1
|
Ji K, Parthiban J, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Triple-Dearomative Photocycloaddition: A Strategy to Construct Caged Molecular Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13445-13454. [PMID: 38708818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented caged 2H-benzo-dioxo-pentacycloundecane framework was serendipitously obtained in a single transformation via triple-dearomative photocycloaddition of chromone esters with furans. This caged structure was generated as part of an effort to access a tricyclic, oxygen-bridged intermediate enroute to the dihydroxanthone natural product nidulalin A. Reaction scope and limitations were thoroughly investigated, revealing the ability to access a multitude of synthetically challenging caged scaffolds in a two-step sequence. Photophysical studies provided key mechanistic insights on the process for formation of the novel caged scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goti G, Manal K, Sivaguru J, Dell'Amico L. The impact of UV light on synthetic photochemistry and photocatalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:684-692. [PMID: 38429343 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, an increasing number of research groups have embraced visible-light-mediated synthetic transformations as a powerful strategy for the construction and functionalization of organic molecules. This trend has followed the advent and development of photocatalysis, which often operates under mild visible-light irradiation. Nowadays, the general perception of UV-light photochemistry is often as an out-of-fashion approach that is difficult to perform and leads to unselective reaction pathways. Here we wish to propose an alternative and more realistic point of view to the scientific community. First, we will provide an overview of the use of UV light in modern photochemistry, highlighting the pivotal role it still plays in the development of new, efficient synthetic methods. We will then show how the high levels of mechanistic understanding reached for UV-light-driven processes have been key in the implementation of the related visible-light-driven transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahuja S, Baburaj S, Valloli LK, Rakhimov SA, Manal K, Kushwaha A, Jockusch S, Forbes MDE, Sivaguru J. Photochemical [2+4]-Dimerization Reaction from the Excited State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316662. [PMID: 38059768 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-maleimides undergo a novel [2+4]-photodimerization instead of the expected [2+2]-photodimerization under both direct irradiation with visible light and under sensitized energy transfer conditions. This new excited state reactivity in aryl-maleimides is deciphered through photochemical, photophysical, and spectroscopic studies. The stereochemistry of the photodimer depends on the type of non-bonding interactions prevalent during photodimerization which is in turn dictated by the substituents on the maleimide ring. More importantly, the stereochemistry of the photodimer formed is complementary to the product observed under thermal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Current address, Research way, Clayton, Manufacturing, CSIRO, 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sarvar Aminovich Rakhimov
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Aakrati Kushwaha
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Malcolm D E Forbes
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valloli LK, Manal K, Lewis B, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Chemoselective light-induced reactivity of β-enaminones. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 38009436 DOI: 10.1111/php.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The irradiation of β-enaminones, generated in situ from cyclic 1,3-diketones and activated alkenes leads to polyheterocyclic skeletons. The photoproduct chemoselectivity depends on the type of cyclic 1,3-diketones employed viz., 2-acetylcyclopentanone and 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The observed chemoselectivity was rationalized based on the Dieckmann-Kon rule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Brieanna Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baburaj S, Parthiban J, Rakhimov SA, Johnson R, Sukhomlinova L, Luchette P, Jockusch S, Forbes MDE, Sivaguru J. Modulating Photochemical Properties to Enhance the Stability of Electronically Dimmable Eye Protection Devices †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:901-905. [PMID: 36825924 DOI: 10.1111/php.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates compatibility of stabilizers with dye doped liquid crystal (LC) scaffolds that are used in electronically dimmable materials. The photodegradation of the materials was investigated and suitable stabilizers were evaluated to slow the degradation process. Various types of benzotriazole-based stabilizers were evaluated for stabilizing the liquid crystals. Based on spin trapping experiments, radicals generated upon UV exposure is likely responsible for the degradation of the system. The radical generation is competitively inhibited by the addition of stabilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Baburaj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | - Sarvar Aminovich Rakhimov
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | - Malcolm D E Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singathi R, Raghunathan R, Krishnan R, Kumar Rajendran S, Baburaj S, Sibi MP, Webster DC, Sivaguru J. Frontispiece: Towards Upcycling Biomass‐Derived Crosslinked Polymers with Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202283161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandranath Singathi
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry. Government College for Women Trivandrum Kerala, 695014 India
| | - Saravana Kumar Rajendran
- School of Advanced Sciences Chemistry Division VIT University Chennai Campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai 600127 India
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singathi R, Raghunathan R, Krishnan R, Kumar Rajendran S, Baburaj S, Sibi MP, Webster DC, Sivaguru J. Frontispiz: Towards Upcycling Biomass‐Derived Crosslinked Polymers with Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202283161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandranath Singathi
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry. Government College for Women Trivandrum Kerala, 695014 India
| | - Saravana Kumar Rajendran
