1
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Liu C, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Bis(silylene)silole - synthesis, properties and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10446-10452. [PMID: 38855883 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A 1,1-bis(silylene)silole has been synthesised by a double salt-metathesis reaction from potassium silacyclopentadienediide, K2[1], and an amidinato-stabilized silylene chloride in a 1 : 2 ratio. The red colour of the title compound is due to the lp(Si)/π*(silole) transition. This band is bathochromically shifted compared to that of other 1,1-bissilylsiloles suggesting enhanced conjugation between the silole π-system and the newly formed Si(II)-Si(IV)-Si(II) group. The bissilylene is easily oxidised by the elemental chalcogens S, Se, and Te and forms a bissilaimide by reaction with an arylazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Liu
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
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3
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Wee MYS, Quek S, Wu CS, Su MD, So CW. Isolable Spirocyclic Silylone: π-Delocalized Spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14410-14415. [PMID: 38754079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained cyclic tetrylones are important synthons due to various synthetic applications. Connecting two cyclic tetrylone rings through a single shared quaternary group 14 element atom to form a spirocyclic molecule has been unexplored both theoretically and experimentally. The formation of a spirocyclic motif has been a synthetic challenge. In contrast, the reaction of amidinato disilicon(I) 1, (Me3P)2SiCl4, and KC8 afforded π-delocalized spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone2 and tetrasilacyclobutadiene byproducts 3 and 4. Compound 2 is the smallest spirocyclic tetrylone derivative, which is composed of a σ-type lone pair and delocalized π bond in each all-silicon spirocyclic ring. The electronic property is supported by its coordination with a W(CO)5 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldon Yi-Shuo Wee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Shina Quek
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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4
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Siwatch RK, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. A Digermanium(III) 1,2-Dication Stabilized by Amidinate and cAAC-Phosphinidenide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8511-8515. [PMID: 38687917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A digermanium(III) 1,2-dication comprises two cationic centers located at two interconnected Ge atoms. The strong Coulombic repulsion between two positively charged germanium cations hinders their bond formation. Balancing these two oppositions was achieved by using amidinate and cyclic (alkyl)amino carbene (cAAC)-phosphinidenide ligands, where an amidinato cAAC-phosphinidenidogermylene complex, [LGeP(cAACMe)] (2, where L = PhC(NtBu)2, cAACMe = :C{C(Me)2CH2C(Me)2NAr}, and Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), underwent one-electron oxidation with a bis(phosphinidene) radical cation, [(cAACMe)P]2•+, to form a digermanium(III) 1,2-dication, [LGeP(cAACMe)]22+, in compound 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Siwatch
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 Singapore
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5
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Lorent C, Teutloff C, Zhang Z, Fan J, Molino A, Krause KB, Schmidt J, Bittl R, Limberg C, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M. Stabilizing Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Bismuth(I) and Bismuth(II) Using a Redox Noninnocent Bis(germylene) Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6025-6036. [PMID: 38408197 PMCID: PMC10921399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of isolable monatomic BiI complexes and BiII radical species is challenging due to the pronounced reducing nature of metallic bismuth. Here, we report a convenient strategy to tame BiI and BiII atoms by taking advantage of the redox noninnocent character of a new chelating bis(germylene) ligand. The remarkably stable novel BiI cation complex 4, supported by the new bis(iminophosphonamido-germylene)xanthene ligand [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P)] 1, [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P) = Ph2P(NtBu)2GeII(Xant)GeII(NtBu)2PPh2, Xant = 9,9-dimethyl-xanthene-4,5-diyl], was synthesized by a two-electron reduction of the cationic BiIIII2 precursor complex 3 with cobaltocene (Cp2Co) in a molar ratio of 1:2. Notably, owing to the redox noninnocent character of the germylene moieties, the positive charge of BiI cation 4 migrates to one of the Ge atoms in the bis(germylene) ligand, giving rise to a germylium(germylene) BiI complex as suggested by DFT calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Likewise, migration of the positive charge of the BiIIII2 cation of 3 results in a bis(germylium)BiIIII2 complex. The delocalization of the positive charge in the ligand engenders a much higher stability of the BiI cation 4 in comparison to an isoelectronic two-coordinate Pb0 analogue (plumbylone; decomposition below -30 °C). Interestingly, 4[BArF] undergoes a reversible single-electron transfer (SET) reaction (oxidation) to afford the isolable BiII radical complex 5 in 5[BArF]2. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the unpaired electron predominantly resides at the BiII atom. Extending the redox reactivity of 4[OTf] employing AgOTf and MeOTf affords BiIII(OTf)2 complex 7 and BiIIIMe complex 8, respectively, demonstrating the high nucleophilic character of BiI cation 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Physical
