1
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Liu S, Xu T, Liu Y, Wang Y. Dearomative Intramolecular meta-Thermocycloadditions of Benzene Rings via Wheland Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407841. [PMID: 38837571 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative cycloadditions are powerful synthetic transformations utilizing aromatic compounds for cycloaddition reactions. They have been extensively applied to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds not only because of the complexity generated from simplicity but also the atom- and step-economy. For the most studied yet challenging benzene ring systems, ortho- and para-cycloadditions have been realized both photochemically and thermally, while the meta-cycloadditions are still limited to the photochemical processes tracing back to the 1960s. Herein, we for the first time realized the thermal cycloadditions of benzene rings with alkenes in a meta fashion via Wheland intermediates. A broad spectrum of readily available C(sp2)-rich aniline-tethered enynes were transformed into C(sp3)-rich 3D complex polycyclic architectures simply by stirring in TFA. Moreover, the reaction could be performed in gram-scales and the products could be diversely elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Youliang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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2
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Hou L, Yang L, Yang G, Luo Z, Xiao W, Yang L, Wang F, Gong LZ, Liu X, Cao W, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomative [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition/Ring-Expansion Sequence of Indoles with Diversified Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23457-23466. [PMID: 38993029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing novel strategies for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is highly valuable. Visible light-mediated photocatalysis is demonstrated to be a powerful tool to activate aromatic compounds for further synthetic transformations. Herein, a catalytic asymmetric dearomative [2 + 2] photocycloaddition/ring-expansion sequence of indoles with simple alkenes was reported, providing a facile access to enantioenriched cyclopenta[b]indoles with good to high yields and enantioselectivities by means of chiral lanthanide photocatalysis. This protocol exhibited a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, as well as potential applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies, including control experiments, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, were carried out, shedding insights into the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Longqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanlong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linhan Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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3
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Shi L, Liu L, Lei X, Wang Y, Fang Y, Jiao P. Dearomative pyrrole (3+2) reaction with geminal bromonitroalkane: synthesis of 2,3-dihydropyrroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6953-6956. [PMID: 38887875 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of 1-Boc-pyrroles with in situ generated silver α-bromo alkylidenenitronates delivered a series of 3a,6a-dihydro-4-Boc-pyrrolo[2,3-d]isoxazole-2-oxides (17-91% yields) under very mild conditions. N-Deoxygenation of the cycloaddition product gave a dihydro-pyrrolo[2,3-d]isoxazole, elaborations of which produced various functionalized 2,3-dihydropyrroles and pyrrolidines, showcasing the potential utilities of our new strategy of pyrrole dearomatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lidong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xingyu Lei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yeguang Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Peng Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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4
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Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
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5
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Tian D, Shi W, Sun X, Zhao X, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloadditions of anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4563. [PMID: 38811663 PMCID: PMC11137010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis through energy transfer has been investigated for the facilitation of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. However, the high reactivity of radical species poses a challenging obstacle to achieving enantiocontrol with chiral catalysts, as no enantioselective examples have been reported thus far. Here, we present the development of catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloaddition involving anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes. This accomplishment is achieved by utilizing a cooperative photosensitizer and chiral Brønsted acid catalysis platform. Importantly, this process enables the activation of anthracene substrates through energy transfer from triplet DPZ, thereby initiating a precise and stereoselective sequential transformation. The significance of our work is highlighted by the synthesis of a diverse range of pharmaceutical valuable cycloadducts incorporating attractive azaarenes, all obtained with high yields, ees, and drs. The broad substrate scope is further underscored by successful construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and diverse adjacent stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
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6
