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Gibson W, Mulvey JT, Das S, Selmani S, Merham JG, Rakowski AM, Schwartz E, Hochbaum AI, Guan Z, Green JR, Patterson JP. Observing the Dynamics of an Electrochemically Driven Active Material with Liquid Electron Microscopy. ACS Nano 2024; 18:11898-11909. [PMID: 38648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical liquid electron microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of nanomaterial dynamics by allowing for direct observation of their electrochemical production. This technique, primarily applied to inorganic materials, is now being used to explore the self-assembly dynamics of active molecular materials. Our study examines these dynamics across various scales, from the nanoscale behavior of individual fibers to the micrometer-scale hierarchical evolution of fiber clusters. To isolate the influences of the electron beam and electrical potential on material behavior, we conducted thorough beam-sample interaction analyses. Our findings reveal that the dynamics of these active materials at the nanoscale are shaped by their proximity to the electrode and the applied electrical current. By integrating electron microscopy observations with reaction-diffusion simulations, we uncover that local structures and their formation history play a crucial role in determining assembly rates. This suggests that the emergence of nonequilibrium structures can locally accelerate further structural development, offering insights into the behavior of active materials under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyeth Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Swetamber Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Serxho Selmani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jovany G Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander M Rakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eric Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allon I Hochbaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jason R Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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2
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Hurst PJ, Yoon J, Singh R, Abouchaleh MF, Stewart KA, Sumerlin BS, Patterson JP. Hybrid Photoiniferter and Ring-Opening Polymerization Yields One-Pot Anisotropic Nanorods. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400100. [PMID: 38520318 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has emerged as a scalable one-pot technique to prepare block copolymer (BCP) nanoparticles. Recently, a PISA process, that results in poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) BCP nanoparticles coined ring-opening polymerization (ROP)-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA), was developed. The resulting nanorods demonstrate a strong propensity for aggregation, resulting in the formation of 2D sheets and 3D networks. This article reports the synthesis of poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide)-b-poly(l)-lactide BCP nanoparticles by ROPI-CDSA, utilizing a two-step, one-pot approach. A dual-functionalized photoiniferter is first used for controlled radical polymerization of the acrylamido-based monomer, and the resulting polymer serves as a macroinitiator for organocatalyzed ROP to form the solvophobic polyester block. The resulting nanorods are highly stable and display anisotropy at higher molecular weights (>12k Da) and concentrations (>20% solids) than the previous report. This development expands the chemical scope of ROPI-CDSA BCPs and provides readily accessible nanorods made with biocompatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Junsik Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Riya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Kevin A Stewart
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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3
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Mulvey JT, Iyer KP, Ortega T, Merham JG, Pivak Y, Sun H, Hochbaum AI, Patterson JP. Correlating electrochemical stimulus to structural change in liquid electron microscopy videos using the structural dissimilarity metric. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113894. [PMID: 38056395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) with electrical biasing capabilities has emerged as an invaluable tool for directly imaging electrode processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, accurately quantifying structural changes that occur on the electrode and subsequently correlating them to the applied stimulus remains challenging. Here, we present structural dissimilarity (DSSIM) analysis as segmentation-free video processing algorithm for locally detecting and quantifying structural change occurring in LCTEM videos. In this study, DSSIM analysis is applied to two in-situ LCTEM videos to demonstrate how to implement this algorithm and interpret the results. We show DSSIM analysis can be used as a visualization tool for qualitative data analysis by highlighting structural changes which are easily missed when viewing the raw data. Furthermore, we demonstrate how DSSIM analysis can serve as a quantitative metric and efficiently convert 3-dimensional microscopy videos to 1-dimenional plots which makes it easy to interpret and compare events occurring at different timepoints in a video. In the analyses presented here, DSSIM is used to directly correlate the magnitude and temporal scale of structural change to the features of the applied electrical bias. ImageJ, Python, and MATLAB programs, including a user-friendly interface and accompanying documentation, are published alongside this manuscript to make DSSIM analysis easily accessible to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Katen P Iyer
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tomàs Ortega
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jovany G Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yevheniy Pivak
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Allon I Hochbaum
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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4
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Rizvi A, Patterson JP. Liquid-liquid phase separation induced auto-confinement. Soft Matter 2024; 20:1978-1982. [PMID: 38363091 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01617j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Confinement allows macromolecules and biomacromolecules to attain arrangements typically unachievable through conventional self-assembly processes. In the field of block copolymers, confinement has been achieved by preparing thin films and controlled solvent evaporation through the use of emulsions. A significant advantage of the confinement-driven self-assembly process is its ability to enable block copolymers to form particles with complex internal morphologies, which would otherwise be inaccessible. Here, we show that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) can induce confinement during the self-assembly of a model block copolymer system. Since this confinement is driven by the block copolymers' tendency to undergo LLPS, we define this confinement type as auto-confinement. This study adds to the growing understanding of how LLPS influences block copolymer self-assembly and provides a new method to achieve confinement driven self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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5
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Hurst PJ, Mulvey JT, Bone RA, Selmani S, Hudson RF, Guan Z, Green JR, Patterson JP. CryoEM reveals the complex self-assembly of a chemically driven disulfide hydrogel. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1106-1116. [PMID: 38239701 PMCID: PMC10793653 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the adaptability of biological materials, a variety of synthetic, chemically driven self-assembly processes have been developed that result in the transient formation of supramolecular structures. These structures form through two simultaneous reactions, forward and backward, which generate and consume a molecule that undergoes self-assembly. The dynamics of these assembly processes have been shown to differ from conventional thermodynamically stable molecular assemblies. However, the evolution of nanoscale morphologies in chemically driven self-assembly and how they compare to conventional assemblies has not been resolved. Here, we use a chemically driven redox system to separately carry out the forward and backward reactions. We analyze the forward and backward reactions both sequentially and synchronously with time-resolved cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoEM). Quantitative image analysis shows that the synchronous process is more complex and heterogeneous than the sequential process. Our key finding is that a thermodynamically unstable stacked nanorod phase, briefly observed in the backward reaction, is sustained for ∼6 hours in the synchronous process. Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling show that the synchronous process is driven by multiple cycles of assembly and disassembly. The collective data suggest that chemically driven self-assembly can create sustained morphologies not seen in thermodynamically stable assemblies by kinetically stabilizing transient intermediates. This finding provides plausible design principles to develop and optimize supramolecular materials with novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Rebecca A Bone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
| | - Serxho Selmani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Redford F Hudson
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jason R Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA
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6
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Kunnas P, de Jonge N, Patterson JP. The effect of nanochannel length on in situ loading times of diffusion-propelled nanoparticles in liquid cell electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 255:113865. [PMID: 37856919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing nanoparticle (NP) assemblies in liquid environments with nanometer resolution. However, it remains a challenge to control the NP concentration in the high aspect ratio liquid enclosure where the diffusion of dispersed NPs is affected by the exposed surface of the liquid cell walls. Here, we introduce a semi-empirical model based on the 1D diffusion equation, to predict the NP loading time as they pass through the nanochannel into the imaging volume of the liquid cell. We show that loading of NPs into the imaging volume of the liquid cell may take several days if NPs are prone to attach to the surface of the mm-long nanochannel when using an industry-standard flat microchip. As a means to facilitate mass transport via diffusion, we tested a liquid cell incorporating a microchannel geometry resulting in a NP loading time in the order minutes that allowed us to observe the formation of a randomly oriented self-assembled monolayer in situ using scanning transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kunnas
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Vienna A-1090, Austria; University of Vienna, Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Niels de Jonge
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States.
