1
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Do PT, Sbordone F, Kalmer H, Sokolova A, Zhang C, Thai LD, Golberg DV, Chapman R, Poad BLJ, Frisch H. Main chain selective polymer degradation: controlled by the wavelength and assembly. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12410-12419. [PMID: 39118612 PMCID: PMC11304539 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) revolutionized polymer chemistry and paved the way for accessing synthetic polymers with controlled sequences based on vinylic monomers. An inherent limitation of vinylic polymers stems from their all-carbon backbone, which limits both function and degradability. Herein, we report a synthetic strategy utilizing radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) of complementary photoreactive cyclic monomers in combination with RDRP to embed photoresponsive functionality into desired blocks of polyvinyl polymers. Exploiting different absorbances of photoreactive cyclic monomers, it becomes possible to degrade blocks selectively by irradiation with either UVB or UVA light. Translating such primary structures of polymer sequences into higher order assemblies, the hydrophobicity of the photodegradable monomers allowed for the formation of micelles in water. Upon exposure to light, the nondegradable blocks detached yielding a significant reduction in the micelle hydrodynamic diameter. As a result of the self-assembled micellar environment, telechelic oligomers with photoreactive termini (e.g., coumarin or styrylpyrene) resulting from the photodegradation of polymers in water underwent intermolecular photocycloaddition to photopolymerize, which usually only occurs efficiently at longer wavelengths and a much higher concentration of photoresponsive groups. The reported main chain polymer degradation is thus controlled by the irradiation wavelength and the assembly of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Do
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Henrik Kalmer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Linh Duy Thai
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Dmitri V Golberg
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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2
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Ko K, Lundberg DJ, Johnson AM, Johnson JA. Mechanism-Guided Discovery of Cleavable Comonomers for Backbone Deconstructable Poly(methyl methacrylate). J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9142-9154. [PMID: 38526229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of cleavable comonomers (CCs) with suitable copolymerization reactivity paves the way for the introduction of backbone deconstructability into polymers. Recent advancements in thionolactone-based CCs, exemplified by dibenzo[c,e]-oxepine-5(7H)-thione (DOT), have opened promising avenues for the selective deconstruction of multiple classes of vinyl polymers, including polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polystyrenics. To date, however, no thionolactone CC has been shown to copolymerize with methacrylates to an appreciable extent to enable polymer deconstruction. Here, we overcome this challenge through the design of a new class of benzyl-functionalized thionolactones (bDOTs). Guided by detailed mechanistic analyses, we find that the introduction of radical-stabilizing substituents to bDOTs enables markedly increased and tunable copolymerization reactivity with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Through iterative optimizations of the molecular structure, a specific bDOT, F-p-CF3PhDOT, is discovered to copolymerize efficiently with MMA. High molar mass deconstructable PMMA-based copolymers (dPMMA, Mn > 120 kDa) with low percentages of F-p-CF3PhDOT (1.8 and 3.8 mol%) are prepared using industrially relevant bulk free radical copolymerization conditions. The thermomechanical properties of dPMMA are similar to PMMA; however, the former is shown to degrade into low molar mass fragments (<6.5 kDa) under mild aminolysis conditions. This work presents the first example of a radical ring-opening CC capable of nearly random copolymerization with MMA without the possibility of cross-linking and provides a workflow for the mechanism-guided design of deconstructable copolymers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwook Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alayna M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Zhang S, Li R, An Z. Degradable Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Synthesized by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315849. [PMID: 38155097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) combines polymerization and in situ self-assembly of block copolymers in one system and has become a widely used method to prepare block copolymer nanoparticles at high concentrations. The persistence of polymers in the environment poses a huge threat to the ecosystem and represents a significant waste of resources. There is an urgent need to develop novel chemical approaches to synthesize degradable polymers. To meet with this demand, it is crucial to install degradability into PISA nanoparticles. Most recently, degradable PISA nanoparticles have been synthesized by introducing degradation mechanisms into either shell-forming or core-forming blocks. This Minireview summarizes the development in degradable block copolymer nanoparticles synthesized by PISA, including shell-degradable, core-degradable, and all-degradable nanoparticles. Future development will benefit from expansion of polymerization techniques with new degradation mechanisms and adaptation of high-throughput approaches for both PISA syntheses and degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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4