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Ji K, Parthiban J, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Triple-Dearomative Photocycloaddition: A Strategy to Construct Caged Molecular Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13445-13454. [PMID: 38708818 PMCID: PMC11149169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented caged 2H-benzo-dioxo-pentacycloundecane framework was serendipitously obtained in a single transformation via triple-dearomative photocycloaddition of chromone esters with furans. This caged structure was generated as part of an effort to access a tricyclic, oxygen-bridged intermediate enroute to the dihydroxanthone natural product nidulalin A. Reaction scope and limitations were thoroughly investigated, revealing the ability to access a multitude of synthetically challenging caged scaffolds in a two-step sequence. Photophysical studies provided key mechanistic insights on the process for formation of the novel caged scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 43403, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 43403, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 43403, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States
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7
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Zhu M, Gao YJ, Huang XL, Li M, Zheng C, You SL. Photo-induced intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of arenes for the construction of highly strained medium-sized-rings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2462. [PMID: 38503749 PMCID: PMC10951311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Medium-sized-ring compounds have been recognized as challenging synthetic targets in organic chemistry. Especially, the difficulty of synthesis will be augmented if an E-olefin moiety is embedded. Recently, photo-induced dearomative cycloaddition reactions that proceed via energy transfer mechanism have witnessed significant developments and provided powerful methods for the organic transformations that are not easily realized under thermal conditions. Herein, we report an intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of naphthalene-derived vinylcyclopropanes under visible-light irradiation and a proper triplet photosensitizer. The reaction affords dearomatized polycyclic molecules possessing a nine-membered-ring with an E-olefin moiety in good yields (up to 86%) and stereoselectivity (up to 8.8/1 E/Z). Detailed computational studies reveal the origin behind the favorable formation of the thermodynamically less stable isomers. Diverse derivations of the dearomatized products have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Long F, Jiang K, Song W, Luo W, Yin B. Photoinduced Pd-Catalyzed Dearomative 2,5-Difunctionalizition of Furans via Cascade C-C/C-O Bond Formation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1083-1087. [PMID: 38277672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient and mild approach for radical dearomatization via photoinduced palladium-catalyzed reaction of three components (i.e., furans, alcohols, and bromoalkanes). In this strategy, various functionalized spiro-heterocycles were prepared from furans in one step via cascade C-C/C-O bond formation under redox neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Long
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wenkun Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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9
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Zhou BC, Chen BZ, Song TT, Yang Y, Zhang LM, Ji DW, Wan B, Chen QA. Hydrated [3+2] Cyclotelomerization of Butafulvenes to Create Multiple Contiguous Fully Substituted Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317299. [PMID: 38105386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The construction of multiple continuous fully substituted carbon centers, which serve as unique structural motif in natural products, is a challenging topic in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a hydrated [3+2] cyclotelomerization of butafulvenes to create contiguous fully substituted carbon backbone. In the presence of scandium triflate, all-carbon skeleton with spiro fused tricyclic ring can be constructed in high diastereoselectivity by utilizing butafulvene as the synthon. Mechanistic studies suggest that this atom-economic reaction probably proceeds through a synergistic process containing butafulvenes dimerization and nucleophilic attack by water. In addition, the tricyclic product can undergo a series of synthetic derivatizations, which highlights the potential applications of this strategy. The recyclability of Sc(OTf)3 has also been demonstrated to show its robust performance in this hydrated cyclotelomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Chao Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting-Ting Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Dutta S, Lee D, Ozols K, Daniliuc CG, Shintani R, Glorius F. Photoredox-Enabled Dearomative [2π + 2σ] Cycloaddition of Phenols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2789-2797. [PMID: 38236061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative photocycloaddition of monocyclic arenes is an appealing strategy for comprehending the concept of "escape from flatland". This brings the replacement of readily available planar aromatic hydrocarbon units with a 3D fused bicyclic core with sp3-enriched carbon units. Herein, we outline an intermolecular approach for the dearomative photocycloaddition of phenols. In order to circumvent the ground-state aromaticity and to construct conformationally restrained building blocks, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes were chosen as coupling partners. This dearomative approach renders straightforward access to a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane unit fused to a cyclic enone moiety, which further contributed as a synthetic linchpin for postmodifications. Mechanistic experiment advocates for a plausible onset from both the reactants, depending on the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Donghyeon Lee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kristers Ozols
