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Chen D, Yu R, Yu K, Lu R, Zhao H, Jiao J, Yao Y, Zhu J, Wu J, Mu S. Bicontinuous RuO 2 nanoreactors for acidic water oxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3928. [PMID: 38724489 PMCID: PMC11082236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving activity and stability of Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts in acidic environments is eager to replace more expensive Iridium (Ir)-based materials as practical anode catalyst for proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Here, a bicontinuous nanoreactor composed of multiscale defective RuO2 nanomonomers (MD-RuO2-BN) is conceived and confirmed by three-dimensional tomograph reconstruction technology. The unique bicontinuous nanoreactor structure provides abundant active sites and rapid mass transfer capability through a cavity confinement effect. Besides, existing vacancies and grain boundaries endow MD-RuO2-BN with generous low-coordination Ru atoms and weakened Ru-O interaction, inhibiting the oxidation of lattice oxygen and dissolution of high-valence Ru. Consequently, in acidic media, the electron- and micro-structure synchronously optimized MD-RuO2-BN achieves hyper water oxidation activity (196 mV @ 10 mA cm-2) and an ultralow degradation rate of 1.2 mV h-1. A homemade PEMWE using MD-RuO2-BN as anode also conveys high water splitting performance (1.64 V @ 1 A cm-2). Theoretical calculations and in-situ Raman spectra further unveil the electronic structure of MD-RuO2-BN and the mechanism of water oxidation processes, rationalizing the enhanced performance by the synergistic effect of multiscale defects and protected active Ru sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Kesong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruihu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jixiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Youtao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shichun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Zhi F, Wu S, Lai C, He M, Deng W, Zhang D, Peng X, Wu Q, Xia J, Lu ZH, Wang M, Zhang WG, Xu J, Liu C, Peng G. Unravelling the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Nanometer-Thick Carbon Nitride Layer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401123. [PMID: 38659372 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Matching the thickness of the graphitic carbon nitride (CN) nanolayer with the charge diffusion length is expected to compensate for the poor intrinsic conductivity and charge recombination in CN for photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). Herein, the compact CN nanolayer with tunable thickness is in situ coated on carbon fibers. The compact packing along with good contact with the substrate improves the electron transport and alleviates the charge recombination. The PEC investigation shows CN nanolayer of 93 nm-thick yields an optimum photocurrent of 116 µA cm-2 at 1.23 V versus RHE, comparable to most micrometer-thick CN layers, with a low onset potential of 0.2 V in 1 m KOH under 1 sun illumination. This optimum performance suggests the electron diffusion length matches with the thickness of the CN nanolayer. Further deposition of NiFe-layered double hydroxide enhanced the surface water oxidation kinetics, delivering an improved photocurrent of 210 µA cm-2 with IPCE of 12.8% at 400 nm. The CN nanolayer also shows extended potential in PEC organic synthesis. This work experimentally reveals the PEC behavior of the nanometer-thick CN layer, providing new insights into CN in the application of energy and environment-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Zhi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chen Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Mao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Wenjie Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Dexu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Xiaoying Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Qizheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jiawei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Zhang-Hui Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Mingzhan Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Guang Zhang
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guiming Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
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3
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Xue S, Tang H, Shen M, Liang X, Li X, Xing W, Yang C, Yu Z. Establishing Multiple-Order Built-In Electric Fields Within Heterojunctions to Achieve Photocarrier Spatial Separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311937. [PMID: 38191131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hybridizing two heterocomponents to construct a built-in electric field (BIEF) at the interface represents a significant strategy for facilitating charge separation in carbon dioxide (CO2)-photoreduction. However, the unidirectional nature of BIEFs formed by various low-dimensional materials poses challenges in adequately segregating the photogenerated carriers produced in bulk. In this study, leveraging zinc oxide (ZnO) nanodisks, a sulfurization reaction is employed to fabricate Z-scheme ZnO/zinc sulfide (ZnS) heterojunctions featuring a multiple-order BIEF. These heterojunctions reveal distinctive interfacial structures characterized by two semicoherent phase boundaries. The cathodoluminescence 2D maps and density functional theory calculation results demonstrate that the direction of the multiple-order BIEF spans from ZnS to ZnO. This directional alignment significantly fosters the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes within ZnS nanoparticles and enhances CO2-to-carbon monoxide photoreduction performance (3811.7 µmol h-1 g-1). The findings present a novel pathway for structurally designing BIEFs within heterojunctions, while providing fresh insights into the migratory behavior of photogenerated carriers across interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Chemical Engineering of China, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, 362114, P. R. China
| | - Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Min Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Wandong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
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Zhu H, Zhao J, Duan L, Zhao G, Yu Z, Li J, Sun H, Meng Q. Low-Temperature Synthesis of Cyano-Rich Modified Surface-Alkalinized Heterojunctions with Directional Charge Transfer for Photocatalytic In Situ Generation and Consumption of Peroxides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6008-6024. [PMID: 38282284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of low-temperature poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) presents a significant challenge. In this context, we have developed a novel low-temperature synthesis strategy for PHI in this work. This strategy involves the introduction of Na+ ions, which etch and disrupt the conjugated structure of carbon nitride (CN) during assisted thermal condensation. This disruption leads to the partial decomposition of the heptazine ring structure, resulting in the formation of C≡N functionalities on the CN surface, which are enriched with hydroxyl groups and undergo cyano modification. The formation of heterojunctions between CN and ZnO, which facilitate charge transfer along an immobilization pathway, accelerated charge transfer processes and improved reactant adsorption as well as electron utilization efficiency. The resulting catalyst was employed for the room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and solvent-free photocatalytic selective oxidation of cumene (CM), achieving a cumene conversion rate of 28.7% and a remarkable selectivity of 92.0% toward the desired product, cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Furthermore, this CHP induced oxidative reactions, as demonstrated by the successful oxidation of benzylamine to imine and the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide, both yielding high product yields. Additionally, the utilization of a continuous-flow device significantly reduces the reaction time required for these oxidation processes. This work not only introduces an innovative approach to environmentally friendly, sustainable, clean, and efficient PHI synthesis but also underscores the promising potential and advantages of carbon nitride-based photocatalysts in the realm of sustainable and green organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zongyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huinan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and MOE Frontiers Center for Intelligent Materials and Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P. R. China
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5
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Xu Y, Lai W, Cui X, Zheng D, Wang S, Fang Y. Controlled crystal facet of tungsten trioxide photoanode to improve on-demand hydrogen peroxide production for in-situ tetracycline degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:822-829. [PMID: 37979288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are widely employed for the treatment of organic pollutions. However, the conventional anthraquinone method for H2O2 synthesis is unsuitable for this application owing to its hazardous and costly nature. Alternative approaches involve a photoelectrochemical method. Herein, tungsten trioxide (WO3) photoanode has been used for the conversion of H2O into H2O2 through oxidation reaction from a PEC system, simultaneously utilizing in-situ generated hydroxyl (OH•) radicals for tetracycline degradation. By manipulating the ratio of crystal facets between (020) and (200) of the WO3 photoanode, a significant improvement in H2O2 production has been achieved by increasing the proportion of (020) facet. The production rate of WO3 photoanode enriched with the (020) facet is approximately 1.9 times higher than that enriched with (200) facet. This enhanced H2O2 production performance can be attributed to the improved formation of OH• radicals and the accelerated desorption of H2O2 on the (020) facet. Simultaneously, the in-situ generated OH• radicals are applied for tetracycline degradation. Under illumination of sunlight stimulator for 180 min, the optimal photoanode achieves a degradation rate of 86.7% for tetracycline. Furthermore, the resulting chemicals have been analyzed, revealing that C8H10O and C7H8O were formed as the primary products. Notably, these products exhibit significantly lower toxicity compared to tetracycline. This study presents a promising approach for the rational design of WO3 based photoanodes for oxidation reaction, including not only H2O2 production but also the efficient degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Wei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
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6
