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Liu L, Yu R, Yin L, Zhang N, Zhu G. Porous organic framework membranes based on interface-induced polymerisation: design, synthesis and applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1924-1937. [PMID: 38332830 PMCID: PMC10848777 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porous organic frameworks (POFs) are novel porous materials that have attracted much attention due to their extraordinary properties, such as high specific surface area, tunable pore size, high stability and ease of functionalisation. However, conventional synthesised POFs are mostly large-sized particles or insoluble powders, which are difficult to recycle and have low mass transfer efficiencies, limiting the development of their cutting-edge applications. Therefore, processing POF materials into membrane structures is of great significance. In recent years, interface engineering strategies have proved to be efficient methods for the formation of POF membranes. In this perspective, recent advances in the use of interfaces to prepare POF membranes are reviewed. The challenges of this strategy and the potential applications of the formed POF membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Ruihe Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Liying Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun China
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2
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Wauteraerts N, Tu M, Chanut N, Rodríguez-Hermida S, Gandara-Loe J, Ameloot R. Vapor-assisted synthesis of the MOF-74 metal-organic framework family from zinc, cobalt, and magnesium oxides. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17873-17880. [PMID: 37975724 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01785k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the vapor-assisted synthesis of the metal-organic framework MOF-74 starting from three metal oxides (ZnO, CoO, and MgO). Depending on the nature of the added vapor (H2O, DMF, DMSO), the metal oxide, and the temperature, the outcome of the reaction can be directed towards the desired porous phase. Ex situ and in situ XRD measurements reveal the formation of an intermediate phase during the reaction of MgO with H4dobdc, while the MOF-74 phase forms directly for ZnO and CoO. The reduced CO2 uptake of the resulting materials compared to solvothermally prepared MOFs might be offset by the convenience of the presented route and the promise of a high space time yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Wauteraerts
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Min Tu
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- 2020 X-Lab and State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Nicolas Chanut
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sabina Rodríguez-Hermida
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Servizos de Apoio á Investigación, Universidade da Coruña, Campus Elviña s/n 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesus Gandara-Loe
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Center for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Carpenter BP, Talosig AR, Rose B, Di Palma G, Patterson JP. Understanding and controlling the nucleation and growth of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6918-6937. [PMID: 37796101 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks offer a diverse landscape of building blocks to design high performance materials for implications in almost every major industry. With this diversity stems complex crystallization mechanisms with various pathways and intermediates. Crystallization studies have been key to the advancement of countless biological and synthetic systems, with MOFs being no exception. This review provides an overview of the current theories and fundamental chemistry used to decipher MOF crystallization. We then discuss how intrinsic and extrinsic synthetic parameters can be used as tools to modulate the crystallization pathway to produce MOF crystals with finely tuned physical and chemical properties. Experimental and computational methods are provided to guide the probing of MOF crystal formation on the molecular and bulk scale. Lastly, we summarize the recent major advances in the field and our outlook on the exciting future of MOF crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - A Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Ben Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Di Palma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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4
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Gikonyo B, Liu F, Hawila S, Demessence A, Baldovi HG, Navalón S, Marichy C, Fateeva A. Porphyrin-Based MOF Thin Film on Transparent Conducting Oxide: Investigation of Growth, Porosity and Photoelectrochemical Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:5876. [PMID: 37570847 PMCID: PMC10421013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesizing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composites with a controlled morphology is an important requirement to access materials of desired patterning and composition. Since the last decade, MOF growth from sacrificial metal oxide layer is increasingly developed as it represents an efficient pathway to functionalize a large number of substrates. In this study, porphyrin-based Al-PMOF thin films were grown on conductive transparent oxide substrates from sacrificial layers of ALD-deposited alumina oxide. The control of the solvent composition and the number of atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycles allow us to tune the crystallinity, morphology and thickness of the produced thin films. Photophysical studies evidence that Al-PMOF thin films present light absorption and emission properties governed by the porphyrinic linker, without any quenching upon increasing the film thickness. Al-PMOF thin films obtained through this methodology present a remarkably high optical quality both in terms of transparency and coverage. The porosity of the samples is demonstrated by ellipsometry and used for Zn(II) insertion inside the MOF thin film. The multifunctional transparent, porous and luminescent thin film grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is used as an electrode capable of photoinduced charge separation upon simulated sunlight irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gikonyo
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fangbing Liu
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Saly Hawila
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR CNRS 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.)
