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Denkler LM, Aladahalli Shekar M, Ngan TSJ, Wylie L, Abdullin D, Engeser M, Schnakenburg G, Hett T, Pilz FH, Kirchner B, Schiemann O, Kielb P, Bunescu A. A General Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403292. [PMID: 38735849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We report an iron-catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)-O bond-forming reaction under mild, base-free conditions with visible light irradiation. The transformation uses readily available and structurally diverse carboxylic acids, iron photocatalyst, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives as oxygenation reagents. The process exhibits a broad scope in acids possessing a wide range of stereoelectronic properties and functional groups. The developed reaction was applied to late-stage oxygenation of a series of bio-active molecules. The reaction leverages the ability of iron complexes to generate carbon-centered radicals directly from carboxylic acids by photoinduced carboxylate-to-iron charge transfer. Kinetic, electrochemical, EPR, UV/Vis, HRMS, and DFT studies revealed that TEMPO has a triple role in the reaction: as an oxygenation reagent, an oxidant to turn over the Fe-catalyst, and an internal base for the carboxylic acid deprotonation. The obtained TEMPO adducts represent versatile synthetic intermediates that were further engaged in C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions using commercial organo-photocatalysts and nucleophilic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mareen Denkler
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Meghana Aladahalli Shekar
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tak Shing Jason Ngan
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luke Wylie
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hett
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hendrik Pilz
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrycja Kielb
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ala Bunescu
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Yu C, Jiang X, Al-Handawi MB, Naumov P, Li L, Yu Q, Wang G. Bending, Twisting, and Propulsion of Photoreactive Crystals by Controlled Gas Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403397. [PMID: 38530916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The rapid release of gas by a chemical reaction to generate momentum is one of the most fundamental ways to elicit motion that could be used to sustain and control the motility of objects. We report that hollow crystals of a three-dimensional supramolecular metal complex that releases gas by photolysis can propel themselves or other objects and advance in space when suspended in mother solution. In needle-like regular crystals, the reaction occurs mainly on the surface and results in the formation of cracks that evolve due to internal pressure; the expansion on the cracked surface of the crystal results in bending, twisting, or coiling of the crystal. In hollow crystals, gas accumulates inside their cavities and emanates preferentially from the recess at the crystal terminus, propelling the crystals to undergo directional photomechanical motion through the mother solution. The motility of the object which can be controlled externally to perform work delineates the concept of "crystal microbots", realized by photoreactive organic crystals capable of prolonged directional motion for actuation or delivery. Within the prospects, we envisage the development of a plethora of light-weight, efficient, autonomously operating robots based on organic crystals with high work capacity where motion over large distances can be attained due to the large volume of latent gas generated from a small volume of the crystalline solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK-1000, Skopje, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 38044, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qi Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Guoming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, China
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3
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Schmidt J, Domenianni LI, Leuschner M, Gansäuer A, Vöhringer P. Observing the Entry Events of a Titanium-Based Photoredox Catalytic Cycle in Real Time. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307178. [PMID: 37335756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-based catalysis in single electron transfer (SET) steps has evolved into a versatile approach for the synthesis of fine chemicals and first attempts have recently been made to enhance its sustainability by merging it with photo-redox (PR) catalysis. Here, we explore the photochemical principles of all-Ti-based SET-PR-catalysis, i.e. in the absence of a precious metal PR-co-catalyst. By combining time-resolved emission with ultraviolet-pump/mid-infrared-probe (UV/MIR) spectroscopy on femtosecond-to-microsecond time scales we quantify the dynamics of the critical events of entry into the catalytic cycle; namely, the singlet-triplet interconversion of the do-it-all titanocene(IV) PR-catalyst and its one-electron reduction by a sacrificial amine electron donor. The results highlight the importance of the PR-catalyst's singlet-triplet gap as a design guide for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis I Domenianni
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Leuschner
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Song S, Lee W, Lee Y, Cho KB, Lee J, Seo J. Two-Electron-Induced Reorganization of Cobalt Coordination and Metal-Ligand Cooperative Redox Shifting Co(I) Reactivity toward CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2326-2333. [PMID: 36691700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reorganization of complex structures is directly related to catalytic reactivity; thus, the geometric changes of catalysts induced by electron transfer should be considered to scrutinize the reaction mechanism. Herein, we studied electron-induced reorganization patterns of six-coordinate Co complexes with neutral N-donor ligands. Upon two-electron transfer into a Co center enclosed within a bulky π-acceptor ligand, the catalytic site exhibited different reorganization patterns depending on the ligand characteristics. While a bipyridyl ligand released Co-bound solvent (CH3CN) to open a reaction site, a phenanthroline ligand caused Co-Narm (side "arm" of NNN-ligand) bond dissociation. The first electron transfer occurred in the Co(II/I) reduction step and the second electron entered the bulky π-acceptor, of which redox steps were assigned from cyclic voltammograms, magnetic moment measurements, and DFT calculations. In comparison, the Co complex of [NNNNCH3-Co(CH3CN)3](PF6)2 ([1-(CH3CN)3](PF6)2) showed a high H2 evolution reactivity (HER), whereas a series of Co complexes with bulky π-acceptors such as [NNNNCH3-Co(L)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 (L = phen ([2-CH3CN](PF6)2), bpy ([3-CH3CN](PF6)2), [NNNNCH3-Co(tpy)](PF6)2 ([4](PF6)2), and [NNNCH2-Co(phen)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 ([5-CH3CN](PF6)2)) suppressed the HER but rather enhanced the CO2 reduction reaction. The metal-ligand cooperative redox steps enabled the shift of Co(I) reactivity toward CO2 reduction. Additionally, the amine pendant attached to the NNNNCH3-ligand could stabilize the CO2 reduction intermediate through the hydrogen-bonding interaction with the Co-CO2H adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseob Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University; Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
