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Tang K, Peng X, Zhang Z, Li G, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang N, Xie X, Wu Z. A Highly Dispersed Cobalt Electrocatalyst with Electron-Deficient Centers Induced by Boron toward Enhanced Adsorption and Electrocatalysis for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311151. [PMID: 38456785 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As vitally prospective candidates for next-generation energy storage systems, room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries continue to face obstacles in practical implementation due to the severe shuttle effect of sodium polysulfides and sluggish S conversion kinetics. Herein, the study proposes a novel approach involving the design of a B, N co-doped carbon nanotube loaded with highly dispersed and electron-deficient cobalt (Co@BNC) as a highly conductive host for S, aiming to enhance adsorption and catalyze redox reactions. Crucially, the pivotal roles of the carbon substrate in prompting the electrocatalytic activity of Co are elucidated. The experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations both demonstrate that after B doping, stronger chemical adsorption toward polysulfides (NaPSs), lower polarization, faster S conversion kinetics, and more complete S transformation are achieved. Therefore, the as-assembled RT-Na/S batteries with S/Co@BNC deliver a high reversible capacity of 626 mAh g-1 over 100 cycles at 0.1 C and excellent durability (416 mAh g-1 over 600 cycles at 0.5 C). Even at 2 C, the capacity retention remains at 61.8%, exhibiting an outstanding rate performance. This work offers a systematic way to develop a novel Co electrocatalyst for RT-Na/S batteries, which can also be effectively applied to other transition metallic electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqi Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guohao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yingxinjie Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Chi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqiang Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Zhao L, Tao Y, Zhang Y, Lei Y, Lai WH, Chou S, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wang YX. A Critical Review on Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: From Research Advances to Practical Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402337. [PMID: 38458611 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries are promising alternatives for next-generation energy storage systems with high energy density and high power density. However, some notorious issues are hampering the practical application of RT-Na/S batteries. Besides, the working mechanism of RT-Na/S batteries under practical conditions such as high sulfur loading, lean electrolyte, and low capacity ratio between the negative and positive electrode (N/P ratio), is of essential importance for practical applications, yet the significance of these parameters has long been disregarded. Herein, it is comprehensively reviewed recent advances on Na metal anode, S cathode, electrolyte, and separator engineering for RT-Na/S batteries. The discrepancies between laboratory research and practical conditions are elaborately discussed, endeavors toward practical applications are highlighted, and suggestions for the practical values of the crucial parameters are rationally proposed. Furthermore, an empirical equation to estimate the actual energy density of RT-Na/S pouch cells under practical conditions is rationally proposed for the first time, making it possible to evaluate the gravimetric energy density of the cells under practical conditions. This review aims to reemphasize the vital importance of the crucial parameters for RT-Na/S batteries to bridge the gaps between laboratory research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Ying Tao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Yaojie Lei
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Shulei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
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Wang T, Li W, Fu Y, Wang D, Wu L, Sun K, Liu D, Ma R, Shi Y, Yang G, Wu Y, He D. A Mott-Schottky Heterojunction with Strong Chemisorption and Fast Conversion Effects for Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311180. [PMID: 38174602 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The practical application of the room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries is currently limited by low reversible capacity and serious capacity decay due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and shuttle effect. It is necessary to design a suitable sulfur host integrated with electrocatalysts to realize effective chemisorption and catalysis of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Herein, under the guidance of theoretical calculation, the Mott-Schottky heterojunction with a built-in electric field composed of iron (Fe) and iron disulfide (FeS2) components anchored on a porous carbon matrix (Fe/FeS2-PC) is designed and prepared. The enhanced chemisorption effect of Fe, the fast electrocatalytic effect of FeS2, and the fast transfer effect of the built-in electric field within the Fe/FeS2 heterojunction in the cathode of RT Na-S batteries work together to effectively improve the electrochemical performance. As a result, the Fe/FeS2-PC@S cathode exhibits high reversible capacity (815 mAh g-1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g-1) and excellent stability (516 mAh g-1 after 600 cycles at 5 A g-1, with only 0.07% decay per cycle). The design of the Fe/FeS2 heterojunction electrocatalyst provides a new strategy for the development of highly stable RT Na-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yujun Fu
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongjiao Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dequan Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Runze Ma
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gang Yang
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Deyan He