| | - Aude Demessence
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR CNRS 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.)
| | - Herme G. Baldovi
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (H.G.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Sergio Navalón
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (H.G.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Catherine Marichy
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Fateeva
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Shrivastav V, Mansi, Gupta B, Dubey P, Deep A, Nogala W, Shrivastav V, Sundriyal S. Recent advances on surface mounted metal-organic frameworks for energy storage and conversion applications: Trends, challenges, and opportunities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102967. [PMID: 37523999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Establishing green and reliable energy resources is very important to counteract the carbon footprints and negative impact of non-renewable energy resources. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous material finding numerous applications due to their exceptional qualities, such as high surface area, low density, superior structural flexibility, and stability. Recently, increased attention has been paid to surface mounted MOFs (SURMOFs), which is nothing but thin film of MOF, as a new category in nanotechnology having unique properties compared to bulk MOFs. With the advancement of material growth and synthesis technologies, the fine tunability of film thickness, consistency, size, and geometry with a wide range of MOF complexes is possible. In this review, we recapitulate various synthesis approaches of SURMOFs including epitaxial synthesis approach, direct solvothermal method, Langmuir-Blodgett LBL deposition, Inkjet printing technique and others and then correlated the synthesis-structure-property relationship in terms of energy storage and conversion applications. Further the critical assessment and current problems of SURMOFs have been briefly discussed to explore the future opportunities in SURMOFs for energy storage and conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansi
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Bhavana Gupta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Prashant Dubey
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology Department, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vishal Shrivastav
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Shashank Sundriyal
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic,.
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6
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Rubio-Giménez V, Arnauts G, Wang M, Oliveros Mata ES, Huang X, Lan T, Tietze ML, Kravchenko DE, Smets J, Wauteraerts N, Khadiev A, Novikov DV, Makarov D, Dong R, Ameloot R. Chemical Vapor Deposition and High-Resolution Patterning of a Highly Conductive Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Film. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:152-159. [PMID: 36534059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline coordination polymers with high electrical conductivities and charge carrier mobilities might open new opportunities for electronic devices. However, current solvent-based synthesis methods hinder compatibility with microfabrication standards. Here, we describe a solvent-free chemical vapor deposition method to prepare high-quality films of the two-dimensional conjugated coordination polymer Cu-BHT (BHT = benzenehexanothiolate). This approach involves the conversion of a metal oxide precursor into Cu-BHT nanofilms with a controllable thickness (20-85 nm) and low roughness (<10 nm) through exposure to the vaporized organic linker. Moreover, the restricted metal ion mobility during the vapor-solid reaction enables high-resolution patterning via both bottom-up lithography, including the fabrication of micron-sized Hall bar and electrode patterns to accurately evaluate the conductivity and mobility values of the Cu-BHT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eduardo Sergio Oliveros Mata
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xing Huang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Max L Tietze
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitry E Kravchenko
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorid Smets
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Wauteraerts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Azat Khadiev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri V Novikov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Rodríguez-Hermida S, Kravchenko DE, Wauteraerts N, Ameloot R. Vapor-Assisted Powder Synthesis and Oriented MOF-CVD Thin Films of the Metal–Organic Framework HKUST-1. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17927-17931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Rodríguez-Hermida
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitry E. Kravchenko
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Wauteraerts
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Abstract