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryo Shintani
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Palai A, Rai P, Maji B. Rejuvenation of dearomative cycloaddition reactions via visible light energy transfer catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12004-12025. [PMID: 37969572 PMCID: PMC10631258 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition is a powerful technique to access sp3-rich three-dimensional structural motifs from simple flat, aromatic feedstock. The building-up of unprecedentedly diverse polycyclic scaffolds with increased saturation and stereochemical information having various applications ranging from pharmaceutical to material sciences, is an essential goal in organic chemistry. However, the requirement of large energy inputs to disrupt the aromaticity of an arene moiety necessitates harsh reaction conditions for ground state dearomative cycloaddition. The photochemical requirement encompasses use of ultraviolet (UV) light to enable the reaction on an excited potential energy surface. The microscopic reversibility under thermal conditions and the use of high energy harmful UV irradiation in photochemical manoeuvres, however, constrain their widespread use from a synthetic point of view. In this context, the recent renaissance of visible light energy transfer (EnT) catalysis has become a powerful tool to initiate dearomative cycloaddition as a greener and more sustainable approach. The excited triplet state population is achieved by triplet energy transfer from the appropriate photosensitizer to the substrate. While employing mild visible light energy as fuel, the process leverages an enormous potential of excited state reactivity. The discovery of an impressive portfolio of organic and inorganic photosensitizers with a range of triplet energies facilitates visible light photosensitized dearomative cycloaddition of various substrates to form sp3-rich fused polycyclic architectures with diverse applications. The tutorial review comprehensively surveys the reawakening of dearomative cycloadditions via visible light-mediated energy transfer catalysis in the past five years. The progress ranges from intra- and intermolecular [2π + 2π] to [4π + 2π], and ends at intermolecular [2π + 2σ] cycloadditions. Furthermore, the review provides potential possibilities for future growth in the growing field of visible light energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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12
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Wang W, Brown MK. Photosensitized [4+2]- and [2+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of N-Sulfonylimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305622. [PMID: 37395414 PMCID: PMC10528476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polycyclic compounds is of high interest due to the prevalence of these motifs in drugs and natural products. Herein, we report on the stereoselective construction of 3D bicyclic scaffolds and azetidine derivatives by modulation of N-sulfonylimines to achieve either [4+2]- or [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions. The utility of the method was established by further modulation of the product. Mechanistic studies are also included, which support reaction via Dexter energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
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13
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Yoshida Y, Takeuchi H, Nakagawa K, Fujii T, Arichi N, Oishi S, Ohno H, Inuki S. Construction of a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Skeleton via a Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Cascade Reaction of Amino Acid Derivatives with N-(2-Phenyl)benzoyl Groups. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37366566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bridged polycyclic ring systems constitute the core structures of numerous natural products and biologically active molecules. We found that simple biphenyl substrates derived from amino acids participate in a radical cascade reaction under visible light irradiation in the presence of [Ir{dF(CF3)ppy}2(dtbpy)]PF6 to enable the direct construction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octene structures. Isotopic labeling experiments suggested that intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer is involved in the cascade processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Lv X, Qi YN, Wang J, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Photoinduced Vinylogous Dearomatization. Org Lett 2023; 25:3114-3119. [PMID: 37096799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The first vinylogous dearomatization is reported. Under a photoinduced platform, various benzothiophenes functionalized by ketones at the 3-position could react with 3-methylenechroman-4-ones efficiently, leading to a variety of valuable products that contain the pharmaceutically significant chromones and 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes concurrently. The transformations were revealed to experience hydrogen-atom transfer, dearomatization, olefin migration, and radical cross coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lv
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University; Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Qi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University; Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University; Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University; Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
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15
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Zhen G, Zeng G, Jiang K, Wang F, Cao X, Yin B. Visible-Light-Induced Diradical-Mediated ipso-Cyclization towards Double Dearomative [2+2]-Cycloaddition or Smiles-Type Rearrangement. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203217. [PMID: 36460618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
