1
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Ma C, Li S, Zeng Y, Lyu Y. DNA-Based Molecular Machines: Controlling Mechanisms and Biosensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:236. [PMID: 38785710 PMCID: PMC11117991 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The rise of DNA nanotechnology has driven the development of DNA-based molecular machines, which are capable of performing specific operations and tasks at the nanoscale. Benefitting from the programmability of DNA molecules and the predictability of DNA hybridization and strand displacement, DNA-based molecular machines can be designed with various structures and dynamic behaviors and have been implemented for wide applications in the field of biosensing due to their unique advantages. This review summarizes the reported controlling mechanisms of DNA-based molecular machines and introduces biosensing applications of DNA-based molecular machines in amplified detection, multiplex detection, real-time monitoring, spatial recognition detection, and single-molecule detection of biomarkers. The challenges and future directions of DNA-based molecular machines in biosensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunran Ma
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (C.M.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shiquan Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (C.M.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (C.M.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifan Lyu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (C.M.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410082, China
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2
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Jin B, Yuan C, Guo JC, Wu YB. CBe 4H 6: a molecular rotor with a built-in on-off switch. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4778-4786. [PMID: 38305072 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is highly challenging to control (stop and resume as needed) molecular rotors because their intramolecular rotations are electronically enabled by delocalized σ bonding, and the desired control needs to be able to destroy and restore such σ bonding, which usually means difficult chemical manipulation (substitution or doping atom). In this work, we report CBe4H6, a molecular rotor that can be controlled independently of chemical manipulation. This molecule exhibited the uninterrupted free rotation of Be and H atoms around the central carbon in first-principles molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures (600 and 1000 K), but the rotation cannot be witnessed in the simulation at room temperature (298 K). Specifically, when a C-H bond in the CBe4H6 molecule adopts the equatorial configuration at 298 K, it destroys the central delocalized σ bonding and blocks the intramolecular rotation (the rotor is turned "OFF"); when it can adopt the axial configuration at 600 and 1000 K, the central delocalized σ bonding can be restored and the intramolecular rotation can be resumed (the rotor is turned "ON"). Neutral CBe4H6 is thermodynamically favorable and electronically stable, as reflected by a wide HOMO-LUMO gap of 7.99 eV, a high vertical detachment energy of 9.79 eV, and a positive electron affinity of 0.24 eV, so it may be stable enough for the synthesis, not only in the gas phase, but also in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
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3
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van Beek CF, Feringa BL. Coupled Rotary Motion in Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5634-5642. [PMID: 38350104 PMCID: PMC10910502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biological molecular machines play a pivotal role in sustaining life by producing a controlled and directional motion. Artificial molecular machines aim to mimic this motion, to exploit and tune the nanoscale produced motion to power dynamic molecular systems. The precise control, transfer, and amplification of the molecular-level motion is crucial to harness the potential of synthetic molecular motors. It is intriguing to establish how directional motor rotation can be utilized to drive secondary motions in other subunits of a multicomponent molecular machine. The challenge to design sophisticated synthetic machines involving multiple motorized elements presents fascinating opportunities for achieving unprecedented functions, but these remain almost unexplored due to their extremely intricate behavior. Here we show intrinsic coupled rotary motion in light-driven overcrowded-alkene based molecular motors. Thus far, molecular motors with two rotors have been understood to undergo independent rotation of each subunit. The new bridged-isoindigo motor design revealed an additional dimension to the motor's unidirectional operation mechanism where communication between the rotors occurs. An unprecedented double metastable state intermediate bridges the rotation cycles of the two rotor subunits. Our findings demonstrate how neighboring motorized subunits can affect each other and thereby drastically change the motor's functioning. Controlling the embedded entanglement of active intramolecular components sets the stage for more advanced artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn
L. F. van Beek
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
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4
