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. An Isolable Gallium-Substituted Nitrilimine and its Reactivity with B-H, Si-H and B-B Bonds. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103455. [PMID: 34816513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the Ga(I) compound NacNacGa (9) with the diazo compound N2 CHSiMe3 affords the nitrilimine compound NacNacGa(N-NCSiMe3 )(CH2 SiMe3 ) (10). Carrying out this reaction in the presence of pyridine does not lead to C-H activation on the transient alkylidene NacNacGa=CHSiMe3 but generates a metallated diazo species NacNacGa(NHN=CHSiMe3 )(CN2 SiMe3 ) (13) that further rearranges into the isonitrile compound NacNacGa(NHN=CHSiMe3 )(N(NC)SiMe3 ) (15). Reactions of 10 with the silane H3 SiPh and the borane HBcat furnished products of 1,3 addition to the nitrilimine moiety NacNacGa{N(ERn )NCSiMe3 }(CH2 SiMe3 ), whereas reaction with the diborane B2 cat2 gave the product of formal nitrene insertion into the B-B bond. DFT calculations suggest that the interaction of 9 with N2 CHSiMe3 proceeds through intermediate formation of an alkylidene compound that undergoes CH activation with a second molecule of N2 CHSiMe3 . Insertion into the B-B bond likely proceeds through an initial 1,3-addition of the diborane, followed by boryl migration to the former nitrene center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C52, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
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19
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Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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20
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Dubey G, Awari S, Singh T, Sahoo SC, Bharatam PV. Mesoionic and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Coordinated N + Center: Experimental and Computational Analysis. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1416-1420. [PMID: 34636173 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes, carbocyclic carbenes, remote N-heterocyclic carbenes and N-heterocyclic silylenes are known to form L→N+ coordination bonds. However, mesoionic carbenes (MICs) are not reported to form coordination bonds with cationic nitrogen. Herein, synthesis and quantum chemical studies were performed on 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene stabilized N+ center. Six compounds with MIC→N+ ←NHC were synthesized. Density functional theory calculations and energy decomposition analysis were carried out to explore the bonding situation between MIC and N+ center. The C→N+ bond lengths were in the range of 1.295-1.342 Å and bond dissociation energies were <400 kcal/mol. Natural bond orbital analysis supported the presence of excess electron density (>3 electrons) at the N+ center. The computational and X-ray diffraction analysis results confirmed the presence of divalent NI character of center nitrogen and MIC→N+ ←NHC coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Dubey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shruti Awari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Subash C Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
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21
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Vrána J, Holub J, Samsonov MA, Růžičková Z, Cvačka J, McKee ML, Fanfrlík J, Hnyk D, Růžička A. Access to cationic polyhedral carboranes via dynamic cage surgery with N-heterocyclic carbenes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4971. [PMID: 34404809 PMCID: PMC8371172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhedral boranes and heteroboranes appear almost exclusively as neutral or anionic species, while the cationic ones are protonated at exoskeletal heteroatoms or they are instable. Here we report the reactivity of 10-vertex closo-dicarbadecaboranes with one or two equivalents of N-heterocyclic carbene to 10-vertex nido mono- and/or bis-carbene adducts, respectively. These complexes easily undergo a reaction with HCl to give cages of stable and water soluble 10-vertex nido-type cations with protonation in the form of a BHB bridge or 10-vertex closo-type cations containing one carbene ligand when originating from closo-1,10-dicarbadecaborane. The reaction of a 10-vertex nido mono-carbene adduct with phosphorus trichloride gives nido-11-vertex 2-phospha-7,8-dicarbaundecaborane, which undergoes an oxidation of the phosphorus atom to P = O, while the product of a bis-carbene adduct reaction is best described as a distorted C2B6H8 fragment bridged by the (BH)2PCl2+ moiety. In comparison to their neutral or anionic counterparts, examples of cationic boron clusters remain scarce. Here, the authors prepare a variety of cationic polyhedral boranes by reacting closo-10-vertex carboranes with N-heterocyclic carbenes; the resulting open-cage cationic nido- arachno- or closo- derivatives are water soluble, which may enable unprecedented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael L McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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22