and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Johannes Schmidt
- Functional
Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Suthar S, Mondal KC. Unveiling the Anomaly of Reduction of Carborane-bis-silylene-Stabilised Silylone/Germylone Leading to Unusual Oxidation of Si 0 /Ge 0 to Si I /Ge I with EDA-NOCV Analyses. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303355. [PMID: 38014513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have successfully isolated Si0 /Ge0 species, termed silylone and germylone, with two lone pairs of electrons on them. These elusive compounds have been stabilised in singlet ground states by using different donor base ligands. Driess et al. in particular have made strides in this area, isolating carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised silylone/germylone and their N+ /Pb analogues. Carborane (C2 B10 H10 ) plays a pivotal role as a redox-active ligand, converting from closo-carborane to nido-carborane with the addition of two electrons. Notably, anomalous oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 centres in carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised species to SiI /GeI has been reported, resulting in the formation of dimeric SiI -SiI /GeI -GeI di-cationic units. The energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) study focuses on the carborane-bis-silylene ligand in the free state, and its three other species, including silylone/germylone species. Interestingly, it reveals that the carborane unit in an anionic doublet state tends to form one electron-sharing bond and one dative bond with the counter fragment in its cationic doublet state. This helps us to rationalise why the carborane unit undergoes intramolecular electronic rearrangements leading to the formation of a di-anionic carborane unit with a significantly elongated C-C bond (2.38-2.68 Å) and undergoes unusual oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 to SiI /GeI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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7
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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9
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Nussbaum BC, Humphries AL, Gange GB, Peryshkov DV. Redox-active carborane clusters in bond activation chemistry and ligand design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9918-9928. [PMID: 37522167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral closo-dodecaboranes have the ability to accept two electrons, opening into a dianionic nido-cluster. This transformation can be utilized to store electrons, drive bond activation, or alter coordination to metal cations. In this feature article, we present cases for each of these applications, wherein the redox activity of carborane facilitates the generation of unique products. We highlight the effects of exohedral substituents on reactivity and the stability of the products through conjugation between the cluster and exohedral substituents. Futher, the utilization of the redox properties and geometry of carborane clusters in the ligand design is detailed, both in the stabilization of low-valent complexes and in the tuning of ligand geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Amanda L Humphries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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10
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Wang X, Lei B, Zhang Z, Chen M, Rong H, Song H, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and characterization of bis(silylene)-stabilized antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2968. [PMID: 37221189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monovalent group 15 cations L2Pn + (L = σ-donor ligands, Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) have attracted significant experimental and theoretical interest because of their unusual electronic structures and growing synthetic potential. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a family of antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations supported by a bis(silylene) ligand [(TBDSi2)Pn][BArF4] (TBD = 1, 8, 10, 9-triazaboradecalin; ArF = 3,5-CF3-C6H3; Pn = Sb, (2); Bi, (3)). The structures of 2 and 3 have been unambiguously characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations. They feature bis-coordinated Sb and Bi atoms which exhibit two lone pairs of electrons. The reactions of 2 and 3 with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate provide a approach for the preparation of dicationic antimony(III) and bismuth(III) methyl complexes. Compounds 2 and 3 serve as 2e donors to group 6 metals (Cr, Mo), giving rise to ionic antimony and bismuth metal carbonyl complexes 6-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Diab M, Jaiswal K, Bawari D, Dobrovetsky R. The Chemistry of [1,1′‐bis(