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Stockerl WJ, Reißenweber L, Gerwien A, Bach NN, Thumser S, Mayer P, Gschwind RM, Dube H. Azotriptycenes: Photoswitchable Molecular Brakes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302267. [PMID: 37779321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The control of molecular motions is a central topic of molecular machine research. Molecular brakes are fundamental building blocks towards such goal as they allow deliberately decelerating specific motions after an outside stimulus is applied. Here we present azotriptycenes as structural framework for light-controlled molecular brakes. The intrinsic kinetics and their changes upon azotriptycene isomerization are scrutinized comprehensively by a mixed theoretical and variable temperature NMR approach. With azotriptycenes C-N bond rotation rates can be decelerated or accelerated reversibly by up to five orders of magnitude. Rate change effects are highly localized and are strongest for the C-N bond connecting a triptycene rotor fragment to the central diazo group. The detailed mechanistic insights provide a solid basis for further conscious design and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willibald J Stockerl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Reißenweber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai N Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Köttner L, Wolff F, Mayer P, Zanin E, Dube H. Rhodanine-Based Chromophores: Fast Access to Capable Photoswitches and Application in Light-Induced Apoptosis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1894-1903. [PMID: 38207286 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are highly desirable in all chemistry-related areas of research. They provide effective outside control over geometric and electronic changes at the nanoscale using an easy to apply, waste-free stimulus. However, simple and effective access to such molecular tools is typically not granted, and elaborate syntheses and substitution schemes are needed in order to obtain efficient photoswitching properties. Here we present a series of rhodanine-based photoswitches that can be prepared in one simple synthetic step without requiring elaborate purification. Photoswitching is induced by UV and visible light in both switching directions, and thermal stabilities of the metastable states as well as quantum yields are very high. An additional benefit is the hydrogen-bonding capacity of the rhodanine fragment, which enables applications in supramolecular or medicinal chemistry. We further show that the known rhodanine-based inhibitor SMI-16a is a photoswitchable apoptosis inducer. The biological activity of SMI-16a can effectively be switched ON or OFF by reversible photoisomerization between the inactive E and the active Z isomer. Rhodanine-based photoswitches therefore represent an easy to access and highly valuable molecular toolbox for implementing light responsiveness to the breadth of functional molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Köttner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Wolff
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Menke AJ, Mellberg JM, Pan H, Reibenspies JH, Janesko BG, Simanek EE. Controlling Swing Rates in Macrocyclic Molecular Mortise Hinges. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300987. [PMID: 37229593 PMCID: PMC10524934 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hinge motion is observed in macrocyclic, mortise-type molecular hinges using variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. The data is consistent with dynamic hinging from a folded-to-extended-to-folded enantiomeric state. Crystallographic and solution structures of the folded states are reported. Chemical shift predictions derived from crystallographic data corroborate fully revolute hinge motion. The rate of hinging is affected by steric congestion at the hinge axis. A macrocycle containing glycine, 1, hinges faster than one comprising aminoisobutyric acid, 2. The free energies of activation, ΔG≠ , for 1 and 2 were determined to be 13.3±0.3 kcal/mol and 16.3±0.3 kcal/mol, respectively. This barrier is largely independent of solvent across those surveyed (CD3 OD, CD3 CN, DMSO-d6 , pyridine-d5 , D2 O). Experiment and computation predict energy barriers that are consistent with disruption of an intramolecular network of hydrogen bonds. DFT calculations reveal a pathway for hinge motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Menke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Joseph M Mellberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Hongjun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | | | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
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8
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Corra S, Curcio M, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Motors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 37234111 PMCID: PMC10207102 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of long-range motion at the molecular scale holds great potential for the development of ground-breaking applications in energy storage and bionanotechnology. The past decade has seen tremendous development in this area, with a focus on the directional operation away from thermal equilibrium, giving rise to tailored man-made molecular motors. As light is a highly tunable, controllable, clean, and renewable source of energy, photochemical processes are appealing to activate molecular motors. Nonetheless, the successful operation of molecular motors fueled by light is a highly challenging task, which requires a judicious coupling of thermal and photoinduced reactions. In this paper, we focus on the key aspects of light-driven artificial molecular motors with the aid of recent examples. A critical assessment of the criteria for the design, operation, and technological potential of such systems is provided, along with a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Rajasekaran VV, Ghosh A, Kundu S, Mondal D, Paululat T, Schmittel