- School of Advanced Sciences Chemistry Division VIT University Chennai Campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai 600127 India
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singathi R, Raghunathan R, Krishnan R, Kumar Rajendran S, Baburaj S, Sibi MP, Webster DC, Sivaguru J. Towards Upcycling Biomass‐Derived Crosslinked Polymers with Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203353. [PMID: 35545813 PMCID: PMC9400847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradable, recyclable, and renewable, crosslinked polymers from bioresources show promise towards developing a sustainable strategy to address the issue of plastics degradability and recyclability. Photo processes are not widely exploited for upcycling polymers in spite of the potential to have spatial and temporal control of the degradation in addition to being a green process. In this report we highlight a methodology in which biomass‐derived crosslinked polymers can be programmed to degrade at ≈300 nm with ≈60 % recovery of the monomer. The recovered monomer was recycled back to the crosslinked polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandranath Singathi
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry. Government College for Women Trivandrum Kerala, 695014 India
| | - Saravana Kumar Rajendran
- School of Advanced Sciences Chemistry Division VIT University Chennai Campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai 600127 India
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Science and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sivaguru J, Bach T, Ramamurthy V. Keeping the name clean: [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1333-1340. [PMID: 35610462 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crossed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is a specific case of intramolecular photocycloaddition reaction. Recently, the term "crossed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition" is interchangeably used to represent intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions of two dissimilar double bonds/alkenes. To avoid confusion and to help researchers use the correct terminologies, this perspective clarifies the terminology used for different [2 + 2] photocycloaddition processes based on prior literature with the hope of establishing a standard for addressing the diverse set of photocycloaddition reactions that will be helpful to the chemical community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kandappa SK, Ahuja S, Singathi R, Valloli LK, Baburaj S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Using Restricted Bond Rotations to Enforce Excited State Behavior of Organic Molecules. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1785-6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This account highlights the role of restricted bond rotations to influence excited state reactivity of organic molecules. It highlights photochemical reactivity of various organic molecules and the design strategies that could be exploited by chemists to utilize restricted bond rotations to uncover new excited state reactivity and achieve selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Ravichandranath Singathi
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Sruthy Baburaj
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baburaj S, Valloli LK, Parthiban J, Garg D, Sivaguru J. Manipulating excited state reactivity and selectivity through hydrogen bonding - from solid state reactivity to Brønsted acid photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1871-1880. [PMID: 35040836 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding mediated control of photochemical reactions is highlighted with an eye towards the development of Brønsted acid mediated photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Baburaj
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43404, USA.
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43404, USA.
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43404, USA.
| | - Dipti Garg
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43404, USA.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43404, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kandappa SK, Kumarasamy E, Singathi R, Valloli LK, Ugrinov A, Sivaguru J. Chemoselective Photoreaction of Enamides - Divergent Reactivity Towards [3+2]-photocycloaddition vs Paternò-Büchi Reaction. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1391-1396. [PMID: 34287915 DOI: 10.1111/php.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoreaction of enamides tethered to a phenyl ketone leads to either [3+2]-photocycloaddition or Paternò-Büchi reaction. This divergence in chemical reactivity originating from the same excited state was dependent on the reaction temperature. At low temperatures, Paternò-Büchi reaction was preferred, while at higher temperatures there was preference towards formation of [3+2]-photoproduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
| | - Ravichandranath Singathi
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin MA, Sivaguru J, McEvoy J, Sonthiphand P, Khan E. Photolytic fate of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water and treated wastewater exposed to sunlight. Environ Res 2021; 197:111121. [PMID: 33823193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endoxifen is the main active metabolite of a common cytostatic drug, tamoxifen. Endoxifen has been recently detected in the final effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The antiestrogenic activity of endoxifen could bring negative effects to aquatic life if released to the water environment. This study elucidated the fate and susceptibility of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen (2 μg mL-1, 1:1 wt ratio between the two easily interchangeable isomers) in wastewater and receiving surface water to sunlight. Phototransformation by-products (PBPs) and their toxicity were determined. Sunlight reduced at least 83% of endoxifen concentration in wastewater samples, whereas in surface water samples, 60% of endoxifen was photodegraded after 180 min of the irradiation. In ultrapure water samples spiked with endoxifen, PBPs were mainly generated via con-rotatory 6π-photocyclization, followed by oxidative aromatization. These PBPs underwent secondary reactions leading to a series of PBPs with different molecular weights. Eight PBPs were identified and the toxicity analysis via the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool revealed that seven of these PBPs are more toxic than endoxifen itself. This is likely due to the formation of poly-aromatic core in the PBPs due to exposure to sunlight. Therefore, highly toxic PBPs may be generated if endoxifen is present in water and wastewater exposed to sunlight. The presence, fates and activities of these PBPs in surface water especially at locations close to treated wastewater discharge points should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ariño Martin