ConspectusPorous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), formed from organic linkers and metal nodes, have attracted intense research attention. Because of their high specific surface areas, uniform and adjustable pore sizes, and versatile physicochemical properties, MOFs have shown disruptive potential in adsorption, catalysis, separation, etc. For many of these applications, MOFs are synthesized solvothermally as bulk powders and subsequently shaped as pellets or extrudates. Other applications, such as membrane separations and (opto)electronics, require the implementation of MOFs as (patterned) thin films. Most thin-film formation methods are adapted from liquid-phase synthesis protocols. Precursor transport and nucleation are difficult to control in these cases, often leading to particle formation in solution. Moreover, the use of solvents gives rise to environmental and safety challenges, incompatibility issues with some substrates, and corrosion issues in the case of dissolved metal salts. In contrast, vapor-phase processing methods have the merits of environmental friendliness, control over thickness and conformality, scalability in production, and high compatibility with other workflows.In this Account, we outline some of our efforts and related studies in the development and application of vapor-phase processing of crystalline MOF materials (MOF-VPP). We first highlight the advances and mechanisms in the vapor-phase deposition of MOFs (MOF-VPD), mainly focusing on the reactions between a linker vapor and a metal-containing precursor layer. The characteristics of the obtained MOFs (thickness, porosity, crystallographic phase, orientation, etc.) and the correlation of these properties with the deposition parameters (precursors, temperatures, humidity, post-treatments, etc.) are discussed. Some in situ characterization methods that contributed to a fundamental understanding of the involved mechanisms are included in the discussion. Second, four vapor-phase postsynthetic functionalization (PSF) methods are summarized: linker exchange, guest loading, linker grafting, and metalation. These approaches eliminate potential solubility issues and enable fast diffusion of reactants and guests as well as a high loading or degree of exchange. Vapor-phase PSF provides a platform to modify the MOF porosity or even introduce new functionalities (e.g., luminescence photoswitching and catalytic activity). Third, since vapor-phase processing methods enable the integration of MOF film deposition into a (micro)fabrication workflow, they facilitate a range of applications with improved performance (low-k dielectrics, sensors, membrane separations, etc.). Finally, we provide a discussion on the limitations, challenges, and further opportunities for MOF-VPP. Through the discussion and analysis of the vapor-phase processing strategies as well as the underlying mechanisms in this Account, we hope to contribute to the development of the controllable synthesis, functionalization, and application of MOFs and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Tu
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wanbin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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9
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Li ZJ, Ju Y, Zhang Z, Lu H, Li Y, Zhang N, Du XL, Guo X, Zhang ZH, Qian Y, He MY, Wang JQ, Lin J. Unveiling the Unique Roles of Metal Coordination and Modulator in the Polymorphism Control of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2021; 27:17586-17594. [PMID: 34734437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism control of metal-organic frameworks is highly desired for elucidating structure-property relationships, but remains an empirical process and is usually done in a trial-and-error approach. We adopted the rarely used actinide cation Th4+ and a ditopic linker to construct a series of thorium-organic frameworks (TOFs) with a range of polymorphs. The extraordinary coordination versatility of Th4+ cations and clusters, coupled with synthetic modulation, gives five distinct phases, wherein the highest degree of interpenetration (threefold) and porosity (75.9 %) of TOFs have been achieved. Notably, the O atom on the capping site of the nine-coordinated Th4+ cation can function as a bridging unit to interconnect neighboring secondary building units (SBUs), affording topologies that are undocumented for other tetravalent-metal-containing MOFs. Furthermore, for the first time HCOOH has been demonstrated as a bridging unit of SBUs to further induce structural complexity. The resulting TOFs exhibit considerably different adsorption behaviors toward organic dyes, thus suggesting that TOFs represent an exceptional and promising platform for structure-property relationship study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, No.1, Gehu Middle Road, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Zeya Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, No.1, Gehu Middle Road, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Huangjie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Long Du
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Fulmer 630, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, No.1, Gehu Middle Road, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, No.1, Gehu Middle Road, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, West Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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