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Kim S, Lee S, Sung S, Gu S, Kim J, Lee G, Park J, Yip ACK, Choi J. Zeolite Membrane-Based Low-Temperature Dehydrogenation of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier: A Key Step in the Development of a Hydrogen Economy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403128. [PMID: 38868919 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Methylcyclohexane (MCH) dehydrogenation is an equilibrium-limited reaction that requires high temperatures (>300 °C) for complete conversion. However, high-temperature operation can degrade catalytic activity and produce unwanted side products. Thus, a hybrid zeolite membrane (Z) is prepared on the inner surface of a tubular support and used it as a wall in a membrane reactor (MR) configuration. Pt/C catalysts is packed diluted with quartz sand inside the Z-coated tube and applied the MR for MCH dehydrogenation at low temperatures (190-250 °C). Z showed a remarkable H2-permselectivity in the presence of both toluene and MCH, yielding separation factors over 350. The Z-based MR achieved higher MCH conversion (75.3% ± 0.8% at 220 °C) than the conventional packed-bed reactor (56.4% ± 0.3%) and the equilibrium state (53.2%), owing to the selective removal of H2 through Z. In summary, the hybrid zeolite MR enhances MCH dehydrogenation at low temperatures by overcoming thermodynamic limitations and improves the catalytic performance and product selectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Kim
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmi Lee
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Sung
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseo Gu
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Kim
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihoon Lee
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- Green Carbon Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex C K Yip
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jungkyu Choi
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Oh H, Lee G, Oh M. A Drop-and-Drain Method for Convenient and Efficient Fabrication of MOF/Fiber Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306543. [PMID: 38196152 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of flexible composites by integrating metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with flexible substrates is a critical strategy for developing advanced materials with excellent feasibility and processability. These flexible MOF-based composites play a particularly important role in the separation and purification processes. However, several drawbacks remain challenge to overcome such as long processing time, high-cost, complicated processes, or harsh reaction conditions. In this paper, a convenient and efficient method is reported for fabricating MOF/fiber composites using a simple drop-and-drain (D&D) process. By exploiting the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged MOF particles and negatively charged fiber-based flexible substrates, a uniform coating of MOF on flexible fibers are achieved. This is accomplished by allowing the MOF ink to drop and drain through a substrate using a custom-made Teflon cell. Additionally, the D&D method enables the production of multiple layers of composites in a single-step process. UiO-66 and ZIF-8 submicroparticles and various substrates such as cotton-pad, cotton-fabric, nylon-fabric, PET-fabric, and filter-paper are employed to create flexible MOF/fiber composites. These composites demonstrate outstanding capacities for capturing negatively charged organic dyes, including methyl orange and indigo carmine. Furthermore, the MOF/fiber composites can be reused for dye capture after a simple washing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjeong Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Yu S, Li C, Zhao S, Chai M, Hou J, Lin R. Recent advances in the interfacial engineering of MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7716-7733. [PMID: 38536054 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The membrane process stands as a promising and transformative technology for efficient gas separation due to its high energy efficiency, operational simplicity, low environmental impact, and easy up-and-down scaling. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-polymer mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combine MOFs' superior gas-separation performance with polymers' processing versatility, offering the opportunity to address the limitations of pure polymer or inorganic membranes for large-scale integration. However, the incompatibility between the rigid MOFs and flexible polymer chains poses a challenge in MOF MMM fabrication, which can cause issues such as MOF agglomeration, sedimentation, and interfacial defects, substantially weakening membrane separation efficiency and mechanical properties, particularly gas separation. This review focuses on engineering MMMs' interfaces, detailing recent strategies for reducing interfacial defects, improving MOF dispersion, and enhancing MOF loading. Advanced characterisation techniques for understanding membrane properties, specifically the MOF-polymer interface, are outlined. Lastly, it explores the remaining challenges in MMM research and outlines potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Conger Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuke Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Milton Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Jingwei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Rijia Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Wang J, Song Z, He M, Qian Y, Wang D, Cui Z, Feng Y, Li S, Huang B, Kong X, Han J, Wang L. Light-responsive and ultrapermeable two-dimensional metal-organic framework membrane for efficient ionic energy harvesting. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2125. [PMID: 38459037 PMCID: PMC10923900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanofluidic membranes offer exceptional promise for osmotic energy conversion, but the challenge of balancing ionic selectivity and permeability persists. Here, we present a bionic nanofluidic system based on two-dimensional (2D) copper tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin framework (Cu-TCPP). The inherent nanoporous structure and horizontal interlayer channels endow the Cu-TCPP membrane with ultrahigh ion permeability and allow for a power density of 16.64 W m-2, surpassing state of-the-art nanochannel membranes. Moreover, leveraging the photo-thermal property of Cu-TCPP, light-controlled ion active transport is realized even under natural sunlight. By combining solar energy with salinity gradient, the driving force for ion transport is reinforced, leading to further improvements in energy conversion performance. Notably, light could even eliminate the need for salinity gradient, achieving a power density of 0.82 W m-2 in a symmetric solution system. Our work introduces a new perspective on developing advanced membranes for solar/ionic energy conversion and extends the concept of salinity energy to a notion of ionic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China.
| | - Zeyuan Song
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Miaolu He
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yongchao Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Di Wang
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Shangzhen Li
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jinming Han
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, 710000, China.