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7
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Lustig DR, Buz E, Mulvey JT, Patterson JP, Kittilstved KR, Sambur JB. Characterizing the Ligand Shell Morphology of PEG-Coated ZnO Nanocrystals Using FRET Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8961-8973. [PMID: 37802098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ligands can inhibit proteins and other biomolecules from adhering to underlying surfaces, making them excellent surface ligands for nanocrystal (NC)-based drug carriers. Quantifying the PEG ligand shell morphology is important because its structure determines the permeability of biomolecules through the shell to the NC surface. However, few in situ analytical tools can reveal whether the PEG ligands form either an impenetrable barrier or a porous coating surrounding the NC. Here, we present a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy-based approach that can assess the permeability of molecules through PEG-coated ZnO NCs. In this approach, ZnO NCs serve as FRET donors, and freely diffusing molecules in the bulk solution are FRET acceptors. We synthesized a series of variable chain length PEG-silane-coated ZnO NCs such that the longest chain length ligands far exceed the Förster radius (R0), where the energy transfer (EnT) efficiency is 50%. We quantified the EnT efficiency as a function of the ligand chain length using time-resolved photoluminescence lifetime (TRPL) spectroscopy within the framework of FRET theory. Unexpectedly, the longest PEG-silane ligand showed equivalent EnT efficiency as that of bare, hydroxyl-passivated ZnO NCs. These results indicate that the "rigid shell" model fails and the PEG ligand shell morphology is more likely porous or in a patchy "mushroom state", consistent with transmission electron microscopy data. While the spectroscopic measurements and data analysis procedures discussed herein cannot directly visualize the ligand shell morphology in real space, the in situ spectroscopy approach can provide researchers with valuable information regarding the permeability of species through the ligand shell under practical biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Lustig
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Enes Buz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kevin R Kittilstved
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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8
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Carpenter BP, Talosig AR, Rose B, Di Palma G, Patterson JP. Understanding and controlling the nucleation and growth of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6918-6937. [PMID: 37796101 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks offer a diverse landscape of building blocks to design high performance materials for implications in almost every major industry. With this diversity stems complex crystallization mechanisms with various pathways and intermediates. Crystallization studies have been key to the advancement of countless biological and synthetic systems, with MOFs being no exception. This review provides an overview of the current theories and fundamental chemistry used to decipher MOF crystallization. We then discuss how intrinsic and extrinsic synthetic parameters can be used as tools to modulate the crystallization pathway to produce MOF crystals with finely tuned physical and chemical properties. Experimental and computational methods are provided to guide the probing of MOF crystal formation on the molecular and bulk scale. Lastly, we summarize the recent major advances in the field and our outlook on the exciting future of MOF crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - A Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Ben Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Di Palma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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9
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Mulvey JT, Rizvi A, Patterson JP. Liquid Electron Microscopy with Non-Aqueous Solvents: Evaluating the Beam-Sample Interactions of Complex Liquid Structures. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1758-1760. [PMID: 37613966 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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10
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Hickey JC, Hurst PJ, Patterson JP, Guan Z. Facile Synthesis of Multifunctional Bioreducible Polymers for mRNA Delivery. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203393. [PMID: 36469740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioreducible polymeric mRNA carriers are an emerging family of vectors for gene delivery and vaccine development. A few bioreducible systems have been generated through aqueous-phase ring-opening polymerization of lipoic acid derivatives, however this methodology limits hydrophobic group incorporation and functionality into resulting polymers. Herein, a poly(active ester)disulfide polymer is synthesized that can undergo facile aminolysis with amine-containing substrates under stoichiometric control and mild reaction conditions to yield a library of multifunctional polydisulfide polymers. Functionalized polydisulfide polymer species form stable mRNA-polymer nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of mRNAs in vitro. Alkyl-functionalized polydisulfide-RNA nanoparticles demonstrate rapid cellular uptake and excellent biodegradability when delivering EGFP and OVA mRNAs to cells in vitro. This streamlined polydisulfide synthesis provides a new facile methodology for accessing multifunctional bioreducible polymers as biomaterials for RNA delivery and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Paul J Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA.,Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA.,Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
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11
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Abstract
The importance and prevalence of energy-fueled active materials in living systems have inspired the design of synthetic active materials using various fuels. However, several major limitations of current designs remain to be addressed, such as the accumulation of chemical wastes during the process, unsustainable active behavior, and the lack of precise spatiotemporal control. Here, we demonstrate a fully electrically fueled (e-fueled) active self-assembly material that can overcome the aforementioned limitations. Using an electrochemical setup with dual electrocatalysts, the anodic oxidation of one electrocatalyst (ferrocyanide, [Fe(CN)6]4-) creates a positive fuel to activate the self-assembly, while simultaneously, the cathodic reduction of the other electrocatalyst (methyl viologen, [MV]2+) generates a negative fuel triggering fiber disassembly. Due to the fully catalytic nature for the reaction networks, this fully e-fueled active material system does not generate any chemical waste, can sustain active behavior for an extended period when the electrical potential is maintained, and provides spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Barpuzary
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Paul J Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
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12
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Hurst PJ, Graham AA, Patterson JP. Gaining Structural Control by Modification of Polymerization Rate in Ring-Opening Polymerization-Induced Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:501-509. [PMID: 36536891 PMCID: PMC9756957 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has become an important one pot method for the preparation of well-defined block copolymer nanoparticles. In PISA, morphology is typically controlled by changing molecular architecture and polymer concentration. However, several computational and experimental studies have suggested that changes in polymerization rate can lead to morphological differences. Here, we demonstrate that catalyst selection can be used to control morphology independent of polymer structure and concentration in ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA). Slower rates of polymerization give rise to slower rates of self-assembly, resulting in denser lamellae and more 3D structures when compared to faster rates of polymerization. Our explanation for this is that the fast samples transiently exist in a nonequilibrium state as self-assembly starts at a higher solvophobic block length when compared to the slow polymerization. We expect that subsequent examples of rate variation in PISA will allow for greater control over morphological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Annissa A. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Di Palma G, Geels S, Carpenter BP, Talosig RA, Chen C, Marangoni F, Patterson JP. Cyclodextrin metal-organic framework-based protein biocomposites. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6749-6754. [PMID: 36286095 PMCID: PMC9717710 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials are needed to increase the stability and half-life of therapeutic proteins during delivery. These materials should be biocompatible and biodegradable. Here, we demonstrate that enzymes and immunoproteins can be encapsulated inside cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks using potassium as the metal node. The release profile can be controlled with the solubility of the cyclodextrin linker. The activity of the proteins after release is determined using catalytic and in vitro assays. The results show that cyclodextrin metal-organic framework-based protein biocomposites are a promising class of materials to deliver therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Palma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Shannon Geels