When mono-radical ipso-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides tend to undergo Smiles-type rearrangement through aromatization-driven C-S bond cleavage, diradical-mediated cyclization must perform in a distinct reaction pathway. It is interesting meanwhile challenging to tune the rate of C-S bond cleavage to achieve a chemically divergent reaction of (hetero) aryl sulfonamides in a visible-light induced energy transfer (EnT) reaction pathway involving diradical species. Herein a chemically divergent reaction based on the designed indole-tethered (hetero)arylsulfonamides is reported which involves a diradical-mediated ipso-cyclization and a controllable cleavage of an inherent C-S bond. The combined experimental and computational results have revealed that the cleavage of the C-S bond in these substrates can be controlled by tuning the heteroaryl moieties: a) If the (hetero)aryl is thienyl, furyl, phenanthryl, etc., the radical coupling of double dearomative diradicals (DDDR) precedes over C-S bond cleavage to afford cyclobutene fused indolines by double dearomative [2+2]-cycloaddition; b) if the (hetero)aryl is phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, indolyl etc., the cleavage of C-S bond in DDDR is favored over radical coupling to afford biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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16
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He XL, Wen YW, Li H, Qian S, He M, Song Q, Wang Z. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofuran-Fused Spiroindolizidines via Double-Dearomative [3 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:493-503. [PMID: 36550408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spiroindolizidine oxindoles represent a kind of privileged scaffold in many biologically active natural alkaloids. 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran derivatives exhibit significant bioactivities in a variety of pharmaceuticals. Herein, we assembled these two privileged fragments into a small molecule via double-dearomative [3 + 2] cycloadditions with pyridinium ylides and 2-nitrobenzofurans. This protocol features remarkable advantages including wide substrate scope, mild condition, high level of diastereoselectivities and yields. Thus, a collection of spiroindolizidine-fused dihydrobenzofurans/indolines were facilely produced efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
| | - You-Wu Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Hechen Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Shan Qian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
| | - Mengyang He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Qiao Song
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin City, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Yibin 644004, China
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17
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Han B, Li W, Chen S, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Recent Advances in Copper-Catalyzed Silyl Addition of Unsaturated Compounds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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18
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Guan F, Zhou R, Ren X, Guo Z, Wang C, Zhou CY. Asymmetric dearomative cyclopropanation of naphthalenes to construct polycyclic compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13015-13019. [PMID: 36425492 PMCID: PMC9669881 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is an important synthetic method for constructing enantioenriched complex cyclic systems from simple aromatic feedstocks. However, the CADA reactions of nonactivated arenes, such as naphthalenes and benzenes, have been far less explored than those of electronically activated arenes, such as phenols, naphthols and indoles. Herein, we disclose an asymmetric dearomative cyclopropanation of naphthalenes for the rapid construction of polycyclic compounds. With chiral dirhodium carboxylate as a catalyst, the dearomative cyclopropanation proceeded smoothly under mild conditions and afforded benzonorcaradiene-containing tetracycles in good yield and high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). Three stereogenic centers, including two all-carbon quaternary centers, were created in the dearomatization reaction. Moreover, a variety of functional groups are well-tolerated in the reaction. The products could be readily converted into other complex polycycles while maintaining the high ee value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Guan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
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19
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Gall BK, Smith AK, Ferreira EM. Dearomative (3+2) Cycloadditions between Indoles and Vinyldiazo Species Enabled by a Red-Shifted Chromium Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212187. [PMID: 36063422 PMCID: PMC9828771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A direct dearomative photocatalyzed (3+2) cycloaddition between indoles and vinyldiazo reagents is described. The transformation is enabled by the development of a novel oxidizing CrIII photocatalyst, its specific reactivity attributed to increased absorptive properties over earlier Cr analogs and greater stability than Ru counterparts. A variety of fused indoline compounds are synthesized using this method, including densely functionalized ring systems that are feasible due to base-free conditions. Experimental insights corroborate a cycloaddition initiated by nucleophilic attack at C3 of the indole radical cation by the vinyldiazo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Avery K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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20