- School of Materials and Energy, LONGi Institute of Future Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Luo S, Ruan J, Wang Y, Chen M, Wu L. Enhancing Conversion Kinetics through Electron Density Dual-Regulation of Catalysts and Sulfur toward Room-/Subzero-Temperature Na-S Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308180. [PMID: 38594907 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na/S) batteries have received increasing attention for the next generation of large-scale energy storage, yet they are hindered by the severe dissolution of polysulfides, sluggish redox kinetic, and incomplete conversion of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Herein, the study proposes a dual-modulating strategy of the electronic structure of electrocatalyst and sulfur to accelerate the conversion of NaPSs. The selenium-modulated ZnS nanocrystals with electron rearrangement in hierarchical structured spherical carbon (Se-ZnS/HSC) facilitate Na+ transport and catalyze the conversion between short-chain sulfur and Na2S. And the in situ introduced Se within S can enhance conductivity and form an S─Se bond, suppressing the "polysulfides shuttle". Accordingly, the S@Se-ZnS/HSC cathode exhibits a specific capacity of as high as 1302.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and ultrahigh-rate capability (676.9 mAh g-1 at 5.0 A g-1). Even at -10 °C, this cathode still delivers a high reversible capacity of 401.2 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and 94% of the original capacitance after 50 cycles. This work provides a novel design idea for high-performance Na/S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Luo
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Ruan
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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5
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Yao W, Liao K, Lai T, Sul H, Manthiram A. Rechargeable Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Key Materials to Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4935-5118. [PMID: 38598693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable metal-sulfur batteries are considered promising candidates for energy storage due to their high energy density along with high natural abundance and low cost of raw materials. However, they could not yet be practically implemented due to several key challenges: (i) poor conductivity of sulfur and the discharge product metal sulfide, causing sluggish redox kinetics, (ii) polysulfide shuttling, and (iii) parasitic side reactions between the electrolyte and the metal anode. To overcome these obstacles, numerous strategies have been explored, including modifications to the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and binder. In this review, the fundamental principles and challenges of metal-sulfur batteries are first discussed. Second, the latest research on metal-sulfur batteries is presented and discussed, covering their material design, synthesis methods, and electrochemical performances. Third, emerging advanced characterization techniques that reveal the working mechanisms of metal-sulfur batteries are highlighted. Finally, the possible future research directions for the practical applications of metal-sulfur batteries are discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide experimental strategies and theoretical guidance for designing and understanding the intricacies of metal-sulfur batteries; thus, it can illuminate promising pathways for progressing high-energy-density metal-sulfur battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kameron Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tianxing Lai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyunki Sul
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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6
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Lei YJ, Lu X, Yoshikawa H, Matsumura D, Fan Y, Zhao L, Li J, Wang S, Gu Q, Liu HK, Dou SX, Devaraj S, Rojo T, Lai WH, Armand M, Wang YX, Wang G. Understanding the charge transfer effects of single atoms for boosting the performance of Na-S batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3325. [PMID: 38637537 PMCID: PMC11026416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The effective flow of electrons through bulk electrodes is crucial for achieving high-performance batteries, although the poor conductivity of homocyclic sulfur molecules results in high barriers against the passage of electrons through electrode structures. This phenomenon causes incomplete reactions and the formation of metastable products. To enhance the performance of the electrode, it is important to place substitutable electrification units to accelerate the cleavage of sulfur molecules and increase the selectivity of stable products during charging and discharging. Herein, we develop a single-atom-charging strategy to address the electron transport issues in bulk sulfur electrodes. The establishment of the synergistic interaction between the adsorption model and electronic transfer helps us achieve a high level of selectivity towards the desirable short-chain sodium polysulfides during the practical battery test. These finding indicates that the atomic manganese sites have an enhanced ability to capture and donate electrons. Additionally, the charge transfer process facilitates the rearrangement of sodium ions, thereby accelerating the kinetics of the sodium ions through the electrostatic force. These combined effects improve pathway selectivity and conversion to stable products during the redox process, leading to superior electrochemical performance for room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jie Lei
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Daiju Matsumura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yameng Fan
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Shijian Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shanmukaraj Devaraj
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Alava Technology Park Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Teofilo Rojo