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Rain A Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Charles Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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14
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Pompon RH, Fassbinder W, McNeil MR, Yoo H, Kim HS, Zimmerman RM, Martin N, Patterson JP, Pratt SR, Dickey MW. Associations among depression, demographic variables, and language impairments in chronic post-stroke aphasia. J Commun Disord 2022; 100:106266. [PMID: 36150239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression may influence treatment participation and outcomes of people with post-stroke aphasia, yet its prevalence and associated characteristics in aphasia are poorly understood. Using retrospective data from an overarching experimental study, we examined depressive symptoms and their relationship to demographic and language characteristics in people with chronic aphasia. As a secondary objective, we compared prevalence of depressive symptoms among the overarching study's included and excluded participants. METHODS We examined retrospective data from 121 individuals with chronic aphasia including depression scale scores, demographic information (sex, age, time post onset of stroke, education, race/ethnicity, and Veteran status), and scores on assessments of general and modality-specific language impairments. RESULTS Approximately 50% of participants reported symptoms indicative of depressive disorders: 23% indicative of major depression and 27% indicative of mild depression. Sex (males) and comparatively younger age emerged as statistically significant variables associated with depressive symptoms; naming ability was minimally associated with depressive symptoms. Time post onset of stroke, education level, race/ethnicity, Veteran status, and aphasia severity were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Depression-scale scores were significantly higher for individuals excluded from the overarching study compared to those who were included. CONCLUSIONS The rate of depressive disorders in this sample was higher than rates of depression reported in the general stroke literature. Participant sex, age, and naming ability emerged as factors associated with depressive symptoms, though these links appear complex, especially given variable reports from prior research. Importantly, depressive symptoms do not appear to diminish over time for individuals with chronic aphasia. Given these results and the relatively limited documentation of depression in aphasia literature, depression remains a pressing concern for aphasia research and routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Fassbinder
- VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M R McNeil
- VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - H Yoo
- Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - H S Kim
- Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN
| | | | - N Martin
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J P Patterson
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA
| | - S R Pratt
- VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M W Dickey
- VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Chen J, Rizvi A, Patterson JP, Hawker CJ. Discrete Libraries of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene glycol) Graft Copolymers: Synthesis, Assembly, and Bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19466-19474. [PMID: 36240519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an important and widely used polymer in biological and pharmaceutical applications for minimizing nonspecific binding while improving blood circulation for therapeutic/imaging agents. However, commercial PEG samples are polydisperse, which hampers detailed studies on chain length-dependent properties and potentially increases antibody responses in pharmaceutical applications. Here, we report a practical and scalable method to prepare libraries of discrete PEG analogues with a branched, nonlinear structure. These lipid-PEG derivatives have a monodisperse backbone with side chains containing a discrete number of ethylene glycol units (3 or 4) and unique functionalizable chain ends. Significantly, the branched, nonlinear structure is shown to allow for efficient nanoparticle assembly while reducing anti-PEG antibody recognition when compared to commercial polydisperse linear systems, such as DMG-PEG2000. By enabling the scalable synthesis of a broad library of graft copolymers, fundamental self-assembly properties can be understood and shown to directly correlate with the total number of PEG units, nature of the chain ends, and overall backbone length. These results illustrate the advantages of discrete macromolecules when compared to traditional disperse materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Carpenter B, Talosig AR, Mulvey JT, Merham JG, Esquivel J, Rose B, Ogata AF, Fishman DA, Patterson JP. Role of Molecular Modification and Protein Folding in the Nucleation and Growth of Protein-Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chem Mater 2022; 34:8336-8344. [PMID: 36193290 PMCID: PMC9523577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous nanomaterials that have been extensively studied as enzyme immobilization substrates. During in situ immobilization, MOF nucleation is driven by biomolecules with low isoelectric points. Investigation of how biomolecules control MOF self-assembly mechanisms on the molecular level is key to designing nanomaterials with desired physical and chemical properties. Here, we demonstrate how molecular modifications of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) can affect MOF crystal size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Final crystal properties are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), fluorescent microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. To probe MOF self-assembly, in situ experiments were performed using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Biophysical characterization of BSA and FITC-BSA was performed using ζ potential, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism studies, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The combined data reveal that protein folding and stability within amorphous precursors are contributing factors in the rate, extent, and mechanism of crystallization. Thus, our results suggest molecular modifications as promising methods for fine-tuning protein@MOFs' nucleation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke
P. Carpenter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - A. Rain Talosig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T. Mulvey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jovany G. Merham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jamie Esquivel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ben Rose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alana F. Ogata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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17
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Selmani S, Schwartz E, Mulvey JT, Wei H, Grosvirt-Dramen A, Gibson W, Hochbaum AI, Patterson JP, Ragan R, Guan Z. Electrically Fueled Active Supramolecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7844-7851. [PMID: 35446034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fuel-driven dissipative self-assemblies play essential roles in living systems, contributing both to their complex, dynamic structures and emergent functions. Several dissipative supramolecular materials have been created using chemicals or light as fuel. However, electrical energy, one of the most common energy sources, has remained unexplored for such purposes. Here, we demonstrate a new platform for creating active supramolecular materials using electrically fueled dissipative self-assembly. Through an electrochemical redox reaction network, a transient and highly active supramolecular assembly is achieved with rapid kinetics, directionality, and precise spatiotemporal control. As electronic signals are the default information carriers in modern technology, the described approach offers a potential opportunity to integrate active materials into electronic devices for bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serxho Selmani