o‐
Carboranyl)]Borane η
2
‐
σ‐
Silane Adduct. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Diab
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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12
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Yao S, Saddington A, Xiong Y, Driess M. Chelating Bis-silylenes As Powerful Ligands To Enable Unusual Low-Valent Main-Group Element Functions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:475-488. [PMID: 36720115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSilylenes are divalent silicon species with an unoccupied 3p orbital and one lone pair of electrons at the SiII center. Owing to the excellent σ-donating ability of amidinato-based silylenes, which stems from the intramolecular imino-N donor interaction with the vacant 3p orbital of the silicon atom, N-heterocyclic amidinato bis(silylenes) [bis(NHSi)s] can serve as versatile strong donating ligands for cooperative stabilization of central atoms in unusually low oxidation states. Herein, we present our recent achievement on the application of bis(NHSi) ligands with electronically and spatially different spacers to main-group chemistry, which has allowed the isolation of a variety of low-valent compounds consisting of monatomic zero-valent group 14 E0 complexes (named "metallylones", E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb); monovalent group 15 EI complexes (E = N, P, isoelectronic with metallylones); and diatomic low-valent E2 complexes (E = Si, Ge, P) with intriguing electronic structures and chemical reactivities.The role of the SiII···SiII distance was revealed to be crucial in this chemistry. Utilizing the pyridine-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 7.8 Å) ligand, germanium(0) complexes with additional Fe(CO)4 protection at the Ge0 site have been isolated. Featuring a shorter Si···Si distance of 4.3 Å, the xanthene-based bis(NHSi) has allowed the realization of the full series of heavy zero-valent group 14 element E0 complexes (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), while the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 3.3 Å) has enabled the isolation of Si0 and Ge0 complexes. Remarkably, reduction of the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi)-supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes induces the movement of two electrons into the o-carborane core and provides access to SiI-SiI and GeI-GeI species as oxidation products. Additionally, the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) reacts with adamantyl azide, leading to a series of nitrogen(I) complexes as isoelectronic species of a carbone (C0 complex). Moreover, cooperative activation of white phosphorus gives bis(NHSi)-supported phosphorus complexes with varying and unexpected electronic structures when employing the xanthene-, o-carborane-, and aniline-based bis(NHSi)s. With the better kinetic protection provided by the xanthene-based bis(NHSi), small-molecule activation and functionalization of the bis(NHSi)-supported central E or E2 atoms (E = Si, Ge, P) are possible and furnish several novel functionalized silicon, germanium, and phosphorus compounds.With knowledge of the ability of chelating bis(NHSi)s in coordinating and functionalizing low-valent group 14 and 15 elements, the application of these ligand systems to other main-group elements such as group 2 and 13 is quite promising. To fully understand the role of the NHSi in a bis(NHSi) ligand, introducing a mixed ligand, i.e., the combination of an NHSi with other functional groups, such as Lewis acidic borane or Lewis basic borylene, in one chelating ligand could lead to new types of low-valent main-group species. Furthermore, the development of a genuine acyclic silylene, without an imino-N interaction with the vacant 3p orbital at the silicon(II) atom, as part of a chelating bis(acyclic silylene) has the potential to form very electronically different main-group element complexes that could achieve even more challenging bond activations such as N2 or unactivated C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang H. Application of N-heterocyclic silylenes in low-valent group 13, 14 and 15 chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Chen M, Zhang Z, Qiao Z, Zhao L, Mo Z. An Isolable Bis(Germylene)-Stabilized Plumbylone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215146. [PMID: 36421062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of a stable plumbylone (3) by reduction of a bromodigermylplumbylene (2) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8 ). The molecular structure of 3 was established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and features a two-coordinated Pb center with an acute Ge-Pb-Ge bond angle. Computational studies showed that this complex (3) possesses a singlet electronic ground state with a Pb0 center. Its high thermal stability can be most likely ascribed to the delocalization of π electrons over the Ge-Pb-Ge moiety. A preliminary reactivity study demonstrates that complex 3 can deliver Pb0 atoms to an organic azide producing a tetrameric imido complex [(PbNDipp)4 ] (Dipp=2,6-i Pr-C6 H3 , 4) and perform a metathesis reaction with GeCl2 ⋅dioxane to produce a bis(germylene)-stabilized germylone (5), highlighting the synthetic utility of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zihao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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15