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Stegbauer S, Jandl C, Bach T. Chiral Lewis acid catalysis in a visible light-triggered cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11856-11862. [PMID: 36320923 PMCID: PMC9580482 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03159k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cascade (domino) reactions facilitate the formation of complex molecules from simple starting materials in a single operation. It was found that 1-naphthaldehyde derivatives can be converted to enantioenriched (82-96% ee) polycyclic benzoisochromenes via a cascade of ortho photocycloaddition and ensuing acid-catalysed rearrangement reactions. The cascade was initiated by irradiation with visible light (λ = 457 nm) and catalysed by a chiral AlBr3-activated 1,3,2-oxazaborolidine (14 examples, 65-93% yield). The absolute configuration of the products was elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the ortho photocycloaddition occurs on the triplet hypersurface and that the chiral catalyst induces in this step the observed enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stegbauer
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 Garching 85747 Germany https://www.ch.nat.tum.de/en/oc1/home/ +49 (0)89 289 13315
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 Garching 85747 Germany https://www.ch.nat.tum.de/en/oc1/home/ +49 (0)89 289 13315
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 Garching 85747 Germany https://www.ch.nat.tum.de/en/oc1/home/ +49 (0)89 289 13315
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21
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Guo R, Adak S, Bellotti P, Gao X, Smith WW, Le SN, Ma J, Houk KN, Glorius F, Chen S, Brown MK. Photochemical Dearomative Cycloadditions of Quinolines and Alkenes: Scope and Mechanism Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17680-17691. [PMID: 36106902 PMCID: PMC9840784 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical dearomative cycloaddition has emerged as a useful strategy to rapidly generate molecular complexity. Within this context, stereo- and regiocontrolled intermolecular para-cycloadditions are rare. Herein, a method to achieve photochemical cycloaddition of quinolines and alkenes is shown. Emphasis is placed on generating sterically congested products and reaction of highly substituted alkenes and allenes. In addition, the mechanistic details of the process are studied, which revealed a reversible radical addition and a selectivity-determining radical recombination. The regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction is also rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Souvik Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Xinfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - W Walker Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Sam Ngan Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio44074, United States
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio44074, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
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22
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Wang H, Tian YM, König B. Energy- and atom-efficient chemical synthesis with endergonic photocatalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:745-755. [PMID: 37117495 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endergonic photocatalysis is the use of light to perform catalytic reactions that are thermodynamically unfavourable. While photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in facilitating chemical transformations, the light-energy efficiency of these processes has not gathered much attention. Exergonic photocatalysis does not take full advantage of the light energy input, producing low-energy products and heat, whereas endergonic photocatalysis incorporates a portion of the photon energy into the reaction, yielding products that are higher in free energy than the reactants. Such processes can enable catalytic, atom-economic syntheses of reactive compounds from bench-stable materials. With respect to environmental friendliness and carbon neutrality, endergonic photocatalysis is also of interest to large-scale industrial manufacturing, where better energy efficiency, less waste and value addition are highly sought. We therefore assess here the thermochemistry of several classes of reported photocatalytic transformations to showcase current advances in endergonic photocatalysis and point to their industrial potential.
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23
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Zhu M, Zhang X, Zheng C, You SL. Energy-Transfer-Enabled Dearomative Cycloaddition Reactions of Indoles/Pyrroles via Excited-State Aromatics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2510-2525. [PMID: 35943728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the enormous chemical space through an expedient building-up of molecular diversity is an important goal of organic chemistry. The development of synthetic methods toward molecules with unprecedented structural motifs lays the foundation for wide applications ranging from pharmaceutical chemistry to materials science. In this regard, the dearomatization of arenes has been recognized as a unique strategy since it provides novel retrosynthetic disconnections for various spiro or fused polycyclic molecules with increased saturation and stereoisomerism. However, inherent thermodynamic challenges are associated with dearomatization processes. The disruption of the aromaticity of arene substrates usually requires large energy inputs, which makes harsh conditions necessary for many ground-state dearomatization reactions. Therefore, further expansion of the scope of dearomatization reactions remains a major problem not fully solved in organic chemistry.The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress on photocatalytic reactions under visible light. Particularly, reactions via an energy transfer mechanism have unlocked new opportunities for dearomatization reactions. Mediated by appropriately chosen photosensitizers, aromatic substrates can be excited. This kind of precise energy