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Farmer MH, Musa OM, Haug I, Naumann S, Armes SP. Synthesis of Poly(propylene oxide)-Poly( N,N'-dimethylacrylamide) Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles via Reverse Sequence Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2024; 57:317-327. [PMID: 38222027 PMCID: PMC10782481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles comprising poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) cores are prepared via reverse sequence polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in aqueous solution. N,N'-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAC) acts as a cosolvent for the weakly hydrophobic trithiocarbonate-capped PPO precursor. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of DMAC is initially conducted at 80% w/w solids with deoxygenated water. At 30-60% DMAC conversion, the reaction mixture is diluted to 5-25% w/w solids. The PPO chains become less solvated as the DMAC monomer is consumed, which drives in situ self-assembly to form aqueous dispersions of PPO-core nanoparticles of 120-190 nm diameter at 20 °C. Such RAFT polymerizations are well-controlled (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.31), and more than 99% DMAC conversion is achieved. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit thermoresponsive character: dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies indicate the formation of more compact spherical nanoparticles of approximately 33 nm diameter on heating to 70 °C. Furthermore, 15-25% w/w aqueous dispersions of such nanoparticles formed micellar gels that undergo thermoreversible (de)gelation on cooling to 5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
A. H. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland
Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Iris Haug
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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5
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Kuroda K, Ouchi M. Umpolung Isomerization in Radical Copolymerization of Benzyl Vinyl Ether with Pentafluorophenylacrylate Leading to Degradable AAB Periodic Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316875. [PMID: 37971837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed that benzyl vinyl ether (BnVE) shows a peculiar isomerization propagation in its radical copolymerization with an electron-deficient acrylate carrying a pentafluorophenyl group (PFA). The co-monomer pair inherently exhibits the cross-over propagation feature due to the large difference in the electron density. However, the radical species of PFA was found to undergo a backward isomerization to the penultimate BnVE pendant giving a benzyl radical species prior to propagation with BnVE. The isomerization brings a drastic change in the character of the growing radical species from electrophilic to nucleophilic, and thus the isomerized benzyl radial species propagates with PFA. Consequently, the two monomers were consumed in the order AAB (A: PFA; B: BnVE) and the unique periodic consumption was confirmed by the pseudo-reactivity ratios calculated by the penultimate model: r11 =0.174 and r21 =6600 for PFA (M1 ) with BnVE (M2 ). The pentafluorophenyl ester groups of the resulting copolymers are transformed into ester and amide groups by post-polymerization alcoholysis and aminolysis modifications. The unique isomerization in the AAB sequence allowed the periodic introduction of a benzyl ether structure in the backbone leading to efficient degradation under acid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kuroda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Luzel B, Gil N, Désirée P, Monot J, Bourissou D, Siri D, Gigmes D, Martin-Vaca B, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Development of an Efficient Thionolactone for Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization by a Combined Theoretical/Experimental Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27437-27449. [PMID: 38059751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of plastic waste has been a real problem for the past decades. The incorporation of cleavable bonds in the polymer backbone is a solution to making a commodity polymer degradable. When radical polymerization is used, this approach is made possible by radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) of a cyclic monomer that allows for the introduction of a weak bond into the polymer backbone. Among the various cyclic monomers that could be used in rROP, thionolactones are promising structures due to the efficiency of the C═S bond to act as a radical acceptor. Nevertheless, only a few structures were reported to be efficient. In this work, we used DFT calculations to gain a better understanding of the radical reactivity of thionolactones, and in particular, we focused on the transfer rate constant ktr value and its ratio with the propagation rate constant kp of the vinyl monomer. The closer to 1, the better is the statistical incorporation of the two comonomers into the backbone. These theoretical results were in good agreement with all of the experimental data reported in the literature. We thus used this approach to understand the key parameters to tune the reactivity of thionolactone to prepare random copolymers. We identified and prepared the 7-phenyloxepane-2-thione (POT) thionolactone that led to statistical copolymers with styrene and acrylate derivatives that were efficiently degraded under accelerated conditions (KOH in THF/MeOH, TBD in THF, or mCPBA in THF), confirming the theoretical approach. The compatibility with RAFT polymerization as well as the homopolymerization behavior of POT was established. This theoretical approach paves the way for the in-silico design of new efficient thionolactones for rROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Luzel
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Noémie Gil
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Désirée
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Monot
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Blanca Martin-Vaca
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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7
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Chiang KT, Lin SH, Ye YZ, Zeng BH, Cheng YL, Lee RH, Lin KYA, Yang H. Leafhopper-inspired reversibly switchable antireflection coating with sugar apple-like structure arrays. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:81-93. [PMID: 37393770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical coatings with reversibly tunable antireflective characteristics hold a tremendous potential for next generation optical energy-related applications. Bioinpsired by the camouflage behavior of small yellow leafhoppers, silica hollow sphere/shape memory polymer composites are self-assembled using a non-lithography-based approach. The average visible transmittance of the as-patterned hierarchical structure array-covered substrate is increased by ca. 6.3% at normal incident, and even improved by more than 20% for an incident angle of 75°. Interestingly, the broadband omnidirectional antireflection performance can be reversibly erased and recovered by applying external stimuli under ambient conditions. To gain a better understanding, its reversibility, mechanical robustness, and the structure-shape effect on the antireflective properties are systematically investigated in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ting Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hua Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Zhe Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lien Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Hongta Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