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Alava Technology Park Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Song W, Yang X, Zhang T, Huang Z, Wang H, Sun J, Xu Y, Ding J, Hu W. Optimizing potassium polysulfides for high performance potassium-sulfur batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1005. [PMID: 38307899 PMCID: PMC10837207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur batteries attract tremendous attention as high-energy and low-cost energy storage system, but achieving high utilization and long-term cycling of sulfur remains challenging. Here we show a strategy of optimizing potassium polysulfides for building high-performance potassium-sulfur batteries. We design the composite of tungsten single atom and tungsten carbide possessing potassium polysulfide migration/conversion bi-functionality by theoretical screening. We create two ligand environments for tungsten in the metal-organic framework, which respectively transmute into tungsten single atom and tungsten carbide nanocrystals during pyrolysis. Tungsten carbide provide catalytic sites for potassium polysulfides conversion, while tungsten single atoms facilitate sulfides migration thereby significantly alleviating the insulating sulfides accumulation and the associated catalytic poisoning. Resultantly, highly efficient potassium-sulfur electrochemistry is achieved under high-rate and long-cycling conditions. The batteries deliver 89.8% sulfur utilization (1504 mAh g-1), superior rate capability (1059 mAh g-1 at 1675 mA g-1) and long lifespan of 200 cycles at 25 °C. These advances enlighten direction for future KSBs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zechuan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haozhi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, China.
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8
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Zhang Z, Luo D, Chen J, Ma C, Li M, Zhang H, Feng R, Gao R, Dou H, Yu A, Wang X, Chen Z. Polysulfide regulation by defect-modulated Ta 3N 5-x electrocatalyst toward superior room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:197-208. [PMID: 37993338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Resolving low sulfur reaction activity and severe polysulfide dissolution remains challenging in metal-sulfur batteries. Motivated by a theoretical prediction, herein, we strategically propose nitrogen-vacancy tantalum nitride (Ta3N5-x) impregnated inside the interconnected nanopores of nitrogen-decorated carbon matrix as a new electrocatalyst for regulating sulfur redox reactions in room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. Through a pore-constriction mechanism, the nitrogen vacancies are controllably constructed during the nucleation of Ta3N5-x. The defect manipulation on the local environment enables well-regulated Ta 5d-orbital energy level, not only modulating band structure toward enhanced intrinsic conductivity of Ta-based materials, but also promoting polysulfide stabilization and achieving bifunctional catalytic capability toward completely reversible polysulfide conversion. Moreover, the interconnected continuous Ta3N5-x-in-pore structure facilitates electron and sodium-ion transport and accommodates volume expansion of sulfur species while suppressing their shuttle behavior. Due to these attributes, the as-developed Ta3N5-x-based electrode achieves superior rate capability of 730 mAh g-1 at 3.35 A g-1, long-term cycling stability over 2000 cycles, and high areal capacity over 6 mAh cm-2 under high sulfur loading of 6.2 mg cm-2. This work not only presents a new sulfur electrocatalyst candidate for metal-sulfur batteries, but also sheds light on the controllable material design of defect structure in hopes of inspiring new ideas and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Chen
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuyin Ma
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont 60439, USA
| | - Haoze Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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9
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Wu Y, Xu Q, Huang L, Huang B, Hu P, Xiao F, Li N. Encapsulation of sulfur in MoS 2-modified metal-organic framework-derived N, O-codoped carbon host for sodium-sulfur batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:649-659. [PMID: 37864870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries (RT Na-S) are promising energy storage systems with high energy densities and low costs. Nevertheless, drawbacks, including the limited cycle life and sluggish redox kinetics of sodium polysulfides, hinder their implementation. Herein, a heterostructure of MoS2 nanosheets coated on a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived N, O-codoped flower-like carbon matrix (NOC) was designed as a sulfur host for advanced RT Na-S batteries. The NOC@MoS2 hierarchical host provided a sufficient space to guarantee a high sulfur loading and confinement for the volume expansion of sulfur during the charge/discharge process. According to first-principle calculations, the NOC@MoS2 composite exhibited metallic conductivity because electronic states crossed the Fermi level, which indicates that the introduction of NOC significantly improved the electronic conductivity of MoS2. Furthermore, electron transfer from MoS2 to the O-doped carbon sites was observed owing to the strong electronegativity of O, which can effectively increase the Lewis acidity of MoS2 and weaken the sodium-sulfur bonds in sodium polysulfides after adsorption on the cathode, leading to reductions in the Na2S dissociation energy barrier and Gibbs free energy for the rate-limiting step of the sulfur reduction process. Therefore, with the synthetic effects of MoS2 and N, O-codoped carbon, the obtained cathode exhibited a superior electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Quanqing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Long Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Hu
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Energy Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Fengping Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China.
