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You S, Ding Z, Yuan R, Long J, Xu C. Confined synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers for selective photocatalytic oxidation of amines. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:63-73. [PMID: 38460385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines is considered a mild, efficient, and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of imines. As a versatile organic semiconductor, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are attractive in photocatalysis areas due to the diversity of their polymeric monomers. Herein, we report that in addition to the design of monomers, size-confined polymerization is also a feasible strategy to modulate the structure and photocatalysis properties of CMPs. We adopted dibromopyrazine as polymeric units to prepare pyrazine-involved hollow spherical CMPs (H-PyB) using a template method and successfully performed size-confined polymerization of hollow samples by resizing the templates. Interestingly, the small confinement space induced the formation of CMPs with better conjugate extensibility, resulting in enhanced conductivity, narrowed bandgaps, improved photoelectric performance, etc. As a result, small-sized H-PyB CMPs had superior activity for the photocatalytic oxidation of amines. Particularly, the smallest H-PyB CMPs that we designed in the present work exhibited excellent performance for the photocatalytic coupling oxidation of amines. When using benzylamine as a model substrate, the yield of the corresponding imine reached ∼ 113 mmol·g-1·h-1, accompanied by almost 100 % selectivity. Furthermore, the as-designed confined samples exhibited stable photocatalytic activity as well as good applicability for oxidative coupling of different amines. This work not merely reports a kind of CMP photocatalysts with excellent performance for the imine coupling oxidation but also proposes an alternative strategy for constructing high-performance organic photocatalysts by size-confined synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie You
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Ding
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Rusheng Yuan
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Long
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
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2
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Iwasaki T, Nozaki K. Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z. [PMID: 38831138 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonyl functional groups largely depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Reversal of the commonly accepted order of reactivity of different carbonyl compounds requires novel synthetic approaches. Achieving selective reduction will enable the transformation of carbon resources such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass into valuable chemicals. In this Review, we explore the reduction of less reactive carbonyl groups in the presence of those typically considered more reactive. We discuss reductions, including the controlled reduction of ureas, amides and esters to aldehydes, as well as chemoselective reductions of carbonyl groups, including the reduction of ureas over carbamates, amides and esters; the reduction of amides over esters, ketones and aldehydes; and the reduction of ketones over aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Li S, Jiao H, Shu XZ, Wu L. Zirconium and hafnium catalyzed C-C single bond hydroboration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1846. [PMID: 38418499 PMCID: PMC10902336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective cleavage and subsequent functionalization of C-C single bonds present a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Traditionally, the activation of C-C single bonds has been achieved using stoichiometric transition-metal complexes. Recently, examples of catalytic processes were developed in which use is made of precious metals. However, the use of inexpensive and Earth-abundant group IV metals for catalytic C-C single-bond cleavage is largely underdeveloped. Herein, the zirconium-catalyzed C-C single-bond cleavage and subsequent hydroboration reactions is realized using Cp2ZrCl2 as a catalytic system. A series of structures of various γ-boronated amines are readily obtained, which are otherwise difficult to obtain. Mechanistic studies disclose the formation of a N-ZrIV species, and then a β-carbon elimination route is responsible for C-C single bond activation. Besides zirconium, hafnium exhibits a similar performance for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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4
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Sun YK, Qiao JB, Xin YM, Zhou Q, Ma ZH, Shao H, Zhao YM. Total Synthesis of Metaphanine and Oxoepistephamiersine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310917. [PMID: 37602680 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a concise and divergent synthesis of the complex hasubanan alkaloids metaphanine and oxoepistephamiersine from commercially available and inexpensive cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal. Our synthesis features a palladium-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction to set the tricyclic carbon framework of the desired molecules, a regioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation followed by a MeNH2 triggered skeletal reorganization cascade to construct the benzannulated aza[4.4.3]propellane, and a strategically late-stage regio-/diastereoselective oxidative annulation of sp3 C-H bond to form the challenging THF ring system and hemiketal moiety in a single step. In addition, a highly enantioselective alkylation of cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal paved the way for the asymmetric synthesis of target molecular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jin-Bao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu-Meng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Ave, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Kehner R, Zhang G, Bayeh-Romero