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eric Schwartz
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hong Wei
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Adam Grosvirt-Dramen
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wyeth Gibson
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allon I Hochbaum
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Regina Ragan
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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18
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Patterson JP. Observation of Liquid-Liquid-Phase Separation and Vesicle Spreading during Supported Bilayer Formation via Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2021; 21:10325-10332. [PMID: 34890211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) enables the real-time visualization of nanoscale dynamics in solution. This technique has been used to study the formation and transformation mechanisms of organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Here, we study the formation of block-copolymer-supported bilayers using LP-TEM. We observe two formation pathways that involve either liquid droplets or vesicles as intermediates toward supported bilayers. Quantitative image analysis methods are used to characterize vesicle spread rates and show the origin of defect formation in supported bilayers. Our results suggest that bilayer assembly methods that proceed via liquid droplet intermediates should be beneficial for forming pristine supported bilayers. Furthermore, supported bilayers inside the liquid cells may be used to image membrane interactions with proteins and nanoparticles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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19
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Hurst PJ, Morris MA, Graham AA, Nowick JS, Patterson JP. Visualizing Teixobactin Supramolecular Assemblies and Cell Wall Damage in B. Subtilis Using CryoEM. ACS Omega 2021; 6:27412-27417. [PMID: 34693162 PMCID: PMC8529686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic teixobactin targets bacterial cell walls. Previous research has proposed that the active form of teixobactin is a nano-/micron-sized supramolecular assembly. Here, we use cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to show that at 1 mg/mL, teixobactin forms sheet-like assemblies that selectively act upon the cell wall. At 4 μg/mL, teixobactin is active, and aggregates are formed either transiently or sparingly at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael A. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Annissa A. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S. Nowick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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20
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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21
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Wu H, Li T, Maddala SP, Khalil ZJ, Joosten RRM, Mezari B, Hensen EJM, de With G, Friedrich H, van Bokhoven JA, Patterson JP. Studying Reaction Mechanisms in Solution Using a Distributed Electron Microscopy Method. ACS Nano 2021; 15:10296-10308. [PMID: 34077193 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) of materials undergoing chemical reactions provides knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. However, the mechanisms are often complex and cannot be fully resolved using a single method. Here, we present a distributed electron microscopy method for studying complex reactions. The method combines information from multiple stages of the reaction and from multiple EM methods, including liquid phase EM (LP-EM), cryogenic EM (cryo-EM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). We demonstrate this method by studying the desilication mechanism of zeolite crystals. Collectively, our data reveal that the reaction proceeds via a two-step anisotropic etching process and that the defects in curved surfaces and between the subunits in the crystal control the desilication kinetics by directing mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sai P Maddala
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zafeiris J Khalil
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim Mezari
- Inorganic Materials & Catalysis Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Inorganic Materials & Catalysis Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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22
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Wu H, Su H, Joosten RRM, Keizer ADA, van Hazendonk LS, Wirix MJM, Patterson JP, Laven J, de With G, Friedrich H. Mapping and Controlling Liquid Layer Thickness in Liquid-Phase (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2001287. [PMID: 34927906 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-Phase (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy (LP-(S)TEM) has become an essential technique to monitor nanoscale materials processes in liquids in real-time. Due to the pressure difference between the liquid and the microscope vacuum, bending of the silicon nitride (SiNx ) membrane windows generally occurs. This causes a spatially varying liquid layer thickness that makes interpretation of LP-(S)TEM results difficult due to a locally varying achievable resolution and diffusion limitations. To mediate these difficulties, it is shown: 1) how to quantitatively map liquid layer thickness for any liquid at less than 0.01 e- Å-2 total dose; 2) how to dynamically modulate the liquid thickness by tuning the internal pressure in the liquid cell, co-determined by the Laplace pressure and the external pressure. It is demonstrated that reproducible inward bulging of the window membranes can be realized, leading to an ultra-thin liquid layer in the central window area for high-resolution imaging. Furthermore, it is shown that the liquid thickness can be dynamically altered in a programmed way, thereby potentially overcoming the diffusion limitations towards achieving bulk solution conditions. The presented approaches provide essential ways to measure and dynamically adjust liquid thickness in LP-(S)TEM experiments, enabling new experiment designs and better control of solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Su
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur D A Keizer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Laura S van Hazendonk
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J M Wirix
- Materials & Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, Eindhoven, 5651 GG, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jozua Laven
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyeth Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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24
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Moradi MA, Eren ED, Chiappini M, Rzadkiewicz S, Goudzwaard M, van Rijt MMJ, Keizer ADA, Routh AF, Dijkstra M, de With G, Sommerdijk N, Friedrich H, Patterson JP. Spontaneous organization of supracolloids into three-dimensional structured materials. Nat Mater 2021; 20:541-547. [PMID: 33510444 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Periodic nano- or microscale structures are used to control light, energy and mass transportation. Colloidal organization is the most versatile method used to control nano- and microscale order, and employs either the enthalpy-driven self-assembly of particles at a low concentration or the entropy-driven packing of particles at a high concentration. Nonetheless, it cannot yet provide the spontaneous three-dimensional organization of multicomponent particles at a high concentration. Here we combined these two concepts into a single strategy to achieve hierarchical multicomponent materials. We tuned the electrostatic attraction between polymer and silica nanoparticles to create dynamic supracolloids whose components, on drying, reorganize by entropy into three-dimensional structured materials. Cryogenic electron tomography reveals the kinetic pathways, whereas Monte Carlo simulations combined with a kinetic model provide design rules to form the supracolloids and control the kinetic pathways. This approach may be useful to fabricate hierarchical hybrid materials for distinct technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Amin Moradi
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Deniz Eren
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Massimiliano Chiappini
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Rzadkiewicz
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Goudzwaard
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark M J van Rijt
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur D A Keizer
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Routh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA.