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10
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Xiang L, Xu Q, Zhang H, Geng S, Cui R, Xiao T, Chen P, Wu L, Yu W, Peng H, Mai Y, Sun H. Ultrahigh-Rate Na/Cl 2 Batteries Through Improved Electron and Ion Transport by Heteroatom-Doped Bicontinuous-Structured Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312001. [PMID: 37806963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable sodium/chlorine (Na/Cl2 ) batteries are emerging candidates for sustainable energy storage owing to their superior energy densities and the high abundance of Na and Cl elements. However, their practical applications have been plagued by the poor rate performance (e.g., a maximum discharge current density of 150 mA g-1 ), as the widely used carbon nanosphere cathodes show both sluggish electron-ion transport and reaction kinetics. Here, by mimicking the sufficient mass and energy transport in a sponge, we report a bicontinuous-structured carbon cubosome with heteroatomic doping, which allows efficient Na+ and electron transport and promotes Cl2 adsorption and conversion, thus unlocking ultrahigh-rate Na/Cl2 batteries, e.g., a maximum discharge current density of 16,000 mA g-1 that is more than two orders of magnitude higher than previous reports. The optimized solid-liquid-gas (carbon-electrolyte-Cl2 ) triple interfaces further contribute to a maximum reversible capacity and cycle life of 2,000 mAh g-1 and 250 cycles, respectively. This study establishes a universal approach for improving the sluggish kinetics of conversion-type battery reactions, and provides a new paradigm to resolve the long-standing dilemma between high energy and power densities in energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoxing Xiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiuchen Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shitao Geng
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianyu Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Peining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yiyong Mai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Xing H, Niu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Yao X, Xu Y. Embedding cobalt (II, III) oxide nanoparticles into nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-grafted hollow polyhedrons as sulfur hosts for ultralong-life lithium-sulfur batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:832-843. [PMID: 37390531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The sluggish reaction kinetics and unfavorable shuttling effect are regarded as obstacles to the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. To resolve these inherent drawbacks, we synthesized novel multifunctional Co3O4@NHCP/CNT as the cathode materials consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-grafted N-doped hollow carbon polyhedrons (NHCP) embedded with cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles. The results indicate that the NHCP and interconnected CNTs could provide favorable channels for electron/ion transport and physically restrict the diffusion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Furthermore, N doping and in-situ Co3O4 embedding could endow the carbon matrix with strong chemisorption and effective electrocatalytic activity toward LiPSs, thus prominently promoting the sulfur redox reaction. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, the Co3O4@NHCP/CNT electrode exhibits a high initial capacity of 1322.1 mAh/g at 0.1 C, and a capacity retention of 710.4 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 1 C. Impressively, even at a relatively high current density of 4 C, the Co3O4@NHCP/CNT electrode achieves a high capacity of 653.4 mAh/g and outstanding long-term cycle stability for 1000 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.035% per cycle. Hence, the design of N-doped CNTs-grafted hollow carbon polyhedrons coupled with transition metal oxides would provide effective promising perspective for developing high-performance Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xing
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yao Niu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xianghua Yao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youlong Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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12
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Fang D, Ghosh T, Huang S, Wang Y, Qiu J, Xu X, Yang HY. Core-Shell Tandem Catalysis Coupled with Interface Engineering For High-Performance Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302461. [PMID: 37292002 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sluggish redox kinetics and shuttle effect seriously impede the large application of room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries. Designing effective catalysts into cathode material is a promising approach to overcome the above issues. However, considering the multistep and multiphase transformations of sulfur redox process, it is impractical to achieve the effective catalysis of the entire S8 →Na2 Sx →Na2 S conversion through applying a single catalyst. Herein, this work fabricates a nitrogen-doped core-shell carbon nanosphere integrated with two different catalysts (ZnS-NC@Ni-N4 ), where isolated Ni-N4 sites and ZnS nanocrystals are distributed in the shell and core, respectively. ZnS nanocrystals ensure the rapid reduction of S8 into Na2 Sx (4 < x ≤ 8), while Ni-N4 sites realize the efficient conversion of Na2 Sx into Na2 S, bridged by the diffusion of Na2 Sx from the core to shell. Besides, Ni-N4 sites on the shell can also induce an inorganic-rich cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) on ZnS-NC@Ni-N4 to further inhibit the shuttle effect. As a result, ZnS-NC@Ni-N4 /S cathode exhibits an excellent rate-performance (650 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 ) and ultralong cycling stability for 2000 cycles with a low capacity-decay rate of 0.011% per cycle. This work will guide the rational design of multicatalysts for high-performance RT Na-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Fang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Tanmay Ghosh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shaozhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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13