L. Mild Divergent Semireductive Transformations of Secondary and Tertiary Amides via Zirconocene Hydride Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4921-4927. [PMID: 36809854 PMCID: PMC10000628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The mild catalytic partial reduction of amides to imines has proven to be a challenging synthetic transformation, with many transition metals directly reducing these substrates to amines. Herein, we report a mild, catalytic method for the semireduction of both secondary and tertiary amides via zirconocene hydride catalysis. Utilizing just 5 mol % of Cp2ZrCl2, the reductive deoxygenation of secondary amides is demonstrated to furnish a diverse array of imines in up to 94% yield with excellent chemoselectivity and without the need for glovebox handling. Moreover, a novel reductive transamination of tertiary amides is also achievable when the catalytic protocol is carried out in the presence of a primary amine at room temperature, providing access to an expanded assortment of imines in up to 98% yield. Through slight procedural tuning, the single-flask conversion of amides to imines, aldehydes, amines or enamines is feasible, including multicomponent syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
A. Kehner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Liela Bayeh-Romero
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
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Edlová T, Normand AT, Cattey H, Brandès S, Wu Y, Antonangelo A, Théron B, Bonnin Q, Carta M, Le Gendre P. Hydrosilylation and Silane Polymerization Catalyzed by Group 4 Amidometallocene Cations. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Edlová
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Adrien T. Normand
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Stéphane Brandès
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ariana Antonangelo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Théron
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Quentin Bonnin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
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Lewis SG, Dadum AG, McLean D, Buenavista J, Myers J, Lambert KM, Fair JD. Chemoselective Oxidation of Alcohols in the Presence of Amines Using an Oxoammonium Salt. Tetrahedron 2023; 131:133226. [PMID: 36742269 PMCID: PMC9894077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols in the presence of reactive amines employing the commercially available oxoammonium cation, "Bobbitt's salt" is described. The oxidation is accomplished under acidic conditions and subsequent treatment with a suitable base affords a convenient one-pot method to access imines in good to excellent isolated yields (74-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephonda G. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Abra G. Dadum
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
| | - David McLean
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
| | - Jhennalin Buenavista
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Jaileen Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Kyle M. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States
| | - Justin D. Fair
- Maida Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics and Engineering, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
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Czerwiński PJ, Grzeszczyk B, Furman B. Tertiary Amides as Fluoroalkyl Aldehyde Surrogates: Access to meso-Fluorinated Bis(heteroaryl)methanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:9269-9274. [PMID: 36516290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary, morpholine-derived, fluoroalkyl amides have been found to be efficient, readily accessible, bench-stable surrogates of fluoroalkyl aldehydes. This discovery is applied to the one-pot synthesis of a symmetrical and, more challengingly, unsymmetrical meso-fluoroalkylated bis(heteroaryl)methanes via a Schwartz's reagent-mediated reductive activation. The usefulness of this approach for the introduction of a fluoromethylated carbon bridge was proven by implementation of the developed methodology in the synthesis of a fluorine-decorated bispyrromethane skeleton and an α-alkylated BODIPY core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł J Czerwiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Grzeszczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Furman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Tang JT, Gan Y, Li X, Ye B. Regioselective reductive transamination of peptidic amides enabled by a dual Zr(IV)–H catalysis. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Chen H, Wu ZZ, Shao DY, Huang PQ. Multicatalysis protocol enables direct and versatile enantioselective reductive transformations of secondary amides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade3431. [PMID: 36417504 PMCID: PMC9683713 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric geminal bis-nucleophilic addition to nonreactive functional groups is a type of highly desirable yet challenging transformation in organic chemistry. Here, we report the first catalytic asymmetric reductive/deoxygenative alkynylation of secondary amides. The method is based on a multicatalysis strategy that merges iridium/copper relay catalysis with organocatalysis. A further combination with the palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation allows the one-pot enantioselective reductive alkylation of secondary amides. This versatile protocol allows the efficient synthesis of four types of α-branched chiral amines, which are prevalent structural motifs of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The protocol also features excellent enantioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and functional group tolerance to be compatible with more reactive functional groups such as ketone and aldehyde. The synthetic utility of the method was further demonstrated by the late-stage functionalization of two drug derivatives and the concise, first catalytic asymmetric approach to the κ-opioid antagonist aticaprant.
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