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25
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Ianiro A, Hendrix MMRM, Hurst PJ, Patterson JP, Vis M, Sztucki M, Esteves ACC, Tuinier R. Solvent Selectivity Governs the Emergence of Temperature Responsiveness in Block Copolymer Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2021; 54:2912-2920. [PMID: 33867580 PMCID: PMC8042846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In highly selective
solvents, block copolymers (BCPs) form association
colloids, while in solvents with poor selectivity, they exhibit a
temperature-controlled (de)mixing behavior. Herein, it is shown that
a temperature-responsive self-assembly behavior emerges in solvent
mixtures of intermediate selectivity. A biocompatible poly-ethylene(oxide)-block-poly-ε-caprolactone (PEO-PCL) BCP is used as
a model system. The polymer is dissolved in solvent mixtures containing
water (a strongly selective solvent for PEO) and ethanol (a poorly
selective solvent for PEO) to tune the solvency conditions. Using
synchrotron X-ray scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy,
and scanning probe microscopy, it is shown that a rich temperature-responsive
behavior can be achieved in certain solvent mixtures. Crystallization
of the PCL block enriches the phase behavior of the BCP by promoting
sphere-to-cylinder morphology transitions at low temperatures. Increasing
the water fraction in the solvent causes a suppression of the sphere-to-cylinder
morphology transition. These results open up the possibility to induce
temperature-responsive properties on demand in a wide range of BCP
systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ianiro
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco M R M Hendrix
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Mark Vis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Sztucki
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Catarina C Esteves
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Tuinier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Vena MP, de Moor D, Ianiro A, Tuinier R, Patterson JP. Kinetic state diagrams for a highly asymmetric block copolymer assembled in solution. Soft Matter 2021; 17:1084-1090. [PMID: 33289775 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer self-assembly is used to form nanomaterials with a wide range of structures. While self-assembly of polymers in bulk has been thoroughly explored, the same process in solution remains widely used but partially unresolved, due to the formation of structures which are often kinetically trapped. In this paper we report kinetic state diagrams of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer in water by changing the solvent-switch assembly conditions. We study 36 different conditions for a single block copolymer, exploring three parameters: polymer concentration, temperature and rate addition of selective solvent. The data shows that polymer concentration plays an important role in determining which morphologies are accessible within a given set of experimental parameters and provides evidence that vesicles can evolve into particles with complex internal structures, supportive of recent mechanistic studies. Most importantly, the data shows a complex relationship between all parameters and the resulting kinetically trapped morphologies indicating that combined in situ and ex situ studies are required to gain a fundamental understanding of kinetically controlled block copolymer assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Vena
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana F. Ogata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M. Rakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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28
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Hurst PJ, Rakowski AM, Patterson JP. Ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers (ROPI-CDSA). Nat Commun 2020; 11:4690. [PMID: 32943622 PMCID: PMC7499262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nano- and microstructures is of great interest for a wide range of applications. A key challenge in this field is obtaining independent control over molecular structure and hierarchical structure in all dimensions using scalable one-pot chemistry. Here we report on the ring opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA) of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nanostructures. A key feature of ROPI-CDSA is that the polymerization time is much shorter than the self-assembly relaxation time, resulting in a non-equilibrium self-assembly process. The self-assembly mechanism is analyzed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and turbidity studies. The analysis revealed that the self-assembly mechanism is dependent on both the polymer molecular structure and concentration. Knowledge of the self-assembly mechanism enabled the kinetic trapping of multiple hierarchical structures from a single block copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Alexander M Rakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Urja Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jovany G. Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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30
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Wu H, Friedrich H, Patterson JP, Sommerdijk NAJM, de Jonge N. Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001582. [PMID: 32419161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) have made it possible to perform experiments at the optimized conditions needed to examine soft matter. The main obstacle is conducting experiments in such a way that electron beam radiation can be used to obtain answers for scientific questions without changing the structure and (bio)chemical processes in the sample due to the influence of the radiation. By overcoming these experimental difficulties at least partially, LP-EM has evolved into a new microscopy method with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution for analysis of soft matter in materials science and biology. Both experimental design and applications of LP-EM for soft matter materials science and biological research are reviewed, and a perspective of possible future directions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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31
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Carmean RN, Sims MB, Figg CA, Hurst PJ, Patterson JP, Sumerlin BS. Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Hydrophobic Acrylic and Styrenic Polymers through Organic-Phase Photoiniferter-Mediated Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:613-618. [PMID: 35648494 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As many physical properties of polymers scale with molecular weight, the ability to achieve polymers of nearly inaccessibly high molecular weight provides an opportunity to probe the upper size limit of macromolecular phenomena. Yet many of the most stimulating macromolecular designs remain out of reach of current ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polymer synthetic approaches. Herein, we show that UHMW polymers of diverse composition can be achieved by irradiation of thiocarbonylthio photoiniferters with long-wave ultraviolet or visible light in concentrated organic solution. This facile photopolymerization strategy is general to acrylic-, acrylamido-, methacrylic-, and styrenic-based monomers, enabling the synthesis of well-defined macromolecules with molecular weights in excess of 106 g/mol. The high chain-end fidelity afforded by photoiniferter polymerization conditions facilitated the design of UHMW amphiphilic block copolymers, which were found to self-assemble into micellar morphologies up to 200 nm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nicholas Carmean
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michael B. Sims
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Paul J. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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32
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Ogata AF, Rakowski AM, Carpenter BP, Fishman DA, Merham JG, Hurst PJ, Patterson JP. Direct Observation of Amorphous Precursor Phases in the Nucleation of Protein–Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1433-1442. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana F. Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alexander M. Rakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jovany G. Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Paul J. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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33
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van Rijt MMJ, Ciaffoni A, Ianiro A, Moradi MA, Boyle AL, Kros A, Friedrich H, Sommerdijk NAJM, Patterson JP. Designing stable, hierarchical peptide fibers from block co-polypeptide sequences. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9001-9008. [PMID: 32874486 PMCID: PMC7449534 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the pH induced self-assembly of equilibrium zwitterionically charged block co-polypeptide nanotubes into hierarchical nanotube fibers.