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8
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Farmer MAH, Musa OM, Armes SP. Efficient Synthesis of Hydrolytically Degradable Block Copolymer Nanoparticles via Reverse Sequence Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309526. [PMID: 37522648 PMCID: PMC10952355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolytically degradable block copolymer nanoparticles are prepared via reverse sequence polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in aqueous media. This efficient protocol involves the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N,N'-dimethylacrylamide (DMAC) using a monofunctional or bifunctional trithiocarbonate-capped poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) precursor. DMAC monomer is employed as a co-solvent to solubilize the hydrophobic PCL chains. At an intermediate DMAC conversion of 20-60 %, the reaction mixture is diluted with water to 10-25 % w/w solids. The growing amphiphilic block copolymer chains undergo nucleation to form sterically-stabilized PCL-core nanoparticles with PDMAC coronas. 1 H NMR studies confirm more than 99 % DMAC conversion while gel permeation chromatography (GPC) studies indicate well-controlled RAFT polymerizations (Mw /Mn ≤1.30). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicate spheres of 20-120 nm diameter. As expected, hydrolytic degradation occurs within days at 37 °C in either acidic or alkaline solution. Degradation is also observed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. However, no degradation is detected over a three-month period when these nanoparticles are stored at 20 °C in deionized water (pH 6.7). Finally, PDMAC30 -PCL16 -PDMAC30 nanoparticles are briefly evaluated as a dispersant for an agrochemical formulation based on a broad-spectrum fungicide (azoxystrobin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. H. Farmer
- Department of ChemistryThe University of SheffieldBrook HillS3 7HFSheffieldSouth YorkshireUK
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland Specialty Ingredients1005 US 202/20608807BridgewaterNJUSA
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of ChemistryThe University of SheffieldBrook HillS3 7HFSheffieldSouth YorkshireUK
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9
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Prebihalo EA, Luke AM, Reddi Y, LaSalle CJ, Shah VM, Cramer CJ, Reineke TM. Radical ring-opening polymerization of sustainably-derived thionoisochromanone. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5689-5698. [PMID: 37265728 PMCID: PMC10231309 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis, characterization and radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) capabilities of thionoisochromanone (TIC), a fungi-derivable thionolactone. TIC is the first reported six-membered thionolactone to readily homopolymerize under free radical conditions without the presence of a dormant comonomer or repeated initiation. Even more, the resulting polymer is fully degradable under mild, basic conditions. Computations providing molecular-level insights into the mechanistic and energetic details of polymerization identified a unique S,S,O-orthoester intermediate that leads to a sustained chain-end. This sustained chain-end allowed for the synthesis of a block copolymer of TIC and styrene under entirely free radical conditions without explicit radical control methods such as reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). We also report the statistical copolymerization of ring-retained TIC and styrene, confirmed by elemental analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Computations into the energetic details of copolymerization indicate kinetic drivers for ring-retaining behavior. This work provides the first example of a sustainable feedstock for rROP and provides the field with the first six-membered monomer susceptible to rROP, expanding the monomer scope to aid our fundamental understanding of thionolactone rROP behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Prebihalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Anna M Luke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Yernaidu Reddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Christopher J LaSalle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Vijay M Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | | | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
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10
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Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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11
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Sbordone F, Veskova J, Richardson B, Do PT, Micallef A, Frisch H. Embedding Peptides into Synthetic Polymers: Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclic Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6221-6229. [PMID: 36898136 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids are the key building blocks of life. Synthetic polymers have nevertheless revolutionized our everyday life through their robust synthetic accessibility. Combining the unmatched functionality of biopolymers with the robustness of tailorable synthetic polymers holds the promise to create materials that can be designed ad hoc for a wide array of applications. Radical polymerization is the most widely applied polymerization technique in both fundamental science and industrial polymer production. While this polymerization technique is robust and well controlled, it generally yields unfunctional all-carbon backbones. Combinations of natural polymers such as peptides, with synthetic polymers, are thus limited to tethering peptides onto the side chains or chain ends of the latter. This synthetic limitation is a critical restraint, considering that the function of biopolymers is programmed into the sequence of their main chain (i.e., primary structure). Here, we report the radical copolymerization of peptides and synthetic comonomers yielding synthetic polymers with defined peptide sequences embedded into their main chain. Key was the development of a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach to generate synthetic access to peptide conjugates containing allylic sulfides. Following cyclization, the obtained peptide monomers can be readily copolymerized with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA)─controlled by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Importantly, the developed synthetic strategy is compatible with all 20 standard amino acids and uses exclusively standard SPPS chemicals or chemicals accessible in one-step synthesis─prerequisite for widespread and universal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Juliet Veskova
