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Sigmund LM, S SS, Albers A, Erdmann P, Paton RS, Greb L. Predicting Lewis Acidity: Machine Learning the Fluoride Ion Affinity of p-Block-Atom-Based Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401084. [PMID: 38452299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
"How strong is this Lewis acid?" is a question researchers often approach by calculating its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) with quantum chemistry. Here, we present FIA49k, an extensive FIA dataset with 48,986 data points calculated at the RI-DSD-BLYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPP//PBEh-3c level of theory, including 13 different p-block atoms as the fluoride accepting site. The FIA49k dataset was used to train FIA-GNN, two message-passing graph neural networks, which predict gas and solution phase FIA values of molecules excluded from training with a mean absolute error of 14 kJ mol-1 (r2=0.93) from the SMILES string of the Lewis acid as the only input. The level of accuracy is notable, given the wide energetic range of 750 kJ mol-1 spanned by FIA49k. The model's value was demonstrated with four case studies, including predictions for molecules extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database and by reproducing results from catalysis research available in the literature. Weaknesses of the model are evaluated and interpreted chemically. FIA-GNN and the FIA49k dataset can be reached via a free web app (www.grebgroup.de/fia-gnn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shree Sowndarya S
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Albers
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Timoshkin AY. The Field of Main Group Lewis Acids and Lewis Superacids: Important Basics and Recent Developments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302457. [PMID: 37752859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the field of Lewis acidity are highlighted, with the focus of novel Lewis acids and Lewis superacids of group 2, 13, 14, and 15 elements. Several important basics, illustrated by modern examples (classification of Donor-Acceptor (DA) complexes, amphoteric nature of any compound in terms of DA interactions, reorganization energies of main group Lewis acids and the role of the energies of frontier orbitals) are presented and discussed. It is emphasized that the Lewis acidity phenomena are general and play vital role in different areas of chemistry: from weak "atomophilic" interactions to the complexes of Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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4
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King RP, Dyke JM, Levason W, Reid G. Neutral and Cationic Complexes of Silicon(IV) Halides with Phosphine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16905-16913. [PMID: 36222839 PMCID: PMC9597660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction of SiI4 and PMe3 in n-hexane produced the yellow salt, [SiI3(PMe3)2]I, confirmed from its X-ray structure, containing
a trigonal bipyramidal cation with trans-phosphines.
This contrasts with the six-coordination found in (the known) trans-[SiX4(PMe3)2] (X
= Cl, Br) complexes. The diphosphines o-C6H4(PMe2)2 and Et2P(CH2)2PEt2 form six-coordinate cis-[SiI4(diphosphine)], which were also characterized by
X-ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Reaction
of trans-[SiX4(PMe3)2] (X = Cl, Br) with Na[BArF] (BArF = [B{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}4]) produced
five-coordinate [SiX3(PMe3)2][BArF], but while Me3SiO3SCF3 also
abstracted chloride from trans-[SiCl4(PMe3)2], the reaction products were six-coordinate
complexes [SiCl3(PMe3)2(OTf)] and
[SiCl2(PMe3)2(OTf)2] with
the triflate coordinated. X-ray crystal structures were obtained for
[SiCl3(PMe3)2][BArF] and
[SiCl2(PMe3)2(OTf)2].
The charge distribution across the silicon species was also examined
by natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses of the computed density functional
theory (DFT) wavefunctions. For the [SiX4(PMe3)2] and [SiX3(PMe3)2]+ complexes, the positive charge on Si decreases and the negative
charge on X decreases going from X = F to X = I. Upon going from [SiX4(PMe3)2] to [SiX3(PMe3)2]+, i.e., removal of X–, there is an increase in positive charge on Si and a decrease in
negative charge on the X centers (except for the case X = F). The
positive charge on P shows a slight decrease. Unusual neutral and monocationic silicon(IV)
iodide complexes
with soft phosphine coordination are formed in hydrocarbon solvents,
while treatment of [SiCl4(PMe3)2]
with NaBArF forms the [SiCl3(PMe3)2]+ cation; the electronic structures of [SiX4(PMe3)2] and [SiX3(PMe3)2]+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) are probed using
DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys P King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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5
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Dajnak A, Özpınar GA, Lenk R, Saffon-Merceron N, Baceiredo A, Kato T, Müller T, Maerten E. Norbornene based-sulfide-stabilized silylium ions: synthesis, structure and application in catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1407-1414. [PMID: 34994754 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A norbornene-based sulfide stabilized silylium ion 4 has been synthesized. The S-Si interaction was studied in solution and in the solid state by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis as well as DFT calculations. Unlike the previously reported phosphine-stabilized silylium ion VII, behaving as a Lewis pair, calculations predict that 4 should behave as a Lewis acid toward acrylate derivatives. Indeed, the base-stabilized silylium ion 4 has emerged as an easy-to-handle silylium ion-based Lewis acid catalyst, particularly for the Diels-Alder cycloaddition, with poorly reactive dienes, and hydrodefluorination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Dajnak
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Gül Altınbaş Özpınar
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Romaric Lenk
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, ICT UAR2599 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Baceiredo
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Eddy Maerten
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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6
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Keil PM, Hadlington TJ. Geometrically Constrained Cationic Low‐Coordinate Tetrylenes: Highly Lewis Acidic σ‐Donor Ligands in Catalytic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Keil
- Fakultät für Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Terrance J. Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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7
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Schäfer F, Mix A, Cati N, Lamm JH, Neumann B, Stammler G, Mitzel NW. Host guest chemistry of a bidentate silyl-triflate bis-Lewis-acid – complex complexation behaviour unravelled by diffusion NMR spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7164-7173. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate silicon-based Lewis acid, bis(dimethyl-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)silylethyl)dimethylsilane, Me2Si[(CH2)2SiMe2-OTf]2, was prepared by a two-step synthesis starting from dimethyldivinylsilane by hydrosilylation with dimethylchlorosilane and subsequent Lewis acidity enhancement of the terminal silicon atoms...