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Schorpp M, Yadav R, Roth D, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato Stibenium: Lewis Superacidity by Antimony(III)-Antimony(V) Electromerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207963. [PMID: 35925742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lewis superacids enable the activation of highly inert substrates. However, the permanent presence of a Lewis superacidic center comes along with a constantly increased intolerance toward functional groups or ambient conditions. Herein, we describe a strategy to unleash Lewis superacidity by electromerism. Experimental and computational results indicate that coordinating a Lewis base to Δ-calix[4]pyrrolato-antimony(III) triggers a ligand redox-noninnocent coupled transfer into antimony(V)-state that exhibits Lewis superacidic features. Lewis acidity by electromerism establishes a concept of potential generality for powerful yet robust reagents and on-site substrate activation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Zhao X, Szilvási T, Hanusch F, Kelly JA, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Isolation and Reactivity of Tetrylene-Tetrylone-Iron Complexes Supported by Bis(N-Heterocyclic Imine) Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208930. [PMID: 35925668 PMCID: PMC9804675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The germanium iron carbonyl complex 3 was prepared by the reaction of dimeric chloro(imino)germylene [IPrNGeCl]2 (IPrN=bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-iminato) with one equivalent of Collman's reagent (Na2 Fe(CO)4 ) at room temperature. Similarly, the reaction of chloro(imino)stannylene [IPrNSnCl]2 with Na2 Fe(CO)4 (1 equiv) resulted in the Fe(CO)4 -bridged bis(stannylene) complex 4. We observed reversible formation of bis(tetrylene) and tetrylene-tetrylone character in complexes 3 vs. 5 and 4 vs. 6, which was supported by DFT calculations. Moreover, the Li/Sn/Fe trimetallic complex 12 has been isolated from the reaction of [IPrNSnCl]2 with cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl anion. The computational analysis further rationalizes the reduction pathway from these chlorotetrylenes to the corresponding complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan‐Xuan Zhao
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL 35487USA
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - John A. Kelly
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- School of Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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17
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Frenking G, Driess M. The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero‐Valent Lead Complex (“Plumbylone”). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209442. [PMID: 35848899 PMCID: PMC9545849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie 35032 Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
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18
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Zhao XX, Szilvási T, Hanusch F, Kelly J, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Isolation and Reactivity of Tetrylene‐Tetrylone‐Iron Complexes Supported by Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Imine) Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Xuan Zhao
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- The University of Alabama Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - John Kelly
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie Lichtenbergstraße 485748 Garching 85748 Garching bei München GERMANY
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19
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Schorpp M, Yadav R, Roth D, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato Stibenium: Lewis Superacidity by Antimony(III)‐Antimony(V) Electromerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Daniel Roth
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Lutz Greb
- Freie Universitat Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Institut für Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34-36 14195 Berlin GERMANY
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20
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Wu M, He Y, Zhang L, Wei R, Wang D, Liu J, Liu LL, Tan G. An Acyclic Silylone Stabilized by Mesoionic Carbene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhao He
- Soochow University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li Zhang
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Rui Wei
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Liu Leo Liu
- SUSTC: Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Soochow University College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Ren'ai Road #199 215123 Suzhou CHINA
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21