input might make feasible some dearomatization reactions that are otherwise unfavorable under thermal conditions because of the significant energy increases of the substrates. Nevertheless, the lifetimes of key intermediates in energy-transfer-enabled reactions, such as excited-state aromatics and downstream biradical species, are quite short. How to regulate the reactivities of these transient intermediates to achieve exclusive selectivity toward a certain reaction pathway among many possibilities is a crucial issue to be addressed.Since 2019, our group has reported a series of visible-light-induced dearomative cycloaddition reactions for indole and pyrrole derivatives. It was found that the aromatic units in substrates can be excited under the irradiation of visible light in the presence of a suitable photosensitizer. These excited aromatics readily undergo various [m + n] cycloaddition reactions with appropriately tethered unsaturated functionalities including alkenes, alkynes, N-alkoxy oximes, (hetero)arenes, and vinylcyclopropanes. The reactions yield polycyclic indolines and pyrrolines with highly strained small- and/or medium-sized rings embedded, some of which possess unique bridge- or cagelike topologies. Systematic mechanistic studies confirmed the involvement of an energy transfer process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the correlation between the substrate structure and the excitation efficiency, which accelerated the optimization of the reaction parameters. Meanwhile, DFT calculations demonstrated the competition between kinetically and thermodynamically controlled pathways for the open-shell singlet biradical intermediates, which allowed the complete switches from [2 + 2] cycloaddition to 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer in reactions with N-alkoxy oximes and to [4 + 2] cycloaddition in reactions with naphthalene. Furthermore, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations uncovered post-spin crossing dynamic effects, which determine the regioselectivity for the open-shell singlet biradical recombination step in the reactions of pyrrole-derived vinylcyclopropanes.An increasing number of scientists have joined in the research on visible-light-induced dearomative cycloaddition reactions and contributed to more elegant examples in this area. The visible-light-induced dearomatization reaction via energy transfer mechanism, although still in its infancy, has exhibited great potential in the synthesis of molecules that can hardly be accessed by other methods. We believe that future development will further push the boundary of organic chemistry and find applications in the synthesis of functional molecules and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 8 Shangsan Lu, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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24
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Bellotti P, Rogge T, Paulus F, Laskar R, Rendel N, Ma J, Houk KN, Glorius F. Visible-Light Photocatalyzed peri-(3 + 2) Cycloadditions of Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15662-15671. [PMID: 35984989 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions─epitomized by the Diels-Alder reaction─offer an arguably unmatched springboard for achieving chemical complexity, often with excellent selectivity, in a modular single step. We report the synthesis of aza-acenaphthenes in a single step by an unprecedented formal peri-(3 + 2) cycloaddition of simple quinolines with alkynes. A commercially available iridium complex exerts a dual role of photosensitizer and photoredox catalyst, fostering a cyclization/rearomatization cascade. The initial energy-transfer phase leads to the acenaphthene skeleton, while the ensuing redox shuttling step leads to aromatization. We applied this technology to 8-substituted quinolines and phenanthrolines, which smoothly reacted with both terminal and internal alkynes with excellent levels of regio- and diastereoselectivity. Density functional theory calculations revealed the intertwined EnT/SET nature of the process and offered guiding design principles for the synthesis of new aza-acenaphthenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Fritz Paulus
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ranjini Laskar
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Rendel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Wang X, Liu F, Xu T. Catalytic diastereoselective construction of multiple contiguous quaternary carbon stereocenters via [2 + 2] cycloaddition and mechanistic insight. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Luo J, Zeng G, Cao X, Yin B. Visible‐Light‐Induced [2+2+1] Dearomative Cascade Cyclization of Indole/Furan Alkynes to Synthesize Sulfonyl Polycycles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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27
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Li H, He Y, Zhang D, Yang L, Zhang J, Long RL, Lu J, Wei J, Yang L, Wei S, Yi D, Zhang Z, Fu Q. Hydrogen bond serving as a protecting group to enable the photocatalytic [2+2] cycloaddition of redox-active aliphatic-amine-containing indole derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3194-3197. [PMID: 35171972 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06935g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox-sensitive functionalities such as aliphatic amines with low oxidation potentials and easily oxidized by photocatalysts are generally not compatible with photocatalytic reactions. We describe a hydrogen-bond-assisted visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition of redox-sensitive aliphatic-amine-containing indole derivatives providing a range of cyclobutane-fused polycyclic indoline derivatives, especially bridged-cyclic indolines. Mechanistic studies indicated that the success of the reaction was based on on the formation of H-bonds between the N-atom and alcohol proton of TFE or HFIP, with this formation preventing or blocking the single-electron transfer from the aliphatic amine functionality to the excited photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yishu He