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8
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silan: Eine neutrale Lewis‐Supersäure aktiviert Si−F‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Tschernuth
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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9
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silane: A Neutral Silane Lewis Superacid Activates Si-F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25799-25803. [PMID: 34570964 PMCID: PMC9298387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the earth abundance and easy availability of silicon, only few examples of isolable neutral silicon centered Lewis superacids are precedent in the literature. To approach the general drawbacks of limited solubility and unselective deactivation pathways, we introduce a Lewis superacid, based on perfluorinated pinacol substituents. The compound is easily synthesized on a gram‐scale as the corresponding acetonitrile mono‐adduct 1⋅(MeCN) and was fully characterized, including single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis (SC‐XRD) and state‐of‐the‐art computations. Lewis acidity investigations by the Gutmann‐Beckett method and fluoride abstraction experiments indicate a Lewis superacidic nature. The challenging Si−F bond activation of Et3SiF is realized and promising catalytic properties are demonstrated, consolidating the potential applicability of silicon centered Lewis acids in synthetic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S Tschernuth
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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10
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Hadlington TJ, Keil PM. Geometrically Constrained Cationic Low-Coordinate Tetrylenes: Highly Lewis Acidic σ-Donor Ligands in Catalytic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114143. [PMID: 34818461 PMCID: PMC9302135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A novel non‐innocent ligand class, namely cationic single‐centre ambiphiles, is reported in the phosphine‐functionalised cationic tetrylene Ni0 complexes, [PhRDippENi(PPh3)3]+ (4 a/b (Ge) and 5 (Sn); PhRDipp={[Ph2PCH2SiR2](Dipp)N}−; R=Ph, iPr; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3). The inherent electronic nature of low‐coordinate tetryliumylidenes, combined with the geometrically constrained [N−E−Ni] bending angle enforced by the chelating phosphine arm in these complexes, leads to strongly electrophilic EII centres which readily bind nucleophiles, reversibly in the case of NH3. Further, the GeII centre in 4 a/b readily abstracts the fluoride ion from [SbF6]− to form the fluoro‐germylene complex PhRDippGe(F)Ni(PPh3)39, despite this GeII centre simultaneously being a σ‐donating ligand towards Ni0. Alongside the observed catalytic ability of 4 and 5 in the hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes, this forms an exciting introduction to a multi‐talented ligand class in cationic single‐centre ambiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance John Hadlington
- TU Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, München, GERMANY
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11
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Tanaka D, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Atrane-type Hard and Soft Lewis Superacids with a Silyl, Germyl, or Stannyl Cationic Center. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3118-3123. [PMID: 34487429 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of atrane-type molecules 1E+ (E=Si, Ge, or Sn) having a cationic group 14 elemental center are reported. The cations 1E+ act as hard and soft Lewis superacids, which readily interact with various hard and soft Lewis basic substrates. The rigid atrane framework stabilizes the localized positive charge on the elemental center and assists the formation of the well-defined highly coordinated states of 1E+ . The cations were applied to the hydrodefluorination, Friedel-Crafts reaction, alkyne cyclization, and carbonyl reduction as Lewis acid catalysts. Most notably, [1Si][ClO4 ] exhibits unique chemoselectivity that depends on a solvent in the competitive reaction of silyl enol ether with a mixture of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and benzaldehyde. Our findings indicate the potential of hard and soft Lewis superacids in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Hermannsdorfer A, Driess M. Silicon Tetrakis(trifluoromethanesulfonate): A Simple Neutral Silane Acting as a Soft and Hard Lewis Superacid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13656-13660. [PMID: 33826216 PMCID: PMC8252640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis and isolation of pristine silicon tetrakis(trifluoromethanesulfonate), Si(OTf)4, is reported, acting as the first neutral silicon‐based Lewis superacid suitable towards soft and hard Lewis bases. Its OTf groups have a dual function: they are excellent leaving groups and modulate the degree of reactivity towards soft and hard Lewis bases. Exposed to soft Lewis donors, Si(OTf)4 leads to [L2Si(OTf)4] complexes (L=isocyanide, thioether and carbonyl compounds) with retention of all Si−OTf bonds. In contrast, it can cleave C−X bonds (X=F, Cl) of hard organic Lewis bases with a high tendency to form SiX4 (X=F, Cl) after halide/triflate exchange. Most notable, Si(OTf)4 allows a gentle oxydefluorination of mono‐ and bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenes, resulting in the formation of the corresponding benzoylium species, which are stabilized by the weakly coordinating [Si(OTf)6] dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hermannsdorfer
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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