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Frenking G, Driess M. The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero‐Valent Lead Complex (‘Plumbylone’). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sidup Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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22
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Chen M, Lei B, Wang X, Rong H, Song H, Mo Z. A Silylene‐Stabilized Germanium Analogue of Alkynylaluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204495. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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23
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Chen M, Lei B, Wang X, Rong H, Song H, Mo Z. A Silylene‐Stabilized Germanium Analogue of Alkynylaluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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24
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Biswas S, Patel N, Deb R, Majumdar M. Chemistry of the Bis(imine)-Based Tetradentate Ligand Stabilized Group 14 E(II) Cations (E=Ge and Sn). CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200003. [PMID: 35253982 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ambiphilic Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species have been reported to be isolated through kinetic or thermodynamic stabilizations. Nonetheless, steric congestion or excessive coordination of donor atoms to the cationic center concurrently disfavors its prompt reactivity. Our research in this field revolves around the utilization of structurally non-rigid bis(imine) based tetradentate supporting ligands for the stabilization of Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species. Such E(II) cationic systems have been advantaged due to inherent flexibility present at the ligand backbone allowing disposal of E(II) orbitals through geometric rearrangements for further reactivity. The bifunctionality present in the ligand enables the first examples of Ge(II) bis-monocations. Furthermore, the redox-active nature of the ligand encourages participation in chemical transformations. In this personal account we have provided a detailed discussion of our published work in this direction in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastik Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niranjan Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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25
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Yadav R, Sinhababu S, Yadav R, Kundu S. Base-stabilized formally zero-valent mono and diatomic molecular main-group compounds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2170-2202. [PMID: 35040452 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds are known for transition metals in their formal zero-oxidation state, while similar compounds of main-group elements are recently realized and limited to only a few examples. Lewis-base-stabilized mono and diatomic molecular species (B2, C, C2, Si, Si2, Ge, Ge2, Sn, P2, As2, Sb2) represent groundbreaking examples of main-group compounds with formally zero-oxidation state. In recent years, the isolation of low-valent main-group compounds has attracted increasing attention of both experimental and theoretical chemists. This is not only due to their fascinating electronic structures and exceptional reactivities, but also their use as valuable precursors for the synthesis of exotic yet important chemical species. This has led to a better understanding of the intricate balance of the donor-acceptor properties of the ligand(s) used to stabilize elements in a formally zero-oxidation state. Owing to the unusual oxidation state of the central element, many compounds containing formally zero-valent elements can efficiently activate otherwise inert small molecules. This review describes the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of reported mono and diatomic formal zero-oxidation state main-group compounds. This review also emphasizes the comparative description of systems where different ligands are used to stabilize an element in its formal zero-oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India. .,Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
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Xu J, Dai C, Yao S, Zhu J, Driess M. A Genuine Stannylone with a Monoatomic Two‐Coordinate Tin(0) Atom Supported by a Bis(silylene) Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
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28
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Greb L. Valence Tautomerism of p‐Block Element Compounds – An Eligible Phenomenon for Main Group Catalysis? Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2022:e202100871. [PMID: 35910784 PMCID: PMC9306562 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Valence tautomerism has had a remarkable impact on several branches of transition metal chemistry. By switching between different valence tautomeric states, physicochemical properties and reactivities can be triggered reversibly. Is this phenomenon transferrable into the p‐block – or is it already happening there? This Perspective collects observations of p‐block element‐ligand systems that might be assignable to valence tautomerism. Further, it discusses occurrences in p‐block element compounds that exhibit the related effect of redox‐induced electron transfer. As disclosed, the concept of valence tautomerism with p‐block elements is at a very early stage. However, given the substantial disparity in the properties of those elements in different redox states, it might offer a valid extension for future developments in main group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34–36 14195 Berlin Germany