Natural materials, such as collagen, can assemble with multiple levels of organization in solution. Achieving a similar degree of control over morphology, stability and hierarchical organization with equilibrium synthetic materials remains elusive. For the assembly of peptidic materials the process is controlled by a complex interplay between hydrophobic interactions, electrostatics and secondary structure formation. Consequently, fine tuning the thermodynamics and kinetics of assembly remains extremely challenging. Here, we synthesized a set of block co polypeptides with varying hydrophobicity and ability to form secondary structure. From this set we select a sequence with balanced interactions that results in the formation of high-aspect ratio thermodynamically favored nanotubes, stable between pH 2 and 12 and up to 80 °C. This stability permits their hierarchical assembly into bundled nanotube fibers by directing the pH and inducing complementary zwitterionic charge behavior. This block co-polypeptide design strategy, using defined sequences, provides a straightforward approach to creating complex hierarchical peptide-based assemblies with tunable interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M J van Rijt
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ; .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Adriano Ciaffoni
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad-Amin Moradi
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ; .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Aimee L Boyle
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ; .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ; .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ; .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P. O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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34
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Wright DB, Ramírez-Hernández A, Touve MA, Carlini AS, Thompson MP, Patterson JP, de Pablo JJ, Gianneschi NC. Enzyme-Induced Kinetic Control of Peptide-Polymer Micelle Morphology. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:676-681. [PMID: 35619523 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, experiment and simulation were combined to provide a view of the molecular rearrangements underlying the equilibrium and nonequilibrium transitions occurring in stimuli-responsive block copolymer amphiphile self-assemblies. Three block copolymer amphiphiles were prepared, each consisting of a hydrophilic peptide brush, responsive to proteolytic enzymes, and containing one of three possible hydrophobic blocks: (1) poly(ethyl acrylate), (2) poly(styrene), or (3) poly(lauryl acrylate). When assembled, they generate three spherical micelles each responsive to the addition of the bacterial protease, thermolysin. We found core-block-dependent phase transitions in response to the hydrophilic block being truncated by the stimulus. In one example, we found an unexpected, well-defined, pathway-dependent spherical micelle to vesicle phase transition induced by enzymatic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Mollie A. Touve
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andrea S. Carlini
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division & Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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35
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers are an efficient means of targeted therapy. Compared to conventional agents, they increase bioavailability and efficacy. In particular, polymer hydrogel nanoparticles (NPs) can be designed to respond when exposed to a specific environmental stimulus such as pH or temperature. However, targeting a specific metabolite as the trigger for stimuli response could further elevate selectivity and create a new class of bioresponsive materials. In this work we describe an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) NP that responds to a specific metabolite, characteristic of a hypoxic environment found in cancerous tumors. NIPAm NPs were synthesized by copolymerization with an oxamate derivative, a known inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The oxamate-functionalized NPs (OxNP) efficiently sequestered LDH to produce an OxNP-protein complex. When exposed to elevated concentrations of lactic acid, a substrate of LDH and a metabolite characteristic of hypoxic tumor microenvironments, OxNP-LDH complexes swelled (65%). The OxNP-LDH complexes were not responsive to structurally related small molecules. This work demonstrates a proof of concept for tuning NP responsiveness by conjugation with a key protein to target a specific metabolite of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista R Fruehauf
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Irvine , California 92697-2580 , United States
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Institute for Immunology , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Orange , California 92868 , United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Irvine , California 92697-2580 , United States
| | - Kenneth J Shea
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine (UCI) , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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36
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Ianiro A, González García Á, Wijker S, Patterson JP, Esteves ACC, Tuinier R. Controlling the Spatial Distribution of Solubilized Compounds within Copolymer Micelles. Langmuir 2019; 35:4776-4786. [PMID: 30811942 PMCID: PMC6448116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of lyophobic compounds in block copolymer micelles has been extensively investigated but remains only partially understood. There is a need to understand the fundamental parameters that determine the spatial distribution of the solubilized compounds within the micelles. Controlling this feature is a key aspect in the design of drug delivery systems with tailored release properties. Using Scheutjens-Fleer self-consistent field (SF-SCF) computations, we found that solubilization is regulated by a complex interplay between enthalpic and entropic contributions and that the spatial distribution can be controlled by the concentration and solubility of the guest compound in the dispersion medium. Upon solubilization, a characteristic change in size and mass of the micelles is predicted. This can be used as a fingerprint to indirectly assess the spatial distribution. Based on these findings, we developed two experimental protocols to control and assess the spatial distribution of lyophobic compounds within block copolymer micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ianiro
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro González García
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry and Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Wijker
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, C 92697 Irvine, United States
| | - A. Catarina C. Esteves
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Tuinier
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry and Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Santagiuliana G, Picot OT, Crespo M, Porwal H, Zhang H, Li Y, Rubini L, Colonna S, Fina A, Barbieri E, Spoelstra AB, Mirabello G, Patterson JP, Botto L, Pugno NM, Peijs T, Bilotti E. Breaking the Nanoparticle Loading-Dispersion Dichotomy in Polymer Nanocomposites with the Art of Croissant-Making. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9040-9050. [PMID: 30179514 PMCID: PMC6167000 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of nanomaterials offer promise for technological revolutions in many fields, including transportation, soft robotics, and energy. Unfortunately, the exploitation of such properties in polymer nanocomposites is extremely challenging due to the lack of viable dispersion routes when the filler content is high. We usually face a dichotomy between the degree of nanofiller loading and the degree of dispersion (and, thus, performance) because dispersion quality decreases with loading. Here, we demonstrate a potentially scalable pressing-and-folding method (P & F), inspired by the art of croissant-making, to efficiently disperse ultrahigh loadings of nanofillers in polymer matrices. A desired nanofiller dispersion can be achieved simply by selecting a sufficient number of P & F cycles. Because of the fine microstructural control enabled by P & F, mechanical reinforcements close to the theoretical maximum and independent of nanofiller loading (up to 74 vol %) were obtained. We propose a universal model for the P & F dispersion process that is parametrized on an experimentally quantifiable " D factor". The model represents a general guideline for the optimization of nanocomposites with enhanced functionalities including sensing, heat management, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Santagiuliana
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier T. Picot
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Crespo
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Harshit Porwal
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Han Zhang
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Gemmological
Institute, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, China 430074
| | - Luca Rubini
- Laboratory
of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil,
Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Samuele Colonna
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ettore Barbieri
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical
Science and Advanced Technology, Yokohama
