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Zhang Z, Hu X, Qiu S, Su J, Bai R, Zhang J, Tian W. Boron-Nitrogen-Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Controllable Hierarchical Self-Assemblies through Synergistic Cation-π and C-H···π Interactions for Bifunctional Photo- and Electro-Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38602776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Boron-Nitrogen-embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BN-PAHs) as novel π-conjugated systems have attracted immense attention owing to their superior optoelectronic properties. However, constructing long-range ordered supramolecular assemblies based on BN-PAHs remains conspicuously scarce, primarily attributed to the constraints arising from coordinating multiple noncovalent interactions and the intrinsic characteristics of BN-PAHs, which hinder precise control over delicate self-assembly processes. Herein, we achieve the successful formation of BN-PAH-based controllable hierarchical assemblies through synergistically leveraged cation-π and C-H···π interactions. By carefully adjusting the solvent conditions in two progressive assembly hierarchies, the one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular assemblies with "rigid yet flexible" assembled units are first formed by cation-π interactions, and then they can be gradually fused into two-dimensional (2D) structures under specific C-H···π interactions, thus realizing the precise control of the transformation process from BN-PAH-based 1D primary structures to 2D higher-order assemblies. The resulting 2D-BNSA, characterized by enhanced electrical conductivity and ordered 2D layered structure, provides anchoring and dispersion sites for loading two appropriate nanocatalysts, thus facilitating the efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction (with a remarkable CH4 evolution rate of 938.7 μmol g-1 h-1) and electrocatalytic acetylene semihydrogenation (reaching a Faradaic efficiency for ethylene up to 98.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Junlong Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Rui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Ma T, Dong J, Yang DT. Heteroatom-boron-heteroatom-doped π-conjugated systems: structures, synthesis and photofunctional properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13679-13689. [PMID: 37901914 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The potency of heteroatom-doping in reshaping optoelectronic properties arises from the distinct electronegativity variations between heteroatoms and carbon atoms. By incorporating two heteroatoms with differing electronegativities (e.g., B = N), not only is the architectural coherence of π-conjugated systems retained, but also dipolar traits are introduced, accompanied by unique intermolecular interactions absent in their all-carbon analogs. Another burgeoning doping strategy, featuring the heteroatom-boron-heteroatom motif (X-B-X, where X = N, O), has captured growing attention. This configuration's coexistence of the boron-heteroatom unit and an isolated heteroatom stimulates mutual modulation in the dipole of the boron-heteroatom unit and the heteroatom's electronegativity. In this Feature article, we present an encompassing survey of XBX-doped π-conjugated systems, elucidating how the integration of the X-B-X unit induces transformative structural and property changes within π-conjugated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jiaqi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Deng-Tao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
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Lawrence J, He Y, Wei H, Su J, Song S, Wania Rodrigues A, Miravet D, Hawrylak P, Zhao J, Wu J, Lu J. Topological Design and Synthesis of High-Spin Aza-triangulenes without Jahn-Teller Distortions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20237-20245. [PMID: 37791737 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic doping of open-shell nanographenes enables precise tuning of their electronic and magnetic states, which is crucial for their promising potential applications in optoelectronics and spintronics. Among this intriguing class of molecules, triangulenes stand out with their size-dependent electronic properties and spin states, which can also be influenced by the presence of dopant atoms and functional groups. However, the occurrence of Jahn-Teller distortions in such systems can have a crucial impact on their total spin and requires further theoretical and experimental investigation. In this study, we examine the nitrogen-doped aza-triangulene series via a combination of density functional theory and on-surface synthesis. We identify a general trend in the calculated spin states of aza-[n]triangulenes of various sizes, separating them into two symmetry classes, one of which features molecules that are predicted to undergo Jahn-Teller distortions that reduce their symmetry and thus their total spin. We link this behavior to the location of the central nitrogen atom relative to the two underlying carbon sublattices of the molecules. Consequently, our findings reveal that neutral centrally doped aza-triangulenes have one less radical than their undoped counterparts, irrespective of their predicted symmetry. We follow this by demonstrating the on-surface synthesis of π-extended aza-[5]triangulene, a large member of the higher symmetry class without Jahn-Teller distortions, via a simple one-step annealing process on Cu(111) and Au(111). Using scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations, we prove that the molecule is positively charged on the Au(111) substrate, with a high-spin quintet state of S = 2, the same total spin as undoped neutral [5]triangulene. Our study uncovers the correlation between the dopant position and the radical nature of high-spin nanographenes, providing a strategy for the design and development of these nanographenes for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaotang Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Miravet
