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Luo P, Huang JH, Lv JM, Wang GQ, Hu D, Gao H. Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:748-783. [PMID: 38265076 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Fan J, Wei PL, Yin WB. Formation of Bridged Disulfide in Epidithiodioxopiperazines. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300770. [PMID: 38116907 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids, featuring a 2,5-diketopiperazine core and transannular disulfide bridge, exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, the structural complexity has prevented efficient chemical synthesis and further clinical research. In the past few decades, many achievements have been made in the biosynthesis of ETPs. Here, we discuss the biosynthetic progress and summarize them as two comprehensible metabolic principles for better understanding the complex pathways of α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide bridged ETPs. Specifically, we systematically outline the catalytic machineries to install α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide by flavin-containing oxygenases. This concept would contribute to the medical and industrial applications of ETPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Yan LH, Li X, Wang BG. Natural products with 1,2-oxazine scaffold: occurrence, chemical diversity, bioactivity, synthesis, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1874-1900. [PMID: 37642299 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of July, 20231,2-Oxazine is a heterocyclic scaffold rarely found in natural products and is characterized by a directly connected N-O bond in a six-membered ring. Since the discovery of geneserine, the first 1,2-oxazine-containing natural product (1,2-oxazine NP) being isolated from Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum) in 1925, a total of 76 naturally occurring 1,2-oxazine NPs have been isolated and identified from various sources, which have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of natural product chemistry, organic synthesis, biosynthesis, and pharmacology. This review summarizes the chemical family of 1,2-oxazine NPs, focusing on their source organisms, structural diversities, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Yan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
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Sun Y, Tian D, Kuhnert E, Le Goff G, Arcile G, Ouazzani J, Cox RJ. Total biosynthesis of fungal tetraketide pyrones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13587-13590. [PMID: 37886844 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Fungal tetraketide pyrones possess important and potent bioactivities, but their detailed biosynthetic pathways are unknown and synthetic routes to their production are lengthy. Here we investigated the fungal pathways to the multiforisins and compounds related to islandic acid. Heterologous expression experiments yield high titres of these compounds and pathway intermediates. The results both elucidate the pathway and offer a platform for the total biosynthesis of this class of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Sun
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dongsong Tian
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Russell J Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Tseng CC, Chen L, Lee C, Tu Z, Lin CH, Lin HC. Characterization and catalytic investigation of fungal single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase in terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid biosynthesis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad043. [PMID: 38049376 PMCID: PMC10720950 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid natural products are compounds that originate from diverse biosynthetic pathways and undergo a conjugation process, which enables them to expand their chemical diversity and biological functionality. Terpene-amino acid meroterpenoids have garnered increasing attention in recent years, driven by the discovery of noteworthy examples such as the anthelmintic CJ-12662, the insecticidal paeciloxazine, and aculene A (1). In the biosynthesis of terpene-amino acid natural products, single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) have been identified to be involved in the esterification step, catalyzing the fusion of modified terpene and amino acid components. Despite prior investigations into these NRPSs through gene deletion or in vivo experiments, the enzymatic basis and mechanistic insights underlying this family of single-module NRPSs remain unclear. In this study, we performed biochemical characterization of AneB by in vitro characterization, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis. The enzyme reaction analyses, performed with L-proline and daucane/nordaucane sesquiterpene substrates, revealed that AneB specifically esterifies the C10-OH of aculenes with L-proline. Notably, in contrast to ThmA in CJ-12662 biosynthesis, which exclusively recognizes oxygenated amorpha-4,11-diene sesquiterpenes for L-tryptophan transfer, AneB demonstrates broad substrate selectivity, including oxygenated amorpha-4,11-diene and 2-phenylethanol, resulting in the production of diverse unnatural prolyl compounds. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated the involvement of H794 and D798 in the esterification catalyzed by AneB. Lastly, domain swapping between AneB and ThmA unveiled that the A‒T domains of ThmA can be effectively harnessed by the C domain of AneB for L-tryptophan transfer, thus highlighting the potential of the C domain of AneB for generating various terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid derivatives. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY The enzymatic basis and mechanistic insights into AneB, a single-module NRPS, highlight its capacity to generate various terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Tseng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Li‐Xun Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chi‐Fang Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
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Chen L, Wei X, Matsuda Y. Depside Bond Formation by the Starter-Unit Acyltransferase Domain of a Fungal Polyketide Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19225-19230. [PMID: 36223511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depsides are polyphenolic molecules comprising two or more phenolic acid derivatives linked by an ester bond, which is called a depside bond in these molecules. Despite more than a century of intensive research on depsides, the biosynthetic mechanism of depside bond formation remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a polyketide synthase, DrcA, from the fungus Aspergillus duricaulis CBS 481.65 and found that DrcA synthesizes CJ-20,557 (1), a heterodimeric depside composed of 3-methylorsellinic acid and 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid. Moreover, we determined that depside bond formation is catalyzed by the starter-unit acyltransferase (SAT) domain of DrcA. Remarkably, this is a previously undescribed form of SAT domain chemistry. Further investigation revealed that 1 is transformed into duricamidepside (2), a depside-amino acid conjugate, by the single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase DrcB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xingxing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
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