Institute for Earth Sciences, 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Anne B. Spoelstra
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Botto
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola M. Pugno
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil,
Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Ket-Lab,
Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ton Peijs
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Bilotti
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Polido G, Shi X, Xu D, Guo C, Thai R, Patterson JP, Gianneschi NC, Suchyna TM, Sachs F, Holland GP. Investigating the interaction of Grammostola rosea venom peptides and model lipid bilayers with solid-state NMR and electron microscopy techniques. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2018; 1861:151-160. [PMID: 30463698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Spider venom contains a number of small peptides that can control the gating properties of a wide range of ion channels with high affinity and specificity. These ion channels are responsible for coordination and control of many bodily functions such as transducing signals into sensory functions, smooth muscle contractions as well as serving as sensors in volume regulation. Hence, these peptides have been the topic of many research efforts in hopes that they can be used as biomedical therapeutics. Several peptides are known to control the gating properties of ion channels by involving the lipid membrane. GsMTx4, originally isolated from the Chilean Rose tarantula (Grammostola rosea), is known to selectively inhibit mechanosensitive ion channels by partitioning into the lipid bilayer. To further understand this indirect gating mechanism, we investigated the interactions between native GsAF2, VsTx1 and a synthetic form of GsMTx4 with model DMPC lipid bilayers using 31P solid-state NMR, 13C CP-MAS NMR, NS-TEM and cryo-TEM. The results reveal that these inhibitor cystine knot peptides perforate the DMPC lipid vesicles similarly with some subtle differences and ultimately create small spherical vesicles and anisotropic cylindrical and discoidal vesicles at concentrations near 1.0-1.5 mol% peptide. The anisotropic components align with their long axes along the NMR static B0 magnetic field, a property that should be useful in future NMR structural investigations of these systems. These findings move us forward in our understanding of how these peptides bind and interact with the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Polido
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Xiangyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Dian Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Rich Thai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas M Suchyna
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Frederick Sachs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gregory P Holland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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Denny MS, Parent LR, Patterson JP, Meena SK, Pham H, Abellan P, Ramasse QM, Paesani F, Gianneschi NC, Cohen SM. Transmission Electron Microscopy Reveals Deposition of Metal Oxide Coatings onto Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1348-1357. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Denny
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lucas R. Parent
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron
Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Santosh Kumar Meena
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Huy Pham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Patricia Abellan
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M. Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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40
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Parent LR, Bakalis E, Ramírez-Hernández A, Kammeyer JK, Park C, de Pablo J, Zerbetto F, Patterson JP, Gianneschi NC. Directly Observing Micelle Fusion and Growth in Solution by Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17140-17151. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Evangelos Bakalis
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Abelardo Ramírez-Hernández
- Materials
Science Division and Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jacquelin K. Kammeyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chiwoo Park
- Department
of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Juan de Pablo
- Materials
Science Division and Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron
Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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41
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Parent LR, Pham CH, Patterson JP, Denny MS, Cohen SM, Gianneschi NC, Paesani F. Pore Breathing of Metal–Organic Frameworks by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13973-13976. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Labratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron
Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
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42
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Abstract
Morphology plays an essential role in chemistry through the segregation of atoms and/or molecules into different phases, delineated by interfaces. This is a general process in materials synthesis and exploited in many fields including colloid chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, and functional molecular systems. To rationally design complex materials, we must understand and control morphology evolution. Toward this goal, we utilize cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), which can track the structural evolution of materials in solution with nanometer spatial resolution and a temporal resolution of <1 s. In this Account, we review examples of our own research where direct observations by cryoTEM have been essential to understanding morphology evolution in macromolecular self-assembly, inorganic nucleation and growth, and the cooperative evolution of hybrid materials. These three different research areas are at the heart of our approach to materials chemistry where we take inspiration from the myriad examples of complex materials in Nature. Biological materials are formed using a limited number of chemical components and under ambient conditions, and their formation pathways were refined during biological evolution by enormous trial and error approaches to self-organization and biomineralization. By combining the information on what is possible in nature and by focusing on a limited number of chemical components, we aim to provide an essential insight into the role of structure evolution in materials synthesis. Bone, for example, is a hierarchical and hybrid material which is lightweight, yet strong and hard. It is formed by the hierarchical self-assembly of collagen into a macromolecular template with nano- and microscale structure. This template then directs the nucleation and growth of oriented, nanoscale calcium phosphate crystals to form the composite material. Fundamental insight into controlling these structuring processes will eventually allow us to design such complex materials with predetermined and potentially unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifei Xu
- Laboratory of Materials and
Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad-Amin Moradi
- Laboratory of Materials and
Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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43
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Leriche G, Cifelli JL, Sibucao KC, Patterson JP, Koyanagi T, Gianneschi NC, Yang J. Characterization of drug encapsulation and retention in archaea-inspired tetraether liposomes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2157-2162. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Archaea-inspired lipids exhibit reduced membrane permeability and increased retention of hydrophilic drugs in liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffray Leriche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jessica L. Cifelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Kevin C. Sibucao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Takaoki Koyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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44
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Johnson ME, Shon J, Guan BM, Patterson JP, Oldenhuis NJ, Eldredge AC, Gianneschi NC, Guan Z. Fluorocarbon Modified Low-Molecular-Weight Polyethylenimine for siRNA Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1784-8. [PMID: 27457882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and study of fluorocarbon (FC) modified polyethylenimine (PEI) for the purpose of siRNA delivery. Low-molecular-weight PEI (Mn = 600) was functionalized with fluorocarbon epoxides of varying length. All FC-modified samples with greater than 2.0 equiv of FC epoxide per PEI induced potent gene silencing in vitro. Compared to hydrocarbon (HC) analogues, the FC vectors showed greater general silencing efficacy, higher cell uptake, and reduced association with serum components. Collectively, the data suggest that modification of polyamines with FCs is a promising approach for the discovery of novel vectors for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Judy Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Brian M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander C Eldredge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Patterson JP, Parent LR, Cantlon J, Eickhoff H, Bared G, Evans JE, Gianneschi NC. Picoliter Drop-On-Demand Dispensing for Multiplex Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:507-14. [PMID: 27135268 PMCID: PMC5235328 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) provides a unique insight into the dynamics of nanomaterials in solution. Controlling the addition of multiple solutions to the liquid cell remains a key hurdle in our ability to increase throughput and to study processes dependent on solution mixing including chemical reactions. Here, we report that a piezo dispensing technique allows for mixing of multiple solutions directly within the viewing area. This technique permits deposition of 50 pL droplets of various aqueous solutions onto the liquid cell window, before assembly of the cell in a fully controlled manner. This proof-of-concept study highlights the great potential of picoliter dispensing in combination with LCTEM for observing nanoparticle mixing in the solution phase and the creation of chemical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lucas R. Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Guido Bared