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | | | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kandappa SK, Valloli LK, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Uncovering New Excited State Photochemical Reactivity by Altering the Course of the De Mayo Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3677-3681. [PMID: 33657321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented and previously unknown photochemical reactivity of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is observed with amino-alkenes leading to dihydropyrans. This novel photochemical reactivity changes the established paradigm related to the De Mayo reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and alkenes. This new reaction allows convenient access to the Marmycin core in a single step from commercially available reactants. The origin and scope of this new photoreaction is detailed with preliminary photophysical and mechanistic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kandappa SK, Valloli LK, Ahuja S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Taming the excited state reactivity of imines – from non-radiative decay to aza Paternò–Büchi reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1617-1641. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the excited state characteristics of imines and processes that govern their photochemical and photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Martin MA, Sivaguru J, McEvoy J, Sonthiphand P, Delorme A, Khan E. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-Endoxifen in water by ultraviolet light: Efficiency, kinetics, by-products, and toxicity assessment. Water Res 2020; 171:115451. [PMID: 31901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoxifen is an effective metabolite of a common chemotherapy agent, tamoxifen. Endoxifen, which is toxic to aquatic animals, has been detected in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This research investigates ultraviolet (UV) radiation (253.7 nm) application to degrade (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water and wastewater and phototransformation by-products (PBPs) and their toxicity. The effects of light intensity, pH and initial concentrations of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen on the photodegradation rate were examined. Endoxifen in water was eliminated ≥99.1% after 35 s of irradiation (light dose of 598.5 mJ cm-2). Light intensity and initial concentrations of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen exhibited positive trends with the photodegradation rates while pH had no effect. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water resulted in three PBPs. Toxicity assessments through modeling of the identified PBPs suggest higher toxicity than the parent compounds. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in wastewater at light doses used for disinfection in WWTPs (16, 30 and 97 mJ cm-2) resulted in reductions of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen from 30 to 71%. Two of the three PBPs observed in the experiments with water were detected in the wastewater experiments. Therefore, toxic compounds are potentially generated at WWTPs by UV disinfection if (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen are present in treated wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ariño Martin
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | | | - Andre Delorme
- Department of Science, Valley City State University, Valley City, ND, 58072, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahuja S, Jockusch S, Ugrinov A, Sivaguru J. Energy Transfer Catalysis by Visible Light: Atrop‐ and Regio‐Selective Intermolecular [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition of Maleimide with Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Ahuja
- Centre of Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University 43403 Bowling Green OH United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 10027 New York NY United States
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University 58102 Fargo ND United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Centre of Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry Bowling Green State University 43403 Bowling Green OH United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahuja S, Iyer A, Kandappa SK, Sivaguru J. Photo-auxiliary approach to control excited state reactivity: Cross [2+2]-photocycloaddition of oxazolidinone based hydrazides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Iyer A, Ugrinov A, Sivaguru J. Understanding Conformational Preferences of Atropisomeric Hydrazides and Its Influence on Excited State Transformations in Crystalline Media. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163001. [PMID: 31430916 PMCID: PMC6719012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrazides derivatives were evaluated to understand the role of N–N bond in dictating the outcome of photoreactions in the solid state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Iyer
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - J Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu WQ, Lei T, Zhou S, Yang XL, Li J, Chen B, Sivaguru J, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Cobaloxime Catalysis: Selective Synthesis of Alkenylphosphine Oxides under Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13941-13947. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahuja S, Raghunathan R, Kumarasamy E, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Correction to “Realizing the Photoene Reaction with Alkenes under Visible Light Irradiation and Bypassing the Favored [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition”. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12946. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Wen S, Boyce JH, Kandappa SK, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Regiodivergent Photocyclization of Dearomatized Acylphloroglucinols: Asymmetric Syntheses of (-)-Nemorosone and (-)-6- epi-Garcimultiflorone A. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11315-11321. [PMID: 31264859 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regiodivergent photocyclization of dearomatized acylphloroglucinol substrates has been developed to produce type A polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) derivatives using an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. Using this strategy, we achieved the enantioselective total syntheses of the type A PPAPs (-)-nemorosone and (-)-6-epi-garcimultiflorone A. Diverse photocyclization substrates have been investigated leading to divergent photocyclization processes as a function of tether length. Photophysical studies were performed, and photocyclization mechanisms were proposed based on investigation of various substrates as well as deuterium-labeling experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saishuai Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Jonathan H Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Sunil K Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and the Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403-0001 , United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and the Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403-0001 , United States
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hong S, Ratpukdi T, Sungthong B, Sivaguru J, Khan E. A sustainable solution for removal of glutaraldehyde in saline water with visible light photocatalysis. Chemosphere 2019; 220:1083-1090. [PMID: 33395795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde (GA) is the most common biocide used in unconventional oil and gas production. Photocatalytic degradation of GA in brine simulating oil and gas produced water using Ag/AgCl/BiOCl composite as a photocatalyst with visible light was investigated. Removal of GA at 0.1 mM in 200 g/L NaCl solution at pH 7 was 90% after 75 min irradiation using 5 g/L of the photocatalyst. The GA removal followed pseudo-first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.0303 min-1. At pH 5 or at 300 g/L NaCl, the photocatalytic removal of GA was almost completely inhibited. Similar inhibitions were observed when adding dissolved organic carbon (from humic acid) at 10 and 200 mg/L, or Br- at 120 mg/L to the system. The removal rate of GA markedly increased with increasing pH (5-9), photocatalyst loading (2-8 g/L) and under 350 nm UV (compared to visible light). On the contrary, the removal rate of GA markedly decreased with increasing NaCl and initial GA concentrations (0-300 g/L for NaCl and 0.1-0.4 mM for GA). A quenching experiment was also conducted; electron holes (h+) and superoxide () were found as the main reactive species responsible for the removal of GA while OH had a very limited effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soklida Hong
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thunyalux Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Bunleu Sungthong
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Product Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thenmozhi R, Moorthy MS, Sivaguru J, Manivasagan P, Bharathiraja S, Oh YO, Oh J. Synthesis of Silica-Coated Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Composites for Drug Delivery Applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2019; 19:1951-1958. [PMID: 30486935 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2019.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared a core-shell magnetic silica-coated hydroxyapatite, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@HAp composite materials for pH-responsive drug delivery applications. Captopril (Cap) and ibuprofen (Ibu) were chosen as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively. The drugs were encapsulated into the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@HAp composite via electrostatic interactions with existing amine and carboxylic acid groups during calcium phosphate shell formation. The formation of calcium phosphate shell not only protects the encapsulated drugs from leaching but also controls the release rate of drugs from the composite system depending on various pH conditions. We have tested the release behavior of Cap and Ibu drugs under different pH conditions such as neutral pH (pH 7.4) and acidic pH (pH 5.0), respectively. The study result reveals that the synthesized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@HAp composite is suitable for release of both water soluble and water insoluble drugs based on a pH-responsive controlled manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarathinam Thenmozhi
- Center of Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhappan Santha Moorthy
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Panchanathan Manivasagan
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Subramanian Bharathiraja
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ok Oh
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Center of Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ahuja S, Raghunathan R, Kumarasamy E, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Realizing the Photoene Reaction with Alkenes under Visible Light Irradiation and Bypassing the Favored [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13185-13189. [PMID: 30256105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The textbook photoreaction between two alkenes is the [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition resulting in functionalized cyclobutanes. Herein, we disclose an unusual reactivity of alkenes that favor photoene reaction over the [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Conjugate addition occurs efficiently from excited hydrazide based acrylanilides under both UV and metal free visible light irradiations. The reaction proceeds via an excited state encounter complex that bifurcates either via an electron or energy transfer pathway. The generality of excited state conjugate addition is demonstrated using chloromethylation and by thiol addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Iyer