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Wong AJY, Lieu WY, Chinnadurai D, Ng MF, Seh ZW. Uncovering the Binder Interactions with S-PAN and MXene for Room Temperature Na-S Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3592-3598. [PMID: 37036465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
MXenes and sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (S-PAN) are emerging as possible contenders to resolve the polysulfide dissolution and volumetric expansion issues in sodium-sulfur batteries. Herein, we explore the interactions between Ti3C2Tx MXenes and S-PAN with traditional binders such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in Na-S batteries for the first time. We hypothesize that the linearity and polarity of the binder significantly influence the dispersion of S-PAN over Ti3C2Tx. The three-dimensional polar CMC binder resulted in better contact surface area with both S-PAN and Ti3C2Tx. Moreover, the improved binding of the discharge products with the CMC binder effectively traps them and prevents unwanted shuttling. Consequently, the Na-S battery using the CMC binder displayed a high initial capacity of 1282 mAh/g(s) at 0.2 C and a low capacity fading of 0.092% per cycle over 300 cycles. This work highlights the importance of understanding MXene-binder interactions in sulfur cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jun Yao Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Ying Lieu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Deviprasath Chinnadurai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Man-Fai Ng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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14
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Meggiolaro D, Agostini M, Brutti S. Aprotic Sulfur-Metal Batteries: Lithium and Beyond. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:1300-1312. [PMID: 36937789 PMCID: PMC10012267 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-sulfur batteries constitute an extraordinary research playground that ranges from fundamental science to applied technologies. However, besides the widely explored Li-S system, a remarkable lack of understanding hinders advancements and performance in all other metal-sulfur systems. In fact, similarities and differences make all generalizations highly inconsistent, thus unavoidably suggesting the need for extensive research explorations for each formulation. Here we review critically the most remarkable open challenges that still hinder the full development of metal-S battery formulations, starting from the lithium benchmark and addressing Na, K, Mg, and Ca metal systems. Our aim is to draw an updated picture of the recent efforts in the field and to shed light on the most promising innovation paths that can pave the way to breakthroughs in the fundamental comprehension of these systems or in battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Roma La
Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro
5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi
Complessi, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- GISEL-Centro
di Riferimento Nazionale per i Sistemi di Accumulo Elettrochimico
di Energia, INSTM via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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15
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhao S, Xie C, Huang Z, Wang S. Insights into the Dynamic Evolution of Defects in Electrocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209680. [PMID: 36631395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the formation and preparation of defects, the dynamic evolution process of defects, and the influence of defect dynamic evolution on catalytic reactions. The summary of the current advances in the dynamic evolution process of defects in oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and the given perspectives are expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of defective electrocatalysts on the structural evolution process during electrocatalysis and the reaction mechanisms, especially for the defect dynamic evolution on the performance in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhenguo Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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16
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Jiang Y, Yu Z, Zhou X, Cheng X, Huang H, Liu F, Yang Y, He S, Pan H, Yang H, Yao Y, Rui X, Yu Y. Single-Atom Vanadium Catalyst Boosting Reaction Kinetics of Polysulfides in Na-S Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208873. [PMID: 36366906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The practical application of the room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries is hindered by the insulated sulfur, the severe shuttle effect of sodium polysulfides, and insufficient polysulfide conversion. Herein, on the basis of first principles calculations, single-atom vanadium anchored on a 3D nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon matrix (denoted as 3D-PNCV) is designed and fabricated to enhance sulfur reactivity, and adsorption and catalytic conversion performance of sodium polysulfide. The 3D-PNCV host