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Wang Y, Li H, Zhai B, Li X, Niu P, Odent J, Wang S, Li L. Highly Crystalline Poly(heptazine imide)-Based Carbonaceous Anodes for Ultralong Lifespan and Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3456-3467. [PMID: 38227835 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides with layered structures and scalable syntheses have emerged as potential anode choices for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. However, the low crystallinity of materials synthesized through traditional thermal condensation leads to insufficient conductivity and poor cycling stability, which significantly hamper their practical applications. Herein, a facile salt-covering method was proposed for the synthesis of highly ordered crystalline C3N4-based all-carbon nanocomposites. The sealing environment created by this strategy leads to the formation of poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), the crystalline phase of C3N4, with extended π-conjugation and a fully condensed nanosheet structure. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations reveal the high crystallinity of C3N4 significantly reduces the energy barrier for electron transition and enables the generation of efficient charge transfer channels at the heterogeneous interface between carbon and C3N4. Accordingly, such nanocomposites present ultrastable cycling performances over 5000 cycles, with a high reversible capacity of 245.1 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 delivered. More importantly, they also exhibit an outstanding low-temperature capacity of 196.6 mAh g-1 at -20 °C. This work offers opportunities for the energy storage use of C3N4 and provides some clues for developing long-life and high-capacity anodes operated under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hongguan Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Boyin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ping Niu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jérémy Odent
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Shulan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
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7
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Song Z, Hou J, Raguin E, Pedersen A, Eren EO, Senokos E, Tarakina NV, Giusto P, Antonietti M. Triazine-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Thin Film as a Homogeneous Interphase for Lithium Storage. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2066-2076. [PMID: 38193893 PMCID: PMC10811665 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride is a semiconductor material constituted of cross-linked triazine units, which differs from widely reported heptazine-based carbon nitrides. Its triazine-based structure gives rise to significantly different physical chemical properties from the latter. However, it is still a great challenge to experimentally synthesize this material. Here, we propose a synthesis strategy via vapor-metal interfacial condensation on a planar copper substrate to realize homogeneous growth of triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride films over large surfaces. The triazine-based motifs are clearly shown in transmission electron microscopy with high in-plane crystallinity. An AB-stacking arrangement of the layers is orientationlly parallel to the substrate surface. Eventually, the as-prepared films show dense electrochemical lithium deposition attributed to homogeneous charge transport within this thin film interphase, making it a promising solution for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Song
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Jing Hou
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Emeline Raguin
- Biomaterials
Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Angus Pedersen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K.
| | - Enis Oǧuzhan Eren
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Evgeny Senokos
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Paolo Giusto
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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8
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Lisowska K, Purser W, Chang F, Suter TM, Miller TS, Sella A, Howard CA, McMillan PF, Corà F, Clancy AJ. Amphoteric dissolution of two-dimensional polytriazine imide carbon nitrides in water. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220339. [PMID: 37691463 PMCID: PMC10493549 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline two-dimensional carbon nitrides with polytriazine imide (PTI) structure are shown to act amphoterically, buffering both HCl and NaOH aqueous solutions, resulting in charged PTI layers that dissolve spontaneously in their aqueous media, particularly for the alkaline solutions. This provides a low energy, green route to their scalable solution processing. Protonation in acid is shown to occur at pyridinic nitrogens, stabilized by adjacent triazines, whereas deprotonation in base occurs primarily at basal plane NH bridges, although NH2 edge deprotonation is competitive. We conclude that mildly acidic or basic pHs are necessary to provide sufficient net charge on the nanosheets to promote dissolution, while avoiding high ion concentrations which screen the repulsion of like-charged PTI sheets in solution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Lisowska
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | - Will Purser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | - Fuqiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | - Theo M. Suter