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hong S, Ratpukdi T, Sivaguru J, Khan E. Photolysis of glutaraldehyde in brine: A showcase study for removal of a common biocide in oil and gas produced water. J Hazard Mater 2018; 353:254-260. [PMID: 29677527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde (GA) has been used extensively as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing fluid leading to its presence in oil and gas produced water. In this study, photolysis was used to degrade GA from brine solutions simulating produced water. Photolysis of GA was performed under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. GA can be photolyzed by UV at all studied conditions with the efficiency ranging from 52 to 85% within one hour irradiation. Photolysis of GA followed pseudo-first order kinetics. A photolysis rate constant of GA at 0.1 mM in 200 g/L of salt at pH 7 was 0.0269 min-1 with a quantum yield of 0.0549 under 224 W illumination. The degradation rate of GA increased with increasing incident light intensity and decreasing pH. Increasing initial GA concentration resulted in decreasing degradation rate of GA. The degradation of GA was affected by salt concentration. At lower salt concentrations, notable retardation of GA photodegradation rate was observed while at higher salt concentrations GA photodegradation was improved compared to those without salt. OH was more dominant in sample without salt than sample with salt suggesting different photolytic mechanisms, indirect and direct photolysis, respectively. Oligomers were identified as the main photoproducts of GA photolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soklida Hong
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thunyalux Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH USA
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables, FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang W, Clay A, Krishnan R, Lajkiewicz NJ, Brown LE, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Total Syntheses of the Isomeric Aglain Natural Products Foveoglin A and Perviridisin B: Selective Excited-State Intramolecular Proton-Transfer Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14479-14482. [PMID: 28950418 PMCID: PMC5876029 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selective excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) photocycloaddition of 3-hydroxyflavones with trans, trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene is described. Using this methodology, total syntheses of the natural products (±)-foveoglin A and (±)-perviridisin B were accomplished. Enantioselective ESIPT photocycloaddition using TADDOLs as chiral hydrogen-bonding additives provided access to (+)-foveoglin A. Mechanistic studies have revealed the possibility for a photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Anthony Clay
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Geen State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
| | - Neil J Lajkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Geen State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang W, Clay A, Krishnan R, Lajkiewicz NJ, Brown LE, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Total Syntheses of the Isomeric Aglain Natural Products Foveoglin A and Perviridisin B: Selective Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton‐Transfer Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Anthony Clay
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Geen State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry Government College for Women Thiruvananthapuram 695014 India
| | - Neil J. Lajkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Geen State University Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Anthony Clay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kumarasamy E, Kandappa SK, Raghunathan R, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Frontispiz: Realizing an Aza Paternò-Büchi Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201782561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kumarasamy E, Kandappa SK, Raghunathan R, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Frontispiece: Realizing an Aza Paternò-Büchi Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201782561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumarasamy E, Kandappa SK, Raghunathan R, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Realizing an Aza Paternò–Büchi Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7056-7061. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Iyer A, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. A photo-auxiliary approach - enabling excited state classical phototransformations with metal free visible light irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1692-1695. [PMID: 28101552 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most traditional photoreactions require UV light to yield the desired product. To address this issue, photoreaction of hydrazide based chromophores was evaluated with visible light using a metal free photocatalyst to afford photoproducts in high yields. This hydrazide functionality itself may be removed/modified after the photoreaction, highlighting its role as a "photo-auxiliary". A preliminary mechanistic model based on photophysical experiments is provided to highlight the generality of the strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - A. Sreenithya
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076. India
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076. India
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumarasamy E, Ayitou AJL, Vallavoju N, Raghunathan R, Iyer A, Clay A, Kandappa SK, Sivaguru J. Tale of Twisted Molecules. Atropselective Photoreactions: Taming Light Induced Asymmetric Transformations through Non-biaryl Atropisomers. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2713-2724. [PMID: 27993011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformations are a powerful tool in organic synthesis to access structurally complex and diverse synthetic building blocks. However, this great potential remains untapped in the mainstream synthetic community due to the challenges associated with stereocontrol originating from excited state(s). The finite lifetime of an excited state and nearly barrierless subsequent processes present significant challenges in manipulating the stereochemical outcome of a photochemical reaction. Several methodologies were developed to address this bottleneck including photoreactions in confined media and preorganization through noncovalent interactions resulting in stereoenhancement. Yet, stereocontrol in photochemical reactions that happen in solution in the absence of organized assemblies remained largely unaddressed. In an effort to develop a general and reliable methodology, our lab has been exploring non-biaryl atropisomers as an avenue to perform asymmetric phototransformations. Atropisomers are chiral molecules that arise due to the restricted rotation around a single bond (chiral axis) whose energy barrier to rotation is determined by nonbonding interactions (most often by steric hindrance) with appropriate substituents. Thus, atropisomeric substrates are chirally preorganized during the photochemical transformation