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bailey Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Phuong Thi Do
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Aaron Micallef
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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12
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Uchiyama M, Murakami Y, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Synthesis and Degradation of Vinyl Polymers with Evenly Distributed Thioacetal Bonds in Main Chains: Cationic DT Copolymerization of Vinyl Ethers and Cyclic Thioacetals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215021. [PMID: 36369911 PMCID: PMC10107285 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel method to synthesize degradable poly(vinyl ether)s with cleavable thioacetal bonds periodically arranged in the main chains using controlled cationic copolymerization of vinyl ethers with a 7-membered cyclic thioacetal (7-CTA) via degenerative chain transfer (DT) to the internal thioacetal bonds. The thioacetal bonds, which are introduced into the main chain by cationic ring-opening copolymerization of 7-CTA with vinyl ethers, serve as in-chain dormant species to allow homogeneous propagation of vinyl ethers for all internal segments to afford copolymers with controlled overall and segmental molecular weights. The obtained polymers can be degraded into low- and controlled-molecular-weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions via hydrolysis. Various vinyl ethers with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and functional pendants are available. Finally, one-pot synthesis of multiblock copolymers and their degradation into diblock copolymers are also achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H120 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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13
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Lages M, Pesenti T, Zhu C, Le D, Mougin J, Guillaneuf Y, Nicolas J. Degradable polyisoprene by radical ring-opening polymerization and application to polymer prodrug nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3311-3325. [PMID: 36970097 PMCID: PMC10034157 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical ring-opening copolymerization of isoprene and dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione via free-radical and controlled radical polymerizations led to degradable polyisoprene under basic, oxidative and physiological conditions with application to prodrug nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Lages
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Théo Pesenti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Chen Zhu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Dao Le
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
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14
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Liu CH, Cheu C, Barker JG, Yang L, Nieh MP. Facile polymerization in a bicellar template to produce polymer nano-rings. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:629-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Lages M, Gil N, Galanopoulo P, Mougin J, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y, Lansalot M, D’Agosto F, Nicolas J. Degradable Vinyl Copolymer Nanoparticles/Latexes by Aqueous Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Lages
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F–91400 Orsay, France
| | - Noémie Gil
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Galanopoulo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F–91400 Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F–91400 Orsay, France
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16
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un Nisa Q, Theobald W, Hepburn KS, Riddlestone I, Bingham NM, Kopeć M, Roth PJ. Degradable Linear and Bottlebrush Thioester-Functional Copolymers through Atom-Transfer Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization of a Thionolactone. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qamar un Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - William Theobald
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Kyle S. Hepburn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Ian Riddlestone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Nathaniel M. Bingham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Maciej Kopeć
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
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17
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Pesenti T, Zhu C, Gonzalez-Martinez N, Tomás RMF, Gibson MI, Nicolas J. Degradable Polyampholytes from Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization Enhance Cellular Cryopreservation. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:889-894. [PMID: 35766585 PMCID: PMC9301905 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular cryoprotectants based on polyampholytes are showing promise as supplemental cryoprotectants alongside conventional DMSO-based freezing. Here we exploit radical ring-opening (ter)polymerization to access ester-containing cryoprotective polyampholytes, which were shown to be degradable. Using a challenging cell monolayer cryopreservation model, the degradable polyampholytes were found to enhance post-thaw recovery when supplemented into DMSO. This demonstrates that degradable macromolecular cryoprotectants can be developed for application in biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pesenti
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut
Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Chen Zhu
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut
Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Natalia Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | - Ruben M. F. Tomás
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, U.K.
