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Wu Y, Guan X, Zhao H, Li M, Liang T, Sun J, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Synthesis of axially chiral diaryl ethers via NHC-catalyzed atroposelective esterification. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4564-4570. [PMID: 38516093 PMCID: PMC10952084 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Axially chiral diaryl ethers bearing two potential axes find unique applications in bioactive molecules and catalysis. However, only very few catalytic methods have been developed to construct structurally diverse diaryl ethers. We herein describe an NHC-catalyzed atroposelective esterification of prochiral dialdehydes, leading to the construction of enantioenriched axially chiral diaryl ethers. Mechanistic studies indicate that the matched kinetic resolutions play an essential role in the challenging chiral induction of flexible dual-axial chirality by removing minor enantiomers via over-functionalization. This protocol features mild conditions, excellent enantioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and applicability to late-stage functionalization, and provides a modular platform for the synthesis of axially chiral diaryl ethers and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Xin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Huaqiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Tianlong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130117 China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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2
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Rummel L, Schreiner PR. Advances and Prospects in Understanding London Dispersion Interactions in Molecular Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316364. [PMID: 38051426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) interactions are the main contribution of the attractive part of the van der Waals potential. Even though LD effects are the driving force for molecular aggregation and recognition, the role of these omnipresent interactions in structure and reactivity had been largely underappreciated over decades. However, in the recent years considerable efforts have been made to thoroughly study LD interactions and their potential as a chemical design element for structures and catalysis. This was made possible through a fruitful interplay of theory and experiment. This review highlights recent results and advances in utilizing LD interactions as a structural motif to understand and utilize intra- and intermolecularly LD-stabilized systems. Additionally, we focus on the quantification of LD interactions and their fundamental role in chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rummel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Fan G, Wang Q, Xu J, Zheng P, Chi YR. Carbene-catalyzed chemoselective reaction of unsymmetric enedials for access to Furo[2,3-b]pyrroles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4243. [PMID: 37454112 PMCID: PMC10349821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A carbene-catalyzed chemoselective reaction of unsymmetric enedials is disclosed. The reaction provides a concise access to bicyclic furo[2,3-b]pyrroles derivatives in excellent selectivity. A main challenge in this reaction is chemoselective reaction of the two aldehyde moieties in the enedial substrates. Mechanistic studies via experiments suggest that our chemoselectivity controls are mostly achieved on the reducing properties of different sited Breslow intermediates. Several side reactions processes and the corresponding side adducts are also studied by high resolution mass spectroscopy analysis. Our method allows for efficient assembly of the furo[2,3-b]pyrrole structural moieties and their analogues widely found in natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Fan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengcheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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4
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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5
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De Risi C, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A, Bortolini O. Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202467. [PMID: 36205918 PMCID: PMC10099058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis is a by now consolidated organocatalytic platform for a number of synthetic (asymmetric) transformations via diverse reaction modes/intermediates. In addition to the typical umpolung processes involving acyl anion/homoenolate equivalent species, implementation of protocols under oxidative conditions greatly expands the possibilities of this methodology. Oxidative NHC-catalysis allows for oxidative and oxygenative transformations through specific manipulations of Breslow-type species depending upon the oxidant used (external oxidant or O2 /air), the derived NHC-bound intermediates paving the way to non-umpolung processes through activation of carbon atoms and heteroatoms. This review is intended to update the state of the art in oxidative NHC-catalyzed reactions that appeared in the literature from 2014 to present, with a strong focus to crucial intermediates and their mechanistic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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6
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Chai LL, Zhao YH, Young DJ, Lu X, Li HX. Ni(II)-Mediated Photochemical Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Phenols. Org Lett 2022; 24:6908-6913. [PMID: 36121710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photopromoted, Ni-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation esterification of phenols and aromatic aldehydes has been achieved in an oxidant- and external photosensitizer-free manner. This reliable and atom-economical transformation was tolerant to a wide range of functional groups and proceeded efficiently to give various aryl benzoates in moderate to high yields. Additionally, this photocatalytic system displayed high activity for the hydrogen-evolution cross coupling of aliphatic aldehydes and phenols employing dual nickel and aromatic aldehyde catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Chai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - You-Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Xinhua Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Electrochemically promoted N-heterocyclic carbene polymer-catalyzed cycloaddition of aldehyde with isocyanide acetate. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Kong F, Chen S, Chen J, Liu C, Zhu W, Dickie DA, Schinski WL, Zhang S, Ess DH, Gunnoe TB. Cu(II) carboxylate arene C─H functionalization: Tuning for nonradical pathways. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1594. [PMID: 36001664 PMCID: PMC9401614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation of nondirected arenes benzene and toluene, as well as related functionalization with pivalate and 2-ethylhexanoate ester groups, using simple copper(II) [Cu(II)] salts with over 80% yield. By changing the ratio of benzene and Cu(II) salts, 2.4% conversion of benzene can be reached. Combined experimental and computational studies results indicate that the arene carbon-hydrogen functionalization likely occurs by a nonradical Cu(II)-mediated organometallic pathway. The Cu(II) salts used in the reaction can be isolated, recycled, and reused with little change in reactivity. In addition, the Cu(II) salts can be regenerated in situ using oxygen and, after the removal of the generated water, the arene carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation and related esterification reactions can be continued, which leads to a process that enables recycling of Cu(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Shusen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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9
