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Dey S, Aggarwal M, Chakraborty D, Mukherjee PS. Uncovering tetrazoles as building blocks for constructing discrete and polymeric assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5573-5585. [PMID: 38738480 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01616e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic self-assembly with flexible moieties is a budding field of research due to the possibility of the formation of unique architectures. Tetrazole, characterised by four nitrogen atoms in a five-member ring, exhibits immense potential as a component. Tetrazole offers four coordination sites for binding to the metal centre with nine distinct binding modes, leading to various assemblies. This review highlights different polymeric and discrete tetrazole-based assemblies and their functions. The meticulous manipulation of stoichiometry, ligands, and metal ions required for constructing discrete assemblies has also been discussed. The different applications of these architectures in separation, catalysis and detection have also been accentuated. The latter section of the review consolidates tetrazole-based cage composites, highlighting their applications in cell imaging and photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Dey
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Medha Aggarwal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Debsena Chakraborty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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2
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Laan PM, Bobylev EO, Geels NJ, Rothenberg G, Reek JNH, Yan N. Noncovalent Grafting of Molecular Complexes to Solid Supports by Counterion Confinement. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:24129-24136. [PMID: 38148850 PMCID: PMC10749480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Grafting molecular complexes on solid supports is a facile strategy to synthesize advanced materials. Here, we present a general and simple method for noncovalent grafting on charge-neutral surfaces. Our method is based on the generic principle of counterion confinement in surface micropores. We demonstrate the power of this approach using a set of three platinum complexes: Pt1 (Pt1L4(BF4)2, L = p-picoline), Pt2 (Pt2L4(BF4)4, L = 2,6-bis(pyridine-3-ylethynyl)pyridine), and Pt12 (Pt12L24(BF4)24, L = 4,4'-(5-methoxy-1,3-phenylene)dipyridine). These complexes share the same counterion (BF4-) but differ vastly in their size, charge, and structure. Imaging of the grafted materials by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-HAADF-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that our method results in a homogeneous distribution of both complexes and counterions. Nitrogen sorption studies indicated a decrease in the available surface area and micropore volume, providing evidence for counterion confinement in the surface micropores. Following the adsorption of the complexes over time showed that this is a two-step process: fast surface adsorption by van der Waals forces was followed by migration over the surface and surface binding by counterion confinement. Regarding the binding of the complexes to the support, we found that the surface-adsorbate binding constant (KS) increases quadratically with the number of anions per complex up to KS = 1.6 × 106 M-1 equaling ΔG°ads = -35 kJ mol-1 for the surface binding of Pt12. Overall, our method has two important advantages: first, it is general, as you can anchor different complexes (with different charges, counterions, and/or sizes); second, it promotes the distribution of the complexes on the support surface, creating well-distributed sites that can be used in various applications across several areas of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus
C. M. Laan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O. Bobylev
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert J. Geels
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of
Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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Laan PCM, Bobylev EO, de Zwart FJ, Vleer JA, Troglia A, Bliem R, Rothenberg G, Reek JNH, Yan N. Tailoring Secondary Coordination Sphere Effects in Single-metal-site Catalysts by Surface Immobilization of Supramolecular Cages. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301901. [PMID: 37874010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the coordination sphere of heterogeneous single-metal-site catalysts is a powerful strategy for fine-tuning their catalytic properties but is fairly difficult to achieve. To address this problem, we immobilized supramolecular cages where the primary- and secondary coordination sphere are controlled by ligand design. The kinetics of these catalysts were studied in a model reaction, the hydrolysis of ammonia borane, over a temperature range using fast and precise online measurements generating high-precision Arrhenius plots. The results show how catalytic properties can be enhanced by placing a well-defined reaction pocket around the active site. Our fine-tuning yielded a catalyst with such performance that the reaction kinetics are diffusion-controlled rather than chemically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus C M Laan
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Joppe A Vleer
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Troglia
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098XG, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Roland Bliem
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098XG, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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