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rui-Ling Long
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Ji Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jun Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Siping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Dong Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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28
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Cheng YZ, Feng Z, Zhang X, You SL. Visible-light induced dearomatization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2145-2170. [PMID: 35212320 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00311h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions provide rapid access to structurally complex three-dimensional molecules from simple aromatic compounds. Plenty of reports have demonstrated their utilities in the synthesis of natural products, medicinal chemistry, and materials science in the last decades. Recently, visible-light mediated photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to promote many kinds of transformations. The dearomatization reactions induced by visible-light have also made significant progress during the past several years. This review provides an overview of visible-light induced dearomatization reactions classified based on the manner in which aromaticity is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
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29
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Schmid L, Glaser F, Schaer R, Wenger OS. High Triplet Energy Iridium(III) Isocyanoborato Complex for Photochemical Upconversion, Photoredox and Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:963-976. [PMID: 34985882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes are often chosen as catalysts for challenging photoredox and triplet-triplet-energy-transfer (TTET) catalyzed reactions, and they are of interest for upconversion into the ultraviolet spectral range. However, the triplet energies of commonly employed Ir(III) photosensitizers are typically limited to values around 2.5-2.75 eV. Here, we report on a new Ir(III) luminophore, with an unusually high triplet energy near 3.0 eV owing to the modification of a previously reported Ir(III) complex with isocyanoborato ligands. Compared to a nonborylated cyanido precursor complex, the introduction of B(C6F5)3 units in the second coordination sphere results in substantially improved photophysical properties, in particular a high luminescence quantum yield (0.87) and a long excited-state lifetime (13.0 μs), in addition to the high triplet energy. These favorable properties (including good long-term photostability) facilitate exceptionally challenging organic triplet photoreactions and (sensitized) triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion to a fluorescent singlet excited state beyond 4 eV, unusually deep in the ultraviolet region. The new Ir(III) complex photocatalyzes a sigmatropic shift and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions that are unattainable with common transition metal-based photosensitizers. In the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, it furthermore is applicable to demanding photoreductions, including dehalogenations, detosylations, and the degradation of a lignin model substrate. Our study demonstrates how rational ligand design of transition-metal complexes (including underexplored second coordination sphere effects) can be used to enhance their photophysical properties and thereby broaden their application potential in solar energy conversion and synthetic photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Schaer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Przydacz A, Topolska A, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht Ł. NHC‐catalyzed 1,4‐elimination in the dearomative activation of 3‐furaldehydes towards (4+2)‐cycloadditions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Zhu M, Zheng C. Post-spin crossing dynamics determine the regioselectivity in open-shell singlet biradical recombination. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01757h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive computational studies reveal unique dynamic effects in a multi-spin-state reaction that determine the regioselectivity of a biradical recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Rai P, Maji K, Jana SK, Maji B. Intermolecular dearomative [4 + 2] cycloaddition of naphthalenes via visible-light energy-transfer-catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12503-12510. [PMID: 36349268 PMCID: PMC9628934 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dearomative cycloaddition reaction serves as a blueprint for creating sp3-rich three-dimensional molecular topology from flat-aromatic compounds. However, severe reactivity and selectivity issues make this process arduous. Herein, we describe visible-light energy-transfer catalysis for the intermolecular dearomative [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of feedstock naphthalene molecules with vinyl benzenes. Tolerating a wide range of functional groups, structurally diverse 2-acyl naphthalenes and styrenes could easily be converted to a diverse range of bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene scaffolds in high yields and moderate endo-selectivities. The late-stage modification of the derivatives of pharmaceutical agents further demonstrated the broad potentiality of this methodology. The efficacy of the introduced methods was further highlighted by the post-synthetic diversification of the products. Furthermore, photoluminescence, electrochemical, kinetic, control experiments, and density-functional theory calculations support energy-transfer catalysis. Constructing 3D molecular scaffolds from aromatic hydrocarbons is challenging. Herein, we report dearomative [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of naphthalenes via visible-light EnT catalysis which overcomes issues of unfavorable thermodynamics, low yields, and selectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, WB, India
