1
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Ma Y, Liu C, Yang D, Fang Z, Huang W, Cheng R, Ye J. The developments of C-N bond formation via electrochemical Ritter-type reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7537-7548. [PMID: 39190317 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01210k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
With the development of organic electrochemical synthesis, a series of notable achievements have been made in electrochemical Ritter amination reactions, which have enriched the methods available for constructing C-N bonds. In this review, electrochemical Ritter amination reactions are introduced based on the classification of reaction substrates, including olefins, aromatics, alkylbenzenes, and the less reported carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfides, and alkanes. The application of electrochemical technology to Ritter reactions has improved the harsh conditions of the traditional reactions, and extended the substrate scope and the structural diversity of the products. The application value of Ritter reactions in organic synthesis has also been further expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dali Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ziqi Fang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenhui Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinxing Ye
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Soutome H, Yamashita H, Shimizu Y, Takumi M, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. Convergent approach for direct cross-coupling enabled by flash irreversible generation of cationic and anionic species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4873. [PMID: 38871696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In biosynthesis multiple kinds of reactive intermediates are generated, transported, and reacted across different parts of organisms, enabling highly sophisticated synthetic reactions. Herein we report a convergent synthetic approach, which utilizes dual intermediates of cationic and carbanionic species in a single step, hinted at by the ideal reaction conditions. By reactions of unsaturated precursors, such as enamines, with a superacid in a flow microreactor, cationic species, such as iminium ions, are generated rapidly and irreversibly, and before decomposition, they are transported to react with rapidly and independently generated carbanions, enabling direct C-C bond formation. Taking advantage of the reactivity of these double reactive intermediates, the reaction take place within a few seconds, enabling synthetic reactions which are not applicable in conventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Soutome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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3
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Matsuura Y, Fuse S. Rapid in situ generation of 2-(halomethyl)-5-phenylfuran and nucleophilic addition in a microflow reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3448-3452. [PMID: 38595317 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00358f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
2,5-Disubstituted furans are frequently found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. Nucleophilic substitution reactions on the carbon atom adjacent to the furan ring are useful for producing various furan derivatives. However, the formation of 5-substituted 2-halomethylfuran and the subsequent nucleophilic substitution reactions are often limited by severe undesired reactions caused by the highly reactive halomethylfurans. This paper reports the successful rapid synthesis of various 2,5-disubstituted furans using microflow technology, which suppresses undesired reactions including dimerization and ring opening of the furans. We observed that Brønsted acids had a significant effect on the nucleophilic substitution reaction and the use of HBr and HI gave the best results. A plausible mechanism of the Brønsted acid-mediated nucleophilic substitutions in the developed approach was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Matsuura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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4
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Matsuura Y, Fuse S. Micro-flow heteroatom alkylation via TfOH-mediated rapid in situ generation of carbocations and subsequent nucleophile addition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2497-2500. [PMID: 38285468 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A rapid nucleophilic substitution reaction was developed using carbocations generated from diarylmethanol and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Undesired reactions caused by the carbocations were suppressed, presumably due to the rapid and uniform generation of carbocations and the subsequent rapid and uniform distribution of nucleophiles by the micro-flow technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Matsuura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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5
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Ashikari Y, Yoshioka R, Yonekura Y, Yoo DE, Okamoto K, Nagaki A. Flowmicro In-Line Analysis-Driven Design of Reactions mediated by Unstable Intermediates: Flash Monitoring Approach. Chemistry 2024:e202303774. [PMID: 38216535 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The direct observation of reactive intermediates is an important issue for organic synthesis. However, intermediates with an extreme instability are hard to be monitored by common spectroscopic methods such as FTIR. We have developed synthetic method utilizing flow microreactors, which enables a generation and reactions of unstable intermediates. Herein we report that, based on our flowmicro techniques, we developed an in-line analysis method for reactive intermediates in increments of milliseconds. We demonstrated the direct observation of the living and dead species of the anionic polymerization of alkyl methacrylates. The direct information of the living species enabled the anionic polymerization and copolymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates, which is the important but difficult reaction in the conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rikako Yoshioka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
- TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931 Urago-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0062, Japan
| | - Dong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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6
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Fuse S, Kanda S, Masui H. One-Flow Synthesis of Substituted Indoles via Sequential 1,2-Addition/Nucleophilic Substitution of Indolyl-3-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300909. [PMID: 37962410 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Substituted indoles are important as drugs. A number of valuable indoles have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the 3'-position of indoles. However, the preparation of an indolylmethyl electrophile containing a tertiary carbon at the 3'-position and its subsequent nucleophilic substitution are challenging owing to the instability of the electrophile. Herein, we demonstrated the rapid one-flow synthesis of indoles via sequential 1,2-addition/nucleophilic substitution of indolyl-3-carbaldehydes. The use of a microflow technology helped in suppressing the undesired reactions caused by the unstable intermediates, resulting in significantly higher yields and reproducibility compared to those under batch conditions. A crown ether was effective when 1-alkylindole-3-carboxaldehyde was used as a substrate. However, the crown ether exerted a detrimental effect when 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde was used. A total of 15 structurally diverse indole derivatives were obtained in generally acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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7