- SCIENION AG, Volmerstr. 7a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd., Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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46
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Proetto MT, Anderton CR, Hu D, Szymanski CJ, Zhu Z, Patterson JP, Kammeyer JK, Nilewski LG, Rush AM, Bell NC, Evans JE, Orr G, Howell SB, Gianneschi NC. Cellular Delivery of Nanoparticles Revealed with Combined Optical and Isotopic Nanoscopy. ACS Nano 2016; 10:4046-54. [PMID: 27022832 PMCID: PMC8459375 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct polymerization of an oxaliplatin analogue was used to reproducibly generate amphiphiles in one pot, which consistently and spontaneously self-assemble into well-defined nanoparticles (NPs). Despite inefficient drug leakage in cell-free assays, the NPs were observed to be as cytotoxic as free oxaliplatin in cell culture experiments. We investigated this phenomenon by super-resolution fluorescence structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). In combination, these techniques revealed NPs are taken up via endocytic pathways before intracellular release of their cytotoxic cargo. As with other drug-carrying nanomaterials, these systems have potential as cellular delivery vehicles. However, high-resolution methods to track nanocarriers and their cargo at the micro- and nanoscale have been underutilized in general, limiting our understanding of their interactions with cells and tissues. We contend this type of combined optical and isotopic imaging strategy represents a powerful and potentially generalizable methodology for cellular tracking of nanocarriers and their cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Proetto
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher R. Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Craig J. Szymanski
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacquelin K. Kammeyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lizanne G. Nilewski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony M. Rush
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nia C. Bell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stephen B. Howell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Randolph LM, LeGuyader CLM, Hahn ME, Andolina CM, Patterson JP, Mattrey RF, Millstone JE, Botta M, Scadeng M, Gianneschi NC. Polymeric Gd-DOTA amphiphiles form spherical and fibril-shaped nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4230-4236. [PMID: 30155069 PMCID: PMC6013922 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gd3+-coordinated polymerizable analogue of the MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA was used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, with hydrophilic blocks composed entirely of the polymerized contrast agent.
A Gd3+-coordinated polymerizable analogue of the MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA was used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, with hydrophilic blocks composed entirely of the polymerized contrast agent. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers assemble into nanoparticles (NPs) of spherical- or fibril-shape, each demonstrating enhanced relaxivity over Gd-DOTA. As an initial examination of their behavior in vivo, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of NPs into live mice was performed, showing long IP residence times, observed by MRI. Extended residence times for particles of well-defined morphology may represent a valuable design paradigm for treatment or diagnosis of peritoneal malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay M Randolph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Clare L M LeGuyader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Michael E Hahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ; .,Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Christopher M Andolina
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 4200 Fifth Ave , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
| | - Robert F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 4200 Fifth Ave , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Alessandria , Italy
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA . ;
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48
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Wright DB, Patterson JP, Gianneschi NC, Chassenieux C, Colombani O, O’Reilly RK. Blending block copolymer micelles in solution; Obstacles of blending. Polym Chem 2016; 7:1577-1583. [PMID: 26918033 PMCID: PMC4762687 DOI: 10.1039/c5py02006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers can assemble into a variety of structures on the nanoscale in selective solvent. The micelle blending protocol offers a simple unique route to reproducibly produce polymer nanostructures. Here we expand this blending protocol to a range of polymer micelle systems and self-assembly routes. We found by exploring a range of variables that the systems must be able to reach global equilibrium at some point for the blending protocol to be successful. Our results demonstrate the kinetics requirements, specifically core block glass transition temperature, Tg, and length of the block limiting the exchange rates, for the blending protocol which can then be applied to a wide range of polymer systems to access this simple protocol for polymer self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Wright
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christophe Chassenieux
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, IMMM UMR CNRS 6283 Département PCI, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Colombani
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, IMMM UMR CNRS 6283 Département PCI, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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49
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Li Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Carniato F, Xie Y, Patterson JP, Thompson MP, Andolina CM, Ditri TB, Millstone JE, Figueroa JS, Rinehart JD, Scadeng M, Botta M, Gianneschi NC. Polycatechol Nanoparticle MRI Contrast Agents. Small 2016; 12:668-77. [PMID: 26681255 PMCID: PMC5441847 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic triblock copolymers containing Fe(III) -catecholate complexes formulated as spherical- or cylindrical-shaped micellar nanoparticles (SMN and CMN, respectively) are described as new T1-weighted agents with high relaxivity, low cytotoxicity, and long-term stability in biological fluids. Relaxivities of both SMN and CMN exceed those of established gadolinium chelates across a wide range of magnetic field strengths. Interestingly, shape-dependent behavior is observed in terms of the particles' interactions with HeLa cells, with CMN exhibiting enhanced uptake and contrast via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with SMN. These results suggest that control over soft nanoparticle shape will provide an avenue for optimization of particle-based contrast agents as biodiagnostics. The polycatechol nanoparticles are proposed as suitable for preclinical investigations into their viability as gadolinium-free, safe, and effective imaging agents for MRI contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuran Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Yijun Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew P Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher M Andolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Treffly B Ditri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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50
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Patterson JP, Collins D, Michaud J, Axson JL, Sultana CM, Moser T, Dommer AC, Conner J, Grassian VH, Stokes MD, Deane GB, Evans JE, Burkart MD, Prather KA, Gianneschi N. Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Cent Sci 2016; 2:40-47. [PMID: 26878061 PMCID: PMC4731829 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt droplets-all of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Douglas
B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer
M. Michaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Camile M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Moser
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Abigail C. Dommer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jack Conner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan
C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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