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DeLancey SS, Clendening RA, Zeller M, Ren T. Geometric isomers of dichloridoiron(III) complexes of CTMC (5,7,12,14-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane). Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2022; 78:507-514. [PMID: 36063378 PMCID: PMC9444021 DOI: 10.1107/s205322962200849x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both trans and cis iron-CTMC complexes, namely, trans-dichlorido[(5SR,7RS,12RS,14SR)-5,7,12,14-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane]iron(III) tetrachloridoferrate, [Fe(C14H32N4)Cl2][FeCl4] (1a), the analogous chloride methanol monosolvate, [Fe(C14H32N4)Cl2]Cl·CH3OH (1b), and cis-dichlorido[(5SR,7RS,12SR,14RS)-5,7,12,14-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane]iron(III) chloride, [Fe(C14H32N4)Cl2]Cl (2), were successfully synthesized and structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometry of the macrocycle is dependent on the stereoisomerism of CTMC. The packing of these complexes appears to be strongly influenced by extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions, which are in turn determined by the nature of the counter-anions (1a versus 1b) and/or the coordination geometry of the macrocycle (1a/1b versus 2). These observations are extended to related ferric cis- and trans-dichloro macrocyclic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. DeLancey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Reese A. Clendening
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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Bizzarri C. Homogeneous systems containing earth‐abundant metal complexes for photoactivated CO2‐reduction: recent advances. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Su HS, Feng HS, Wu X, Sun JJ, Ren B. Recent advances in plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for catalytic reactions on bifunctional metallic nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13962-13975. [PMID: 34477677 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures exhibit superior catalytic performance for diverse chemical reactions and the in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms requires versatile characterization methods. Plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PERS), including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), appears as a powerful technique to characterize the Raman fingerprint information of surface species with high chemical sensitivity and spatial resolution. To expand the range of catalytic reactions studied by PERS, catalytically active metals are integrated with plasmonic metals to produce bifunctional metallic nanostructures. In this minireview, we discuss the recent advances in PERS techniques to probe the chemical reactions catalysed by bifunctional metallic nanostructures. First, we introduce different architectures of these dual-functionality nanostructures. We then highlight the recent works using PERS to investigate important catalytic reactions as well as the electronic and catalytic properties of these nanostructures. Finally, we provide some perspectives for future PERS studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Straub S, Vöhringer P. Ultrafast "end-on"-to-"side-on" binding-mode isomerization of an iron-carbon dioxide complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17826-17835. [PMID: 34397055 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02300d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) binding by transition metals is a captivating phenomenon with a tremendous impact in environmental science and technology, most notably, for establishing circular economies based on greenhouse gas emissions. The molecular and electronic structures of coordination compounds containing CO2 can be studied in great detail using photochemical precursors bearing the photolabile oxalato-ligand. Here, we study the photoinduced elementary dynamics of the ferric complex, [FeIII(cyclam)(C2O4)]+, in dimethyl sulfoxide solution using femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy following oxalate-to-iron charge transfer excitation with 266 nm pulses. The pump-probe response in the ν3-region of carbon dioxide gives unequivocal evidence that a CO2-molecule is detached from the metal within only 500 fs and with a primary quantum yield of 38%. Simultaneously, a primary ferrous product is formed that carries a carbon dioxide radical anion ligand absorbing at 1649 cm-1, which is linked to the metal in a bent-O-"end-on" fashion. This primary ηO,bent1-product is formed with substantial excess vibrational energy, which relaxes on a time scale of several picoseconds. Prior to full thermalization, however, a fraction of the ferrous primary product can structurally isomerize at a rate of 1/(3.5 ps) to a secondary ηCO2-product absorbing at 1727 cm-1, which features a bent carbon dioxide ligand that is linked to the metal in a "side-on" fashion. The ηO,bent1-to-ηCO2 isomerization requires an intersystem crossing from the sextet to the quartet state, which rationalizes a partial trapping of the system in the metastable bent-O-"end-on" geometry. Finally, a fraction (62%) of the initially photoexcited complexes can return without structural changes to the parent's electronic ground state, but dressed with excess kinetic energy, which relaxes again on a time scale of several picoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, Universität Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Straub S, Vöhringer P. Spin-Controlled Binding of Carbon Dioxide by an Iron Center: Insights from Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2519-2525. [PMID: 33022879 PMCID: PMC7898313 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the spin on the mode of binding between carbon dioxide (CO2) and a transition‐metal (TM) center is an entirely open question. Herein, we use an iron(III) oxalato complex with nearly vanishing doublet–sextet gap, and its ultrafast photolysis, to generate TM‐CO2 bonding patterns and determine their structure in situ by femtosecond mid‐infrared spectroscopy. The formation of the nascent TM‐CO2 species according to [L4FeIII(C2O4)]+ + hν → [L4Fe(CO2)]+ + CO2, with L4=cyclam, is evidenced by the coincident appearance of the characteristic asymmetric stretching absorption of the CO2‐ligand between 1600 cm−1 and 1800 cm−1 and that of the free CO2‐co‐fragment near 2337 cm−1. On the high‐spin surface (S=5/2), the product complex features a bent carbon dioxide radical anion ligand that is O‐“end‐on”‐bound to the metal. In contrast, on the intermediate‐spin and low‐spin surfaces, the product exhibits a “side‐on”‐bound, bent carbon dioxide ligand that has either a partial open‐shell (for S=3/2) or fully closed‐shell character (for S=1/2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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