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut
Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Stellmach KA, Paul MK, Xu M, Su YL, Fu L, Toland AR, Tran H, Chen L, Ramprasad R, Gutekunst WR. Modulating Polymerization Thermodynamics of Thiolactones Through Substituent and Heteroatom Incorporation. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:895-901. [PMID: 35786872 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in the development of next-generation sustainable materials is to design polymers that can easily revert back to their monomeric starting material through chemical recycling to monomer (CRM). An emerging monomer class that displays efficient CRM are thiolactones, which exhibit rapid rates of polymerization and depolymerization. This report details the polymerization thermodynamics for a series of thiolactone monomers through systematic changes to substitution patterns and sulfur heteroatom incorporation. Additionally, computational studies highlight the importance of conformation in modulating the enthalpy of polymerization, leading to monomers that display high conversions to polymer at near-ambient temperatures, while maintaining low ceiling temperatures (Tc). Specifically, the combination of a highly negative enthalpy (-19.3 kJ/mol) and entropy (-58.4 J/(mol·K)) of polymerization allows for a monomer whose equilibrium polymerization conversion is very sensitive to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Stellmach
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - McKinley K Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mizhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aubrey R Toland
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huan Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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19
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Kiel GR, Lundberg DJ, Prince E, Husted KEL, Johnson AM, Lensch V, Li S, Shieh P, Johnson JA. Cleavable Comonomers for Chemically Recyclable Polystyrene: A General Approach to Vinyl Polymer Circularity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12979-12988. [PMID: 35763561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many common polymers, especially vinyl polymers, are inherently difficult to chemically recycle and are environmentally persistent. The introduction of low levels of cleavable comonomer additives into existing vinyl polymerization processes could facilitate the production of chemically deconstructable and recyclable variants with otherwise equivalent properties. Here, we report thionolactones that serve as cleavable comonomer additives for the chemical deconstruction and recycling of vinyl polymers prepared through free radical polymerization, using polystyrene (PS) as a model example. Deconstructable PS of different molar masses (∼20-300 kDa) bearing varied amounts of statistically incorporated thioester backbone linkages (2.5-55 mol %) can be selectively depolymerized to yield well-defined thiol-terminated fragments (<10 kDa) that are suitable for oxidative repolymerization to generate recycled PS of nearly identical molar mass to the parent material, in good yields (80-95%). A theoretical model is provided to generalize this molar mass memory effect. Notably, the thermomechanical properties of deconstructable PS bearing 2.5 mol % of cleavable linkages and its recycled product are similar to those of virgin PS. The additives were also shown to be effective for deconstruction of a cross-linked styrenic copolymer and deconstruction and repolymerization of a polyacrylate, suggesting that cleavable comonomers may offer a general approach toward circularity of many vinyl (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elisabeth Prince
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith E L Husted
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alayna M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valerie Lensch
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Effect of surfactant concentration and monomer polarity on particle nucleation in emulsion step polymerization of dithiol with diene. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Bingham N, Nisa QU, Gupta P, Young NP, Velliou E, Roth PJ. Biocompatibility and Physiological Thiolytic Degradability of Radically Made Thioester-Functional Copolymers: Opportunities for Drug Release. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2031-2039. [PMID: 35472265 PMCID: PMC9092349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S-N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol-thioester exchange polycondensation of R-SC(═O)-polymer-SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble-soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37 °C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel
M. Bingham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Qamar un Nisa
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,Centre
for 3D Models of Health and Disease, UCL-Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, 43−45 Foley Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W 7TY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P. Young
- Holder
Building, Department of Materials, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Velliou
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,Centre
for 3D Models of Health and Disease, UCL-Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, 43−45 Foley Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W 7TY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,
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22
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Ivanchenko O, Mazières S, Poli R, Harrisson S, Destarac M. Ring size-reactivity relationship in radical ring-opening copolymerisation of thionolactones with vinyl pivalate. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The radical ring-opening copolymerisation of unsubstituted thionolactones of different ring sizes has been investigated. DFT calculations and experimental results show the importance of the stabilization of the intermediate ring-retained radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Ivanchenko
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC, Université de Toulouse/INPT/CNRS UMR 5623, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO, Université de Bordeaux/ENSCBP/CNRS UMR 5623, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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23
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Bingham NM, Abousalman-Rezvani Z, Collins K, Roth PJ. Thiocarbonyl Chemistry in Polymer Science. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organised by reaction type, this review highlights the unique reactivity of thiocarbonyl (C=S) groups with radicals, anions, nucleophiles, electrophiles, in pericyclic reactions, and in the presence of light. In the...
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24
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Ivanchenko O, Mazières S, Harrisson S, Destarac M. Lactide-derived monomers for radical thiocarbonyl addition-ring-opening copolymerisation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The six-membered DL-thionolactide and DL-dithionolactide are reactive in radical ring-opening copolymerisation with a series of vinyl monomers to yield chemically degradable polymers. Bleach is an excellent degrading agent for both...
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