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Ren SC, Yang X, Mondal B, Mou C, Tian W, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene and photocatalyst-catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles to form ketones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2846. [PMID: 35606378 PMCID: PMC9126905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbene and photocatalyst co-catalyzed radical coupling of acyl electrophile and a radical precursor is emerging as attractive method for ketone synthesis. However, previous reports mainly limited to prefunctionalized radical precursors and two-component coupling. Herein, an N-heterocyclic carbene and photocatalyst catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles is disclosed, in which the carboxylic acids are directly used as radical precursors. The acyl imidazoles could also be generated in situ by reaction of a carboxylic acid with CDI thus furnishing a formally decarboxylative coupling of two carboxylic acids. In addition, the reaction is successfully extended to three-component coupling by using alkene as a third coupling partner via a radical relay process. The mild conditions, operational simplicity, and use of carboxylic acids as the reacting partners make our method a powerful strategy for construction of complex ketones from readily available starting materials, and late-stage modification of natural products and medicines. The combination of carbene- and photocatalysis has enabled unorthodox routes to ketone syntheses, but usually requires engineered or activated substrates. Herein the authors present a carbene- and photocatalytic decarboxylative radical coupling of carboxylic acids and acyl imidazoles, in which the carboxylic acids are directly used as radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Ren
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xing Yang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bivas Mondal
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chengli Mou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, China. .,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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10
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Wu Y, Li M, Sun J, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Synthesis of Axially Chiral Aldehydes by N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Catalyzed Desymmetrization Followed by Kinetic Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117340. [PMID: 35100461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Axially chiral aldehydes have received increasing attention in enantioselective catalysis. However, only very few catalytic methods have been developed to construct structurally diverse axially chiral aldehydes. We herein describe an NHC-catalyzed atroposelective esterification of biaryl dialdehydes as a general and practical strategy for the construction of axially chiral aldehydes. Mechanistic studies indicate that coupling proceeds through a novel combination of NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization of the dialdehydes and kinetic resolution. This protocol features excellent enantioselectivity, mild conditions, good functional-group tolerance, and applicability to late-stage functionalization and provides a modular platform for the synthesis of axially chiral aldehydes and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Wu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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11
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Wu Y, Li M, Sun J, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Synthesis of Axially Chiral Aldehydes by N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization Followed by Kinetic Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Wu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment Northeast Normal University Changchun 130117 China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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12
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Lv X, Xu J, Sun C, Su F, Cai Y, Jin Z, Chi YR. Access to Planar Chiral Ferrocenes via N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cuiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fen Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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13
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Nagy BS, Llanes P, Pericas MA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Enantioselective Flow Synthesis of Rolipram Enabled by a Telescoped Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Oxidative Aldehyde Esterification Sequence Using in Situ-Generated Persulfuric Acid as Oxidant. Org Lett 2022; 24:1066-1071. [PMID: 35050638 PMCID: PMC8822492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for the enantioselective flow synthesis of rolipram comprising a telescoped asymmetric conjugate addition-oxidative aldehyde esterification sequence followed by trichlorosilane-mediated nitro group reduction and concomitant lactamization. The telescoped process takes advantage of a polystyrene-supported chiral organocatalyst along with in situ-generated persulfuric acid as a robust and scalable oxidant for direct aldehyde esterification. This approach demonstrates significantly improved productivity compared with earlier methodologies while ensuring environmentally benign metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Arp FF, Ashirov R, Bhuvanesh N, Blümel J. Di(hydroperoxy)adamantane adducts: synthesis, characterization and application as oxidizers for the direct esterification of aldehydes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15296-15309. [PMID: 34636381 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The di(hydroperoxy)adamantane adducts of water (1) and phosphine oxides p-Tol3PO·(HOO)2C(C9H14) (2), o-Tol3PO·(HOO)2C(C9H14) (3), and Cy3PO·(HOO)2C(C9H14) (4), as well as a CH2Cl2 adduct of a phosphole oxide dimer (8), have been created and investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and by Raman and IR spectroscopy. The single crystal X-ray structures for 1-4 and 8 are reported. The IR and 31P NMR data are in accordance with strong hydrogen bonding of the di(hydroperoxy)adamantane adducts. The Raman ν(O-O) stretching bands of 1-4 prove that the peroxo groups are present in the solids. Selected di(hydroperoxy)alkane adducts, in combination with AlCl3 as catalyst, have been applied for the direct oxidative esterification of n-nonyl aldehyde, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-bromobenzaldehyde, and o-hydroxybenzaldehyde to the corresponding methyl esters. The esterification takes place in an inert atmosphere, under anhydrous and oxygen-free conditions, within a time frame of 45 minutes to 5 hours at room temperature. Hereby, two oxygen atoms per adduct assembly are active with respect to the quantitative transformation of the aldehyde into the ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F Arp
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Rahym Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA.