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Andrea Sella
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | | | - Paul F. McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | - Furio Corà
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
| | - Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London,London WC1E 0AJ, UK
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9
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Wang Q, Zhang G, Xing W, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Hou Y, Wang X. Bottom-up Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Poly (Triazine Imide) Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307930. [PMID: 37463869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly (triazine imide) (PTI/Li+ Cl- ), one of the crystalline versions of polymeric carbon nitrides, holds great promise for photocatalytic overall water splitting. In principle, the photocatalytic activity of PTI/Li+ Cl- is closely related to the morphology, which could be reasonably tailored by the modulation of the polycondensation process. Herein, we demonstrate that the hexagonal prisms of PTI/Li+ Cl- could be converted to hexagonal nanosheets by adjusting the binary eutectic salts from LiCl/KCl or NaCl/LiCl to ternary LiCl/KCl/NaCl. Results reveal that the extension of in-plane conjugation is preferred, when the polymerisation was performed in the presence of ternary eutectic salts. The hexagonal nanosheets bears longer lifetimes of charge carriers than that of hexagonal prisms due to lower intensity of structure defects and shorter hopping distance of charge carriers along the stacking direction of triazine nanosheets. The optimized hexagonal nanosheets exhibits a record apparent quantum yield value of 25 % (λ=365 nm) for solar hydrogen production by one-step excitation overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wandong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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10
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Liu M, Zhang G, Liang X, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Yu Z, Hou Y, Wang X. Rh/Cr 2 O 3 and CoO x Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304694. [PMID: 37162371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ photo-deposition of both Pt and CoOx cocatalysts on the facets of poly (triazine imide) (PTI) crystals has been developed for photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the undesired backward reaction (i.e., water formation) on the noble Pt surface is a spontaneously down-hill process, which restricts their efficiency to run the overall water splitting reaction. Herein, we demonstrate that the efficiency for photocatalytic overall water splitting could be largely promoted by the decoration of Rh/Cr2 O3 and CoOx as H2 and O2 evolution cocatalysts, respectively. Results reveal that the dual cocatalysts greatly extract charges from bulk to surface, while the Rh/Cr2 O3 cocatalyst dramatically restrains the backward reaction, achieving an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 20.2 % for the photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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11
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Long B, He H, Yu Y, Cai W, Gu Q, Yang J, Meng S. Bifunctional Hot Water Vapor Template-Mediated Synthesis of Nanostructured Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution. Molecules 2023; 28:4862. [PMID: 37375417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulating bulk polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) into nanostructured PCN has long been proven effective in enhancing its photocatalytic activity. However, simplifying the synthesis of nanostructured PCN remains a considerable challenge and has drawn widespread attention. This work reported the one-step green and sustainable synthesis of nanostructured PCN in the direct thermal polymerization of the guanidine thiocyanate precursor via the judicious introduction of hot water vapor's dual function as gas-bubble templates along with a green etching reagent. By optimizing the temperature of the water vapor and polymerization reaction time, the as-prepared nanostructured PCN exhibited a highly boosted visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. The highest H2 evolution rate achieved was 4.81mmol∙g-1∙h-1, which is over four times larger than that of the bulk PCN (1.19 mmol∙g-1∙h-1) prepared only by thermal polymerization of the guanidine thiocyanate precursor without the assistance of bifunctional hot water vapor. The enhanced photocatalytic activity might be attributed to the enlarged BET specific surface area, increased active site quantity, and highly accelerated photo-excited charge-carrier transfer and separation. Moreover, the sustainability of this environmentally friendly hot water vapor dual-function mediated method was also shown to be versatile in preparing other nanostructured PCN photocatalysts derived from other precursors such as dicyandiamide and melamine. This work is expected to provide a novel pathway for exploring the rational design of nanostructured PCN for highly efficient solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Long
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Hongmei He
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Quan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Sugang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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