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Okamoto K, Higuma R, Muta K, Fukumoto K, Tsuchihashi Y, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. External Flash Generation of Carbenoids Enables Monodeuteration of Dihalomethanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301738. [PMID: 37300319 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, incorporation of one deuterium atom was achieved by H-D exchange of one of the two identical methylene protons in various dihalomethanes (halogen=Cl, Br, and I) through a rapid-mixing microflow reaction of lithium diisopropylamide as a strong base and deuterated methanol as a deuteration reagent. Generation of highly unstable carbenoid intermediate and suppression of its decomposition were successfully controlled under high flow-rate conditions. Monofunctionalization of diiodomethane afforded various building blocks composed of boryl, stannyl, and silyl groups. The monodeuterated diiodomethane, which served as a deuterated C1 source, was subsequently subjected to diverted functionalization methods to afford various products including biologically important molecules bearing isotope labelling at specific positions and homologation products with monodeuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Higuma
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Muta
- Fundamental Chemical Research Center, Central Glass Co., Ltd., 17-5, Nakadai 2-chome, Kawagoe City, Saitama, 350-1159, Japan
| | - Keita Fukumoto
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corp., 10 Okubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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8
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Orvoš J, Pančík F, Fischer R. Facile One‐Step Oxidation of
N
‐Boc‐Protected Diarylhydrazines to Diaryldiazenes with (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene under Mild Conditions. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Orvoš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Filip Pančík
- Institute of Chemistry Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Róbert Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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9
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Sato E, Tachiwaki G, Fujii M, Mitsudo K, Washio T, Takizawa S, Suga S. Electrochemical Carbon-Ferrier Rearrangement Using a Microflow Reactor and Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration of Suitable Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gaku Tachiwaki
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Washio
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Takumi M, Sakaue H, Shibasaki D, Nagaki A. Rapid access to organic triflates based on flash generation of unstable sulfonium triflates in flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8344-8347. [PMID: 35797717 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02344j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flash (extremely fast) electrochemical generation of unstable arylbis(arylthio)sulfonium triflates [ArS(ArSSAr)]+ [OTf]- that are unsuitable for accumulation in batch processes was achieved within 10 s in a divided-type flow electrochemcial reactor, enabling one-flow access to vinyl triflates, short-lived oxocarbenium triflates and glycosyl triflates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hodaka Sakaue
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daiki Shibasaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Ashikari Y, Guan K, Nagaki A. Flash functional group-tolerant biaryl-synthesis based on integration of lithiation, zincation and negishi coupling in flow. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.964767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We achieved an integration of a lithiation of aryl bromides, a zincation of thus-generated aryllithiums, and a Negishi coupling of the arylzinc with an aryl halide in one flow. Taking advantages of flow microreactors, biaryls bearing a wide range of functional groups, especially biaryls bearing multiple electrophilic-functionalities were synthesized.
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12
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Mandai K, Yamamoto T, Mandai H, Nagaki A. Rapid gas–liquid reaction in flow. Continuous synthesis and production of cyclohexene oxide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:660-668. [PMID: 35821694 PMCID: PMC9235905 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced reaction rate in the epoxidation of cyclohexene with air as an oxidant was discovered without any added catalyst utilizing a continuous flow reactor constructed with readily available stainless steel parts and devices. This continuous-flow process demonstrates a significant improvement in reaction time for highly selective epoxide production over the batch process due to the efficient mass transfer between the liquid phase and air. The flow process discovered was operated continuously with good operational stability, evaluated by a constant high yield of cyclohexene oxide, to obtain the desired product with high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Mandai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Gifu University of Medical Science, Nijigaoka, Kani-city, Gifu Prefecture, 509-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mandai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Gifu University of Medical Science, Nijigaoka, Kani-city, Gifu Prefecture, 509-0293, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Takumi M, Nagaki A. Flash Synthesis and Continuous Production of C-Arylglycosides in a Flow Electrochemical Reactor. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.862766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a green and atom-efficient route to synthesize pharmaceutical and useful functional molecules, as it eliminates the need for the harsh chemical oxidants and reductants commonly used in traditional chemical reactions. To promote the implementation of electrochemical processes in the industry, there is a strong demand for the development of technologies that would allow for scale-up and a shortened reaction process time. Herein, we report that electrolysis was successfully accomplished using a flow-divided-electrochemical reactor within a few seconds, enabling the desired chemical conversion in a short period of time. Moreover, the narrow electrode gap of the flow reactor, which offers greener conditions than the conventional batch reactor, resulted in the continuous flash synthesis of C-arylglycosides.
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