1
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Reißenweber L, Uhl E, Hampel F, Mayer P, Dube H. Directionality Reversal and Shift of Rotational Axis in a Hemithioindigo Macrocyclic Molecular Motor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23387-23397. [PMID: 39109636 PMCID: PMC11345773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors are central driving units for nanomachinery, and control of their directional motions is of fundamental importance for their functions. Light-driven variants use easy to provide, easy to dose, and waste-free fuel with high energy content, making them particularly interesting for applications. Typically, light-driven molecular motors work via rotations around dedicated chemical bonds where the directionality of the rotation is dictated by the steric effects of asymmetry in close vicinity to the rotation axis. In this work, we show how unidirectional rotation around a virtual axis can be realized by reprogramming a molecular motor. To this end, a classical light-driven motor is restricted by macrocyclization, and its intrinsic directional rotation is transformed into a directional rotation of the macrocyclic chain in the opposite direction. Further, solvent polarity changes allow to toggle the function of this molecular machine between a directional motor and a nondirectional photoswitch. In this way, a new concept for the design of molecular motors is delivered together with elaborate control over their motions and functions by simple solvent changes. The possibility of sensing the environmental polarity and correspondingly adjusting the directionality of motions opens up a next level of control and responsiveness to light-driven nanoscopic motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Reißenweber
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Edgar Uhl
- Department
of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Jiang L, Peng Z, Liang Y, Tang ZB, Liang K, Liu J, Liu Z. Strain-Driven Formal [1,3]-Aryl Shift within Molecular Bows. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312238. [PMID: 37656430 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Delving into the influence of strain on organic reactions in small molecules at the molecular level can unveil valuable insight into developing innovative synthetic strategies and structuring molecules with superior properties. Herein, we present a molecular-strain engineering approach to facilitate the consecutive [1,2]-aryl shift (formal [1,3]-aryl shift) in molecular bows (MBs) that integrate 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene moieties. By introducing ring strain into MBs through tethering the bow limb, we can harness the intrinsic mechanical forces to drive multistep aryl shifts from the para- to the meta- to the ortho-position. Through the use of precise intramolecular strain, the seemingly impractical [1,3]-aryl shift was realized, resulting in the formation of ortho-disubstituted products. The solvent and temperature play a crucial role in the occurrence of the [1,3]-aryl shift. The free energy calculations with inclusion of solvation support a feasible mechanism, which entails multistep carbocation rearrangements, for the formal [1,3]-aryl shift. By exploring the application of molecular strain in synthetic chemistry, this research offers a promising direction for developing new tools and strategies towards precision organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Zheng-Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Kejiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
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4
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Yu Y, O'Neill RT, Boulatov R, Widenhoefer RA, Craig SL. Allosteric control of olefin isomerization kinetics via remote metal binding and its mechanochemical analysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5074. [PMID: 37604905 PMCID: PMC10442431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric control of reaction thermodynamics is well understood, but the mechanisms by which changes in local geometries of receptor sites lower activation reaction barriers in electronically uncoupled, remote reaction moieties remain relatively unexplored. Here we report a molecular scaffold in which the rate of thermal E-to-Z isomerization of an alkene increases by a factor of as much as 104 in response to fast binding of a metal ion to a remote receptor site. A mechanochemical model of the olefin coupled to a compressive harmonic spring reproduces the observed acceleration quantitatively, adding the studied isomerization to the very few reactions demonstrated to be sensitive to extrinsic compressive force. The work validates experimentally the generalization of mechanochemical kinetics to compressive loads and demonstrates that the formalism of force-coupled reactivity offers a productive framework for the quantitative analysis of the molecular basis of allosteric control of reaction kinetics. Important differences in the effects of compressive vs. tensile force on the kinetic stabilities of molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Robert T O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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5
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Regen-Pregizer BL, Ozcelik A, Mayer P, Hampel F, Dube H. A photochemical method to evidence directional molecular motions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4595. [PMID: 37524701 PMCID: PMC10390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light driven synthetic molecular motors represent crucial building blocks for advanced molecular machines and their applications. A standing challenge is the development of very fast molecular motors able to perform rotations with kHz, MHz or even faster frequencies. Central to this challenge is the direct experimental evidence of directionality because analytical methods able to follow very fast motions rarely deliver precise geometrical insights. Here, a general photochemical method for elucidation of directional motions is presented. In a macrocyclization approach the molecular motor rotations are restricted and forced to proceed in two separate ~180° rotation-photoequilibria. Therefore, all four possible photoinduced rotation steps (clockwise and counterclockwise directions) can be quantified. Comparison of the corresponding quantum yields to the unrestricted motor delivers direct evidence for unidirectionality. This method can be used for any ultrafast molecular motor even in cases where no high energy intermediates are present during the rotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukas Regen-Pregizer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ani Ozcelik
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Yao Y, Ding P, Yan C, Tao Y, Peng B, Liu W, Wang J, Cohen Stuart MA, Guo Z. Fluorescent Probes Based on AIEgen-Mediated Polyelectrolyte Assemblies for Manipulating Intramolecular Motion and Magnetic Relaxivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218983. [PMID: 36700414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Uniting photothermal therapy (PTT) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds great potential in nanotheranostics. However, the extensively utilized hydrophobicity-driven assembling strategy not only restricts the intramolecular motion-induced PTT, but also blocks the interactions between MR agents and water. Herein, we report an aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-mediated polyelectrolyte nanoassemblies (APN) strategy, which bestows a unique "soft" inner microenvironment with good water permeability. Femtosecond transient spectra verify that APN well activates intramolecular motion from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer process. This de novo APN strategy uniting synergistically three factors (rotational motion, local motion, and hydration number) brings out high MR relaxivity. For the first time, APN strategy has successfully modulated both intramolecular motion and magnetic relaxivity, achieving fluorescence lifetime imaging of tumor spheroids and spatio-temporal MRI-guided high-efficient PTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Yao
- Department Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chenxu Yan
- Department Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yining Tao
- Department Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Department Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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7
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Rajasekaran VV, Ghosh A, Kundu S, Mondal D, Paululat T, Schmittel M. Synchronizing Two Distinct Nano-Circular Sliding Motions in Six-Component Machinery for Double Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212473. [PMID: 36197751 PMCID: PMC9828345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic multi-component double slider-on-deck system DS3 exhibits tight coupling of motional speed of two distinct nano-circular sliders (k298 =77 and 41 kHz) despite a 2.2 nm separation. In comparison, the single sliders in DS1 and DS2 move at vastly different speed (k298 =1.1 vs. 350 kHz). Synchronization of the motions in DS3 remains even when one slows the movement of the faster slider using small molecular brake pads. In contrast to the individual DS1 and DS2 systems, DS3 is a powerful catalyst for a two-step reaction by using the motion of both sliders to drive two catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IIUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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