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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29
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Recent advances on carborane-based ligands in low-valent group 13 and group 14 elements chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Xu J, Dai C, Yao S, Zhu J, Driess M. A Genuine Stannylone with a Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Tin(0) Atom Supported by a Bis(silylene) Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114073. [PMID: 34787947 PMCID: PMC9300062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The monoatomic zero‐valent tin complex (stannylone) {[SiII(Xant)SiII]Sn0} 5 stabilized by a bis(silylene)xanthene ligand, [SiII(Xant)SiII=PhC(NtBu)2Si(Xant)Si(NtBu)2CPh], and its bis‐tetracarbonyliron complex {[SiII(Xant)SiII]Sn0[Fe(CO)4]2} 4 are reported. The stannylone 5 bearing a two‐coordinate zero‐valent tin atom is synthesized by reduction of the precursor 4 with potassium graphite. Compound 4 results from the SnII halide precursor {[SiII(Xant)SiII]SnIICl}Cl 2 or {[SiII(Xant)SiII]SnBr2} 3 through reductive salt‐metathesis reaction with K2Fe(CO)4. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and HOMO‐1 of 5 correspond to a π‐type lone pair with delocalization into both adjacent vacant orbitals of the SiII atoms and a σ‐type lone pair at the Sn0 center, respectively, indicating genuine stannylone character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Wang H, Xie Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of Carboranylsilylene Stabilized Boranes: Construction of Carborane-Fused Silaboracycles. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Hao KR, Ma XY, Zhang Z, Lyu HY, Yan QB, Su G. Ferroelectric and Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors in the 2D M IM IIGe 2X 6 Family: First-Principles and Machine Learning Investigations. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10040-10051. [PMID: 34623167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by experimentally discovering ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) CrGeTe3 and CuInP2S6 with similar geometric structures, respectively, we systematically investigated ferroic properties in a large family of 2D MIMIIGe2X6 (MI and MII = metal elements, X = S/Se/Te) by combining high-throughput first-principles calculations and the machine learning method. We identified 12 stable 2D multiferroics containing simultaneously ferromagnetic (FM) and ferroelectric (FE) properties and 35 2D ferromagnets without FE polarization. Particularly, the predicted FM Curie temperatures (TC) of eight 2D FM+FE semiconductors are close to or above room temperature. The ferroelectricity originates from the spontaneous geometric symmetry breaking induced by the unexpected shift of Ge-Ge atomic pairs and the emergence of Ge lone pair electrons, which also strengthens the p-d orbital hybridization between X atoms and metal atoms, leading to enhanced super-super-exchange interactions and raising the FM TC. Our findings not only enrich the family of 2D ferroic materials and present room-temperature FM semiconductors but also disclose the mechanism of the emerging ferroelectricity and enhanced ferromagnetism, which sheds light on the realization of high temperature multiferroics as well as FM semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Rong Hao
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Yu Ma
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hou-Yi Lyu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Bo Yan
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Su
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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33
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Gendy C, Mikko Rautiainen J, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Low-Valent Germanylidene Anions: Efficient Single-Site Nucleophiles for Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:14405-14409. [PMID: 34403540 PMCID: PMC8596740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare mononuclear and helical chain low-valent germanylidene anions supported by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene and hypermetallyl ligands were synthesised by stepwise reduction from corresponding germylene precursors via stable and isolable germanium radicals. The electronic structures of the anions can be described with ylidene and ylidone resonance forms with the Ge-C π-electrons capable of binding even weak electrophiles. The germanylidene anions reacted with CO2 to give μ-CO2 -κC:κO complexes, a rare coordination mode for low-valent germanium and inaccessible for the related neutral germylones. These results implicate low-valent germanylidene anions as efficient single-site nucleophiles for activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gendy