| | - Kakoli Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, WB, India
| | - Sayan K. Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, WB, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, WB, India
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33
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Zhao J, Huang B, Zhu B, Ma X, Mo D. Visible Light Promoted Chan‐Lam Reaction and Cycloaddition to Prepare Chromeno[4,3‐c]isoxazolidines in One‐Pot Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing‐Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin‐Can Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Pan Ma
- College of Pharmacy Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong‐Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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34
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Chang JP, Sun LY, Zhang ZE, An YY, Zhang L, Yu JG, Han YF. A metal-carbene template approach enables efficient synthesis of a functionalized cage-annulated crown ether. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8584-8587. [PMID: 34355228 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03416b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthetic method to form cage-annulated crown ether with anchored imidazolium units was developed. The present work verified the potential application of the metal-carbene template approach (MCTA) in the preparation of novel flexible polyimidazolium cages by photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactions and may provide a new method for the preparation of flexible pure organic cages with incorporation of a variety of functional sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, FM & EM International Joint Laboratory, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
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35
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Morofuji T, Nagai S, Chitose Y, Abe M, Kano N. Protonation-Enhanced Reactivity of Triplet State in Dearomative Photocycloaddition of Quinolines to Olefins. Org Lett 2021; 23:6257-6261. [PMID: 34324819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular dearomative cycloaddition of acidified bicyclic azaarenes with olefins was recently reported. We report here the crucial role of the acid in the dearomative photocycloaddition of quinolines to olefins. Experimental and theoretical results show that the key role of the protonation of quinolines is not to promote the energy transfer but to enhance the reactivity of the triplet state of quinolines toward olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shota Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Youhei Chitose
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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36
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Zhu M, Huang XL, Sun S, Zheng C, You SL. Visible-Light-Induced Dearomatization of Indoles/Pyrroles with Vinylcyclopropanes: Expedient Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Polycyclic Indolines/Pyrrolines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13441-13449. [PMID: 34398603 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced cycloaddition reactions initiated via energy-transfer processes have recently evolved as powerful methods for the construction of strained cyclic molecules that are not easily accessed using known ground-state synthetic methods. Particularly, the reactions initiated by the excitation of aromatic rings provide an alternative solution to the direct transformations of aromatic feedstocks under the scheme of dearomatization. Vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) are well-known reagents in radical clock experiments, working as a probe to detect transient radical intermediates. However, the synthetic applications in this regard still remain limited due to uncontrollable selectivities. Herein, we report visible-light-induced dearomatization of indole- or pyrrole-tethered VCPs, in which several competitive reaction pathways, including [5 + 2], [2 + 2], interrupted [5 + 2], and [5 + 4] cycloadditions, can be well regulated by engineering substrate structures and tuning reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism has been explored by combined experimental and computational investigations. These reactions provide a convenient method to synthesize structurally diverse polycyclic molecules with high efficiency and good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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37
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Pan G, Qin S, Xu D, Kühn FE, Guo H. Visible Light-Induced Pericyclic Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Quinolinone Derivatives with an Oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octene Skeleton. Org Lett 2021; 23:2959-2963. [PMID: 33783210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced pericyclic cascade reaction has been developed to afford oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octenes. Mechanistic studies show that this reaction undergoes [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition, base-promoted elimination, retro-4π-electrocyclization, [1,5]-H shift, and 4π-electrocyclization procedures. This reaction features wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and excellent diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Pan
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shaoheng Qin
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Dawen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Hao Guo
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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