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Sharma AK, Maseras F. The Subtle Mechanism of Nickel-Photocatalyzed C(sp 3)-H Cross-Coupling. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39018463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
This computational study revises and reformulates the mechanism for the cross-coupling reaction between chlorobenzene and tetrahydrofuran catalyzed by a Ni complex with the assistance of an Ir photocatalyst. This is a representative process of transition-metal photocatalysis, and variations of it have been reported by different experimental authors. It has been also the subject of previous computational studies, which we revise and extend. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic modeling indicate that the most efficient mechanism takes place through an energy-transfer step and involves a NiIII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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2
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Suga T, Takada R, Sakamoto M, Ukaji Y. Directing-Group-Assisted Non-Strained Ether C-O Bond Homolysis Mediated by Low-Valent Titanium. Org Lett 2024; 26:2315-2320. [PMID: 38456776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Ether C-O bonds are typical constituents of organic molecules that are seldom regarded as reactive functional groups except when highly strained. With the assistance of appropriate directing groups, low-valent titanium was found to homolytically cleave non-strained C-O bonds. In particular, a newly designed catechol monoether directing group rendered a route toward the activation of non-benzylic C(sp3)-O bonds. This method has been applied to conventional radical addition reactions to alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suga
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryusei Takada
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Sakamoto
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Al Zubaydi S, Onuigbo IO, Truesdell BL, Sevov CS. Cobalt-Catalyzed Electroreductive Alkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides with Conjugated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313830. [PMID: 37963333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of unactivated alkyl chlorides under mild and sustainable conditions are rare compared to those of alkyl bromides or iodides. As a result, synthetic methods capable of modifying the vast chemical space of chloroalkane reagents, wastes, and materials are limited. We report the cobalt-catalyzed reductive addition of unactivated alkyl chlorides to conjugated alkenes. Co-catalyzed activation of alkyl chlorides is performed under electroreductive conditions, and the resulting reactions constitute formal alkyl-alkyl bond formation. In addition to developing an operationally simple methodology, detailed mechanistic studies provide insights into the elementary steps of a proposed catalytic cycle. In particular, we propose a switch in the mechanism of C-Cl bond activation from nucleophilic substitution to halogen atom abstraction, which is critical for efficiently generating alkyl radicals. These mechanistic insights were leveraged in designing ligands that enable couplings of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Al Zubaydi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Immaculata O Onuigbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Blaise L Truesdell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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5
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Zhang W, Guan W, Martinez Alvarado JI, Novaes LFT, Lin S. Deep Electroreductive Chemistry: Harnessing Carbon- and Silicon-based Reactive Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8038-8048. [PMID: 38707967 PMCID: PMC11067979 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint outlines our recent contribution in electroreductive synthesis. Specifically, we leveraged deeply reducing potentials provided by electrochemistry to generate radical and anionic intermediates from readily available alkyl halides and chlorosilanes. Harnessing the distinct reactivities of radicals and anions, we have achieved several challenging transformations to construct C-C, C-Si, and Si-Si bonds. We highlight the mechanistic design principle that underpinned the development of each transformation and provide a view forward on future opportunities in growing area of reductive electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Vijeta A, Casadevall C, Reisner E. An Integrated Carbon Nitride-Nickel Photocatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides Using Sodium Azide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203176. [PMID: 35332981 PMCID: PMC9321912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of primary anilines via sustainable methods remains a challenge in organic synthesis. We report a photocatalytic protocol for the selective synthesis of primary anilines via cross‐coupling of a wide range of aryl/heteroaryl halides with sodium azide using a photocatalyst powder consisting of nickel(II) deposited on mesoporous carbon nitride (Ni‐mpg‐CNx). This heterogeneous photocatalyst contains a high surface area with a visible light‐absorbing and adaptive “built‐in” solid‐state ligand for the integrated catalytic Ni site. The method displays a high functional group tolerance, requires mild reaction conditions, and benefits from easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalyst powder. Thereby, it overcomes the need of complex ligand scaffolds required in homogeneous catalysis, precious metals and elevated temperatures/pressures in existing protocols of primary anilines synthesis. The reported heterogeneous Ni‐mpg‐CNx holds potential for applications in the academic and industrial synthesis of anilines and exploration of other photocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Vijeta
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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7
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Vijeta A, Casadevall C, Reisner E. An Integrated Carbon Nitride‐Nickel Photocatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides using Sodium Azide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Vijeta
- University of Cambridge Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Erwin Reisner
- University of Cambridge Chemistry Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UNITED KINGDOM
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