with abundant and active V sites, hierarchical porous structure, high electrical conductivity, and strong chemical adsorption/conversion ability of V-N bonding can immobilize the polysulfides and promote reversibly catalytic conversion of polysulfides toward Na2 S. Therefore, as-fabricated RT Na-S batteries can achieve a high reversible capacity (445 mAh g-1 over 800 cycles at 5 A g-1 ) and excellent rate capability (224 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 ). The electrocatalysis mechanism of sodium polysulfides is further experimentally and theoretically revealed, which provides a new strategy to develop the highly stable RT Na-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zuxi Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - XueFeng Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolong Cheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huijuan Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fanfan Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yaxiong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shengnan He
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Rui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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17
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Huang XL, Zhang X, Zhou L, Guo Z, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wang Z. Orthorhombic Nb 2 O 5 Decorated Carbon Nanoreactors Enable Bidirectionally Regulated Redox Behaviors in Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206558. [PMID: 36470655 PMCID: PMC9896060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulating redox kinetics is able to spur the great-leap-forward development of room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries, especially on propelling their Na-ion storage capability. Here, an innovative metal oxide kinetics accelerator, orthorhombic Nb2 O5 Na-ion conductor, is proposed to functionalize porous carbon nanoreactors (CNR) for S cathodes. The Nb2 O5 is shown to chemically immobilize sodium polysulfides via strong affinity. Theoretical and experimental evidence reveals that the Nb2 O5 can bidirectionally regulate redox behaviors of S cathodes, which accelerates reduction conversions from polysulfides to sulfides as well as promotes oxidation reactions from sulfides to S. In situ and ex situ characterization techniques further verify its electrochemical lasting endurance in catalyzing S conversions. The well-designed S cathode demonstrates a high specific capacity of 1377 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , outstanding rate capability of 405 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 , and stable cyclability with a capacity retention of 617 mA h g-1 over 600 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 . An ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.0193% per cycle is successfully realized, superior to those of current state-of-the-art RT Na-S batteries. This design also suits emerging Na-Se batteries, which contribute to outstanding electrochemical performance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Long Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- School of PhysicsUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic MaterialsUniversity of WollongongNew South Wales2500Australia
- Institute of Energy Materials ScienceUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai200093China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic MaterialsUniversity of WollongongNew South Wales2500Australia
- Institute of Energy Materials ScienceUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai200093China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
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18
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Zhang Y, Kang C, Zhao W, Song Y, Zhu J, Huo H, Ma Y, Du C, Zuo P, Lou S, Yin G. d-p Hybridization-Induced "Trapping-Coupling-Conversion" Enables High-Efficiency Nb Single-Atom Catalysis for Li-S Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1728-1739. [PMID: 36640116 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts have been paid more attention to improving sluggish reaction kinetics and anchoring polysulfide for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. It has been demonstrated that d-block single-atom elements in the fourth period can chemically interact with the local environment, leading to effective adsorption and catalytic activity toward lithium polysulfides. Enlightened by theoretical screening, for the first time, we design novel single-atom Nb catalysts toward improved sulfur immobilization and catalyzation. Calculations reveal that Nb-N4 active moiety possesses abundant unfilled antibonding orbitals, which promotes d-p hybridization and enhances anchoring capability toward lithium polysulfides via a "trapping-coupling-conversion" mechanism. The Nb-SAs@NC cell exhibits a high capacity retention of over 85% after 1000 cycles, a superior rate performance of 740 mA h g-1 at 7 C, and a competitive areal capacity of 5.2 mAh cm-2 (5.6 mg cm-2). Our work provides a new perspective to extend cathodes enabling high-energy-density Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cong Kang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yajie Song
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiaming Zhu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Huo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Pengjian Zuo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shuaifeng Lou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Geping Yin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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19