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
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34
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Yao S, Xiong Y, Saddington A, Driess M. Entering new chemical space with isolable complexes of single, zero-valent silicon and germanium atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10139-10153. [PMID: 34523649 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monatomic zero-valent silicon and germanium complexes (silylones and germylones), stabilised by neutral donating ligands, emerged only recently as a new class of low-valent group 14 element compounds. Featuring four valence electrons in the form of two lone pairs at a single site, silylones and germylones represent a molecular resting state of single Si and Ge atoms, which are typically only observed at high temperature in the gas phase or in interstellar matter. These species are capable of transferring single Si and Ge atoms to unsaturated substrates and acting as building blocks for novel group 14 species. After introducing this type of compound and the examples known to date, this feature article highlights some chelating bis N-heterocyclic carbene (bis(NHC)) and bis N-heterocyclic silylene (bis(NHSi)) supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes, for which a range of unprecedented reactivity has been discovered. The characteristic behaviour of these silylones and germylones discussed here consists of (i) coordination to Lewis acids, (ii) oxidation with elemental chalcogens, (iii) bond activation of common organic substrates and inert small molecules; and (iv) homocoupling of the Si0 and Ge0 centres. This wealth of reactivity has opened the door to a series of Si and Ge compounds, which would be otherwise difficult to realise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Vrána J, Holub J, Samsonov MA, Růžičková Z, Cvačka J, McKee ML, Fanfrlík J, Hnyk D, Růžička A. Access to cationic polyhedral carboranes via dynamic cage surgery with N-heterocyclic carbenes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4971. [PMID: 34404809 PMCID: PMC8371172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhedral boranes and heteroboranes appear almost exclusively as neutral or anionic species, while the cationic ones are protonated at exoskeletal heteroatoms or they are instable. Here we report the reactivity of 10-vertex closo-dicarbadecaboranes with one or two equivalents of N-heterocyclic carbene to 10-vertex nido mono- and/or bis-carbene adducts, respectively. These complexes easily undergo a reaction with HCl to give cages of stable and water soluble 10-vertex nido-type cations with protonation in the form of a BHB bridge or 10-vertex closo-type cations containing one carbene ligand when originating from closo-1,10-dicarbadecaborane. The reaction of a 10-vertex nido mono-carbene adduct with phosphorus trichloride gives nido-11-vertex 2-phospha-7,8-dicarbaundecaborane, which undergoes an oxidation of the phosphorus atom to P = O, while the product of a bis-carbene adduct reaction is best described as a distorted C2B6H8 fragment bridged by the (BH)2PCl2+ moiety. In comparison to their neutral or anionic counterparts, examples of cationic boron clusters remain scarce. Here, the authors prepare a variety of cationic polyhedral boranes by reacting closo-10-vertex carboranes with N-heterocyclic carbenes; the resulting open-cage cationic nido- arachno- or closo- derivatives are water soluble, which may enable unprecedented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael L McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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36
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Yao S, Kostenko A, Xiong Y, Lorent C, Ruzicka A, Driess M. Changing the Reactivity of Zero- and Mono-Valent Germanium with a Redox Non-Innocent Bis(silylenyl)carborane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14864-14868. [PMID: 33909944 PMCID: PMC8252802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using the chelating C,C'-bis(silylenyl)-ortho-dicarborane ligand, 1,2-(RSi)2 -1,2-C2 B10 H10 [R=PhC(NtBu)2 ], leads to the monoatomic zero-valent Ge complex ("germylone") 3. The redox non-innocent character of the carborane scaffold has a drastic influence on the reactivity of 3 towards reductants and oxidants. Reduction of 3 with one molar equivalent of potassium naphthalenide (KC10 H8 ) causes facile oxidation of Ge0 to GeI along with a two-electron reduction of the C2 B10 cluster core and subsequent GeI -GeI coupling to form the dianionic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 4. In contrast, oxidation of 3 with one molar equivalent of [Cp2 Fe][B{C6 H3 (CF3 )2 }4 ] as a one-electron oxidant furnishes the dicationic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 5. The Ge0 atom in 3 acts as donor towards GeCl2 to form the trinuclear mixed-valent Ge0 →GeII ←Ge0 complex 6, from which dechlorination with KC10 H8 affords the neutral Ge2 complex 7 as a diradical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. PC1410623BerlinGermany
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of PardubiceStudentska 57353210PardubiceCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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