and translate their chiral information to the expected photoproducts. This strategy, where "axial to point chirality transfer" occurs during the photochemical reaction, is a hybrid of the successful Curran's prochiral auxiliary approach involving atropisomers in thermal reactions and the Havinga's NEER principle (nonequilibrating excited-state rotamers) for photochemical transformations. We have investigated this strategy in order to probe various aspects such as regio-, enantio-, diastereo-, and chemoselectivity in several synthetically useful phototransformations including 6π-photocyclization, 4π-ring closure, Norrish-Yang photoreactions, Paternò-Büchi reaction, and [2 + 2]- and [5 + 2]-photocycloaddition. The investigations detailed in this Account clearly signify the scope of our strategy in accessing chirally enriched products during phototransformations. Simple design modifications such as tailoring the steric handle in atropisomers to hold reactive units resulted in permanently locked/traceless axial chirality in addition to incorporating multiple stereocenters in already complex scaffolds obtained from phototransformation. Further improvements allowed us to employ low energy visible light rather than high energy UV light without compromising the stereoenrichment in the photoproducts. Continued investigations on atropisomeric scaffolds have unraveled new design features, with outcomes that are unique and unprecedented for excited state reactivity. For example, we have established that reactive spin states (singlet or triplet excited state) profoundly influence the stereochemical outcome of an atropselective phototransformation. In general, the photochemistry and photophysics of atropisomeric substrates differ significantly from their achiral counterparts irrespective of having the same chromophore initiating the excited state reactivity. The ability of axially chiral chromophores to impart stereoenrichment in the intramolecular photoreactions appears to be promising. A challenging endeavor for the "axial to point chirality transfer" strategy is to enhance stereoenrichment or alter chemical reactivity in intermolecular photoreactions. Insights gained from our investigations will serve as a platform to venture into more complicated yet fruitful research in terms of broad synthetic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Anoklase Jean-Luc Ayitou
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Akila Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Anthony Clay
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Raghunathan R, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Evaluating thiourea/urea catalyst for enantioselective 6π-photocyclization of acrylanilides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Shailaja J, Sivaguru J, Ramamurthy V. Zeolite matrix assisted decomposition of singlet oxygen sensitizers during photooxidation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
Vallavoju N, Sreenithya A, Ayitou AJ, Jockusch S, Sunoj RB, Sivaguru J. Photoreactions with a Twist: Atropisomerism‐Driven Divergent Reactivity of Enones with UV and Visible Light. Chemistry 2016; 22:11339-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University 1231 Albrecht Blvd. Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Avadakkam Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Anoklase J.‐L. Ayitou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University 1231 Albrecht Blvd. Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University 1231 Albrecht Blvd. Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Clay A, Vallavoju N, Krishnan R, Ugrinov A, Sivaguru J. Metal-Free Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis: Controlling Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Enones through Axial Chirality. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7191-200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Clay
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Retheesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Raghunathan R, Kumarasamy E, Jockusch S, Ugrinov A, Sivaguru J. Engaging electronic effects for atropselective [5+2]-photocycloaddition of maleimides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8305-8. [PMID: 27296234 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomeric maleimides were synthesized and subjected to atropselective [5+2]-photocycloaddition under direct irradiation to yield azepinone products with high enantio- (ee >98%) and diastereoselectivity (dr >98%). While the ee was dictated by the axial chirality, the dr was influenced by the substituent on the maleimide ring. Interestingly, by tuning the electronics of the substituent, the dr of the product can be reversed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vallavoju N, Selvakumar S, Pemberton BC, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Frontispiece: Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea‐Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201681861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Barry C. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10025 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vallavoju N, Selvakumar S, Pemberton BC, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea‐Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Barry C. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10025 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vallavoju N, Selvakumar S, Pemberton BC, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea-Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5446-51. [PMID: 27005562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations of the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of coumarin with tetramethylethylene mediated by thiourea catalysts reveal that the reaction is enabled by a combination of minimized aggregation, enhanced intersystem crossing, and altered excited-state lifetime(s). These results clarify how the excited-state reactivity can be manipulated through catalyst-substrate interactions and reveal a third mechanistic pathway for thiourea-mediated organo-photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Barry C Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - Mukund P Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kumarasamy E, Raghunathan R, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Nonbiaryl and Heterobiaryl Atropisomers: Molecular Templates with Promise for Atropselective Chemical Transformations. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11239-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|