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Zhang BW, Cao L, Tang C, Tan C, Cheng N, Lai WH, Wang YX, Cheng ZX, Dong J, Kong Y, Dou SX, Zhao S. Atomically Dispersed Dual-Site Cathode with a Record High Sulfur Mass Loading for High-Performance Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206828. [PMID: 36308045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries possess high potential for grid-scale stationary energy storage due to their low cost and high energy density. However, the issues arising from the low S mass loading and poor cycling stability caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfides seriously limit their operating capacity and cycling capability. Herein, sulfur-doped graphene frameworks supporting atomically dispersed 2H-MoS2 and Mo1 (S@MoS2 -Mo1 /SGF) with a record high sulfur mass loading of 80.9 wt.% are synthesized as an integrated dual active sites cathode for RT-Na/S batteries. Impressively, the as-prepared S@MoS2 -Mo1 /SGF display unprecedented cyclic stability with a high initial capacity of 1017 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and a low-capacity fading rate of 0.05% per cycle over 1000 cycles. Experimental and computational results including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and density-functional theory calculations reveal that atomic-level Mo in this integrated dual-active-site forms a delocalized electron system, which could improve the reactivity of sulfur and reaction reversibility of S and Na, greatly alleviating the shuttle effect. The findings not only provide an effective strategy to fabricate high-performance dual-site cathodes, but also deepen the understanding of their enhancement mechanisms at an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Center of Advanced Energy Technology and Electrochemistry, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Liuyue Cao
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Cheng Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Chunhui Tan
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Zhen-Xiang Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, SquiresWay, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Shenlong Zhao
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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20
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Wang X, Guo D, Yang L, Jin M, Chen X, Wang S. A Review on the Construction of Carbon-Based Metal Compound Composite Cathode Materials for Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. Front Chem 2022; 10:928429. [PMID: 35755245 PMCID: PMC9218636 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.928429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries are one of the most attractive energy storage systems due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and ultra-high energy density. However, due to the inherent slow redox kinetics and the shuttle of polysulfides, the road of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries to practical application is still full of difficulties. As a sulfur cathode, which is directly related to battery performance, a lot of research efforts have been devoted to it and many strategies have been proposed to solve the shuttle effect problem of sulfur cathodes. This paper analyzes the existing problems and solutions of sodium-sulfur batteries, mainly discusses and summarizes the research progress of constructing carbon-based cathode materials for sodium-sulfur batteries, and expounds the current research popular from two main directions. That is to construct advanced cathode materials based on two mechanisms of adsorption and electrocatalysis. Finally, the research direction of advanced sodium-sulfur batteries is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minghuan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi'an Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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21
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Wang Y, Huang XL, Liu H, Qiu W, Feng C, Li C, Zhang S, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wang ZM. Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5103-5130. [PMID: 35377602 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are considered to be a competitive electrochemical energy storage system, due to their advantages in abundant natural reserves, inexpensive materials, and superb theoretical energy density. Nevertheless, RT Na-S batteries suffer from a series of critical challenges, especially on the S cathode side, including the insulating nature of S and its discharge products, volumetric fluctuation of S species during the (de)sodiation process, shuttle effect of soluble sodium polysulfides, and sluggish conversion kinetics. Recent studies have shown that nanostructural designs of S-based materials can greatly contribute to alleviating the aforementioned issues via their unique physicochemical properties and architectural features. In this review, we review frontier advancements in nanostructure engineering strategies of S-based cathode materials for RT Na-S batteries in the past decade. Our emphasis is focused on delicate and highly efficient design strategies of material nanostructures as well as interactions of component-structure-property at a nanosize level. We also present our prospects toward further functional engineering and applications of nanostructured S-based materials in RT Na-S batteries and point out some potential developmental directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Long Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weiling Qiu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Chi Feng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Ce Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronic Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
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