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15
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Harnying W, Sudkaow P, Biswas A, Berkessel A. N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Carboxylic Acid Co-Catalysis Enables Oxidative Esterification of Demanding Aldehydes/Enals, at Low Catalyst Loading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19631-19636. [PMID: 34010504 PMCID: PMC8457137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery that simple carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, boost the activity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts in the oxidative esterification of aldehydes. A simple and efficient protocol for the transformation of a wide range of sterically hindered α- and β-substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals, catalyzed by a novel and readily accessible N-Mes-/N-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 1,2,4-triazolium salt, and benzoic acid as co-catalyst, was developed. A whole series of α/β-substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals hitherto not amenable to NHC-catalyzed esterification could be reacted at typical catalyst loadings of 0.02-1.0 mol %. For benzaldehyde, even 0.005 mol % of NHC catalyst proved sufficient: the lowest value ever achieved in NHC catalysis. Preliminary studies point to carboxylic acid-induced acceleration of acyl transfer from azolium enolate intermediates as the mechanistic basis of the observed effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharee Harnying
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Panyapon Sudkaow
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Animesh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Triazolium Salt Organocatalysis: Mechanistic Evaluation of Unusual Ortho-Substituent Effects on Deprotonation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis by N-heterocyclic carbenes is normally initiated by the deprotonation of precursor azolium ions to form active nucleophilic species. Substituent effects on deprotonation have an impact on catalytic efficiency and provide insight into general catalytic mechanisms by commonly used azolium systems. Using an NMR kinetic method for the analysis of C(3)-H/D exchange, we determined log kex–pD profiles for three ortho-substituted N-aryl triazolium salts, which enables a detailed analysis of ortho-substituent effects on deprotonation. This includes N-5-methoxypyrid-2-yl triazolium salt 7 and di-ortho-methoxy and di-ortho-isopropoxyphenyl triazolium salts 8 and 9, and we acquired additional kinetic data to supplement our previously published analysis of N-pyrid-2-yl triazolium salt 6. For 2-pyridyl triazoliums 6 and 7, novel acid catalysis of C(3)-H/D exchange is observed under acidic conditions. These kinetic data were supplemented by DFT analyses of the conformational preferences of 6 upon N-protonation. A C(3) deprotonation mechanism involving intramolecular general base deprotonation by the pyridyl nitrogen of the N(1)-deuterated dicationic triazolium salt is most consistent with the data. We also report kDO values (protofugalities) for deuteroxide-catalyzed exchange for 6–9. The protofugalities for 8 and 9 are the lowest values to date in the N-aryl triazolium series.
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17
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Luo XL, Ge D, Yu ZL, Chu XQ, Xu P. Vitamin B1-catalyzed aerobic oxidative esterification of aromatic aldehydes with alcohols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30937-30942. [PMID: 35498930 PMCID: PMC9041312 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A straightforward aerobic oxidative esterification of aryl aldehydes with alcohols has been developed for the synthesis of substituted esters by employing vitamin B1 as a cost-effective, metal-free, and eco-friendly NHC catalyst. Air is used as a green terminal oxidant. The reaction is a useful addition to the existing NHC-catalytic oxidative esterification. An aerobic oxidative esterification of aryl aldehydes with alcohols has been developed by employing vitamin B1 as a cost-effective, metal-free, and eco-friendly NHC catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Long Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Danhua Ge
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zi-Lun Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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