M. Synchronizing Two Distinct Nano-Circular Sliding Motions in Six-Component Machinery for Double Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212473. [PMID: 36197751 PMCID: PMC9828345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic multi-component double slider-on-deck system DS3 exhibits tight coupling of motional speed of two distinct nano-circular sliders (k298 =77 and 41 kHz) despite a 2.2 nm separation. In comparison, the single sliders in DS1 and DS2 move at vastly different speed (k298 =1.1 vs. 350 kHz). Synchronization of the motions in DS3 remains even when one slows the movement of the faster slider using small molecular brake pads. In contrast to the individual DS1 and DS2 systems, DS3 is a powerful catalyst for a two-step reaction by using the motion of both sliders to drive two catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IIUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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10
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Josef V, Hampel F, Dube H. Heterocyclic Hemithioindigos: Highly Advantageous Properties as Molecular Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210855. [PMID: 36040861 PMCID: PMC9826360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A survey of heterocyclic hemithioindigo photoswitches is presented identifying a number of structural motives with outstanding property profiles. The highly sought-after combination of pronounced color change, quantitative switching in both directions, exceptional high quantum yields, and tunable high thermal stability of metastable states can be realized with 4-imidazole, 2-pyrrole, and 3-indole-based derivatives. In the former, an unusual preorganization using isomer selective chalcogen- and hydrogen bonding allows to precisely control geometry changes and tautomerism upon switching. Heterocyclic hemithioindigos thus represent highly promising photoswitches with advanced capabilities that will be of great value to anyone interested in establishing defined and reversible control at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Josef
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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11
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Kathan M, Crespi S, Troncossi A, Stindt CN, Toyoda R, Feringa BL. The Influence of Strain on the Rotation of an Artificial Molecular Motor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205801. [PMID: 35718745 PMCID: PMC9544085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In artificial small‐molecule machines, molecular motors can be used to perform work on coupled systems by applying a mechanical load—such as strain—that allows for energy transduction. Here, we report how ring strain influences the rotation of a rotary molecular motor. Bridging the two halves of the motor with alkyl tethers of varying sizes yields macrocycles that constrain the motor's movement. Increasing the ring size by two methylene increments increases the mobility of the motor stepwise and allows for fine‐tuning of strain in the system. Small macrocycles (8–14 methylene units) only undergo a photochemical E/Z isomerization. Larger macrocycles (16–22 methylene units) can perform a full rotational cycle, but thermal helix inversion is strongly dependent on the ring size. This study provides systematic and quantitative insight into the behavior of molecular motors under a mechanical load, paving the way for the development of complex coupled nanomachinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Box 523 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Axel Troncossi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
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12
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Kathan M, Crespi S, Troncossi A, Stindt CN, Toyoda R, Feringa BL. The Influence of Strain on the Rotation of an Artificial Molecular Motor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kathan
- Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Uppsala Universitet Department of Chemistry Ångström LaboratoryBox 523 751 20 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Axel Troncossi
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Tohoku University: Tohoku Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Ben L Feringa
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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13
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Photopharmacology of Antimitotic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105657. [PMID: 35628467 PMCID: PMC9145521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimitotic agents such as the clinically approved vinca alkaloids, taxanes and epothilone can arrest cell growth during interphase and are therefore among the most important drugs available for treating cancer. These agents suppress microtubule dynamics and thus interfere with intracellular transport, inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell death. Because these drugs target biological processes that are essential to all cells, they face an additional challenge when compared to most other drug classes. General toxicity can limit the applicable dose and therefore reduce therapeutic benefits. Photopharmacology aims to avoid these side-effects by introducing compounds that can be applied globally to cells in their inactive form, then be selectively induced to bioactivity in targeted cells or tissue during a defined time window. This review discusses photoswitchable analogues of antimitotic agents that have been developed by combining different photoswitchable motifs with microtubule-stabilizing or microtubule-destabilizing agents.
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