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pawel Hawrylak
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
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Vilas-Varela M, Romero-Lara F, Vegliante A, Calupitan JP, Martínez A, Meyer L, Uriarte-Amiano U, Friedrich N, Wang D, Schulz F, Koval NE, Sandoval-Salinas ME, Casanova D, Corso M, Artacho E, Peña D, Pascual JI. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of a High-Spin Aza-[5]-Triangulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307884. [PMID: 37604782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Triangulenes are a class of open-shell triangular graphene flakes with total spin increasing with their size. In the last years, on-surface-synthesis strategies have permitted fabricating and engineering triangulenes of various sizes and structures with atomic precision. However, direct proof of the increasing total spin with their size remains elusive. In this work, we report the combined in-solution and on-surface synthesis of a large nitrogen-doped triangulene (aza-[5]-triangulene) on a Au(111) surface, and the detection of its high-spin ground state. Bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy images uncovered radical states distributed along the zigzag edges, which were detected as weak zero-bias resonances in scanning tunneling spectra. These spectral features reveal the partial Kondo screening of a high-spin state. Through a combination of several simulation tools, we find that the observed distribution of radical states is explained by a quintet ground state (S=2), instead of the quartet state (S=3/2) expected for the neutral species. This confirms that electron transfer to the metal substrate raises the spin of the ground state. We further provide a qualitative description of the change of (anti)aromaticity introduced by N-substitution, and its role in the charge stabilization on a surface, resulting in an S=2 aza-triangulene on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Jan Patrick Calupitan
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorenz Meyer
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Dongfei Wang
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Emilio Artacho
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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Lirette F, Darvish A, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Renn L, Petrukhina MA, Weitz RT, Morin JF. Dibenzannulated peri-acenoacenes from anthanthrene derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10184-10193. [PMID: 37772122 PMCID: PMC10530754 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02898d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of dibenzannulated phenyl-annulated [4,2]peri-acenoacenes have been synthesized in three straightforward steps from 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone (vat orange 3). The phenyl bisannulation of [4,2]peri-acenoacene provides extra stability by increasing the overall aromatic character of the molecules, and allows for a 45-80% increase of the molar extinction coefficient (ε) compared to their [5,2]peri-acenoacene isomers. Depending on the substituents attached to the π-conjugated core, some derivatives exhibit strong aggregation in the solid state with association constant (Ka) up to 255 M-1, resulting in a significant broadening of the absorption spectrum and a substantial decrease of the bandgap value (more than 0.3 V) from solution to the solid state. One [4,2]peri-acenoacene derivative was doubly reduced using cesium and the crystal structure of the resulting salt has been obtained. Field-effect transistors showing a temperature-dependent hole mobility have been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lirette
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Ali Darvish
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - Lukas Renn
- 1st Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- 1st Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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Chen X, Tan D, Dong J, Ma T, Duan Y, Yang DT. [4]Triangulenes Modified by Three Oxygen-Boron-Oxygen (OBO) Units: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Anti-Kasha Emissions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10085-10091. [PMID: 36269151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modification of π-conjugated systems using a boron atom as the dopant has become a powerful approach to create new structures and new properties. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of replacing the carbon edges of [4]triangulene by three oxygen-boron-oxygen (OBO) units. The OBO-modified [4]triangulenes are structurally similar to [4]triangulene and isoelectronic to the trianion of [4]triangulene. The structure of OBO-modified [4]triangulene is confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing an off-plane core with three edge-modified OBO units. These OBO-modified [4]triangulenes exhibit excellent thermal stability. These compounds have phosphorescence with lifetime longer than 1 s at 77 K. Both theoretical calculations and photophysical investigation of OBO-modified [4]triangulenes indicate that this kind of molecules display a rare anti-Kasha fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions from multiple higher excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Dehui Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jiaqi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yi Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Deng-Tao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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