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Singh T, Sahoo SC, Bharatam PV. Compound with possible N → N coordination bond: Synthesis, crystal structure and electronic structure analysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Yao S, Kostenko A, Xiong Y, Lorent C, Ruzicka A, Driess M. Changing the Reactivity of Zero- and Mono-Valent Germanium with a Redox Non-Innocent Bis(silylenyl)carborane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14864-14868. [PMID: 33909944 PMCID: PMC8252802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using the chelating C,C'-bis(silylenyl)-ortho-dicarborane ligand, 1,2-(RSi)2 -1,2-C2 B10 H10 [R=PhC(NtBu)2 ], leads to the monoatomic zero-valent Ge complex ("germylone") 3. The redox non-innocent character of the carborane scaffold has a drastic influence on the reactivity of 3 towards reductants and oxidants. Reduction of 3 with one molar equivalent of potassium naphthalenide (KC10 H8 ) causes facile oxidation of Ge0 to GeI along with a two-electron reduction of the C2 B10 cluster core and subsequent GeI -GeI coupling to form the dianionic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 4. In contrast, oxidation of 3 with one molar equivalent of [Cp2 Fe][B{C6 H3 (CF3 )2 }4 ] as a one-electron oxidant furnishes the dicationic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 5. The Ge0 atom in 3 acts as donor towards GeCl2 to form the trinuclear mixed-valent Ge0 →GeII ←Ge0 complex 6, from which dechlorination with KC10 H8 affords the neutral Ge2 complex 7 as a diradical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. PC1410623BerlinGermany
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of PardubiceStudentska 57353210PardubiceCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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24
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Yao S, Kostenko A, Xiong Y, Lorent C, Ruzicka A, Driess M. Changing the Reactivity of Zero‐ and Mono‐Valent Germanium with a Redox Non‐Innocent Bis(silylenyl)carborane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. PC14 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentska 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
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25
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Munz D, Meyer K. Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:422-439. [PMID: 37118028 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with different resonance structures of similar importance, such as heterocumulenes and mesoionics, are prominent in many applications of chemistry, including 'click chemistry', photochemistry, switching and sensing. In coordination chemistry, similar chameleonic/schizophrenic entities are referred to as ambidentate/ambiphilic or cooperative ligands. Examples of these had remained, for a long time, limited to a handful of archetypal compounds that were mere curiosities. In this Review, we describe ambiphilicity - or, rather, 'charge frustration' - as a general guiding principle for ligand design and functional group transfer. We first give a historical account of organic zwitterions and discuss their electronic structures and applications. Our discussion then focuses on zwitterionic ligands and their metal complexes, such as those of ylidic and redox-active ligands. Finally, we present new approaches to single-atom transfer using cumulated small molecules and outline emerging areas, such as bond activation and stable donor-acceptor ligand systems for reversible 1e- chemistry or switching.
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26
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Yao S, Szilvási T, Xiong Y, Lorent C, Ruzicka A, Driess M. Bis(silylene)-Stabilized Monovalent Nitrogen Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22043-22047. [PMID: 32841449 PMCID: PMC7756627 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first series of bis(silylene)-stabilized nitrogen(I) compounds is described. Starting from the 1,2-bis(N-heterocyclic silylenyl) 1,2-dicarba-closo-dedocaborane(12) scaffold 1, [1,2-(LSi)2 C2 B10 H10 ; L=PhC(Nt Bu)2 ], reaction with adamantyl azide (AdN3 ) affords the terminal N-μ2 -bridged zwitterionic carborane-1,2-bis(silylium) AdN3 adduct 2 with an open-cage dianionic nido-C2 B10 cluster core. Remarkably, upon one-electron reduction of 2 with C8 K and liberation of N2 and adamantane, the two silylene subunits are regenerated to furnish the isolable bis(silylene)-stabilized NI complex as an anion of 3 with the nido-C2 B10 cluster cage. On the other hand, one-electron oxidation of 2 with silver(I) yields the monocationic bis(silylene) NI complex 4 with the closo-C2 B10 cluster core. Moreover, the corresponding neutral NI radical complex 5 results from single-electron transfer from 3 to 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical & Biological EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1415 Engineering DriveMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. PC1410623BerlinGermany
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of PardubiceStudentska 573532 10PardubiceCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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