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Yang H, Liu JJ, Tang WQ, Meng SS, Gao YX, Li W, Zhang H, Xu M, Gu ZY. Increasing Mass Transfer Resistance of MOFs as a Reverse Tuning Strategy to Achieve High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Separation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18760-18766. [PMID: 38078811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In separation science, precise control and regulation of the MOF stationary phase are crucial for achieving a high separation performance. We supposed that increasing the mass transfer resistance of MOFs with excessive porosity to achieve a moderate mass transfer resistance of the analytes is the key to conducting the MOF stationary phase with a high resolution. Three-dimensional UiO-67 (UiO-67-3D) and two-dimensional UiO-67 (UiO-67-2D) were chosen to validate this strategy. Compared with UiO-67-3D with overfast mass transfer and low retention, the reduced porosity of UiO-67-2D increased the mass transfer resistance of analytes in reverse, resulting in improved separation performance. Kinetic diffusion experiments were conducted to verify the difference in mass transfer resistance of the analytes between UiO-67-3D and UiO-67-2D. In addition, the optimization of the UiO-67-2D thickness for separation revealed that a moderate diffusion length of the analytes is more advantageous in achieving the equilibrium of absorption and desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Qi Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sha-Sha Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan-Xiao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Xu F, Dai L, Qu K, Cao H, Xia Y, Li S, Huang K, Xu Z. Crystallizing Self-Standing Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Ultrafast Proton Transport in Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313571. [PMID: 37885408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) display great potential to be assembled into proton conductive membranes for their uniform and controllable pore structure, yet constructing self-standing COF membrane with high crystallinity to fully exploit their ordered crystalline channels for efficient ionic conduction remains a great challenge. Here, a macromolecular-mediated crystallization strategy is designed to manipulate the crystallization of self-standing COF membrane, where the -SO3 H groups in introduced sulfonated macromolecule chains function as the sites to interact with the precursors of COF and thus offer long-range ordered template for membrane crystallization. The optimized self-standing COF membrane composed of highly-ordered nanopores exhibits high proton conductivity (75 mS cm-1 at 100 % relative humidity and 20 °C) and excellent flow battery performance, outperforming Nafion 212 and reported membranes. Meanwhile, the long-term run of membrane is achieved with the help of the anchoring effect of flexible macromolecule chains. Our work provides inspiration to design self-standing COF membranes with ordered channels for permselective application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | | | | | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Liheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Siyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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7
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Baig U, Waheed A, Jillani SMS. Recent Advancements in Metal-Organic Framework-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation: A Review. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300619. [PMID: 37818783 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising porous materials that have huge potential for gas separation when put in the membrane configuration. MOFs have huge potential due to certain salient features of the MOFs such as excellent pore size, ease of tuning the pore chemistry, higher surface area, and chemical and thermal stabilities. MOFs have been explored for various gas separation and storage applications. This review discusses various approaches for fabricating MOFs-based membranes for the separation of H2 gas from a variety of feeds having various gases CO2 , CO, N2 , and CH4 as impurities. The emphasis has been put on three types of membranes for H2 separation which include MOFs-based hollow fibrous/tubular/disk membranes, MOFs-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and MOFs-based stand-alone membranes. In addition, various challenges such as reducing inhomogeneity between MOFs and polymeric matrices have also been discussed. Similarly, the approaches to successfully decorating MOFs on different supports in different configurations have been explained. The possible ways of improving the MOFs-based membranes for H2 have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Baig
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shehzada Muhammad Sajid Jillani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Chang CK, Ko TR, Lin TY, Lin YC, Yu HJ, Lee JS, Li YP, Wu HL, Kang DY. Mixed-linker strategy for suppressing structural flexibility of metal-organic framework membranes for gas separation. Commun Chem 2023; 6:118. [PMID: 37301865 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural flexibility is a critical issue that limits the application of metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes for gas separation. Herein we propose a mixed-linker approach to suppress the structural flexibility of the CAU-10-based (CAU = Christian-Albrechts-University) membranes. Specifically, pure CAU-10-PDC membranes display high separation performance but at the same time are highly unstable for the separation of CO2/CH4. A partial substitution (30 mol.%) of the linker PDC with BDC significantly improves its stability. Such an approach also allows for decreasing the aperture size of MOFs. The optimized CAU-10-PDC-H (70/30) membrane possesses a high separation performance for CO2/CH4 (separation factor of 74.2 and CO2 permeability of 1,111.1 Barrer under 2 bar of feed pressure at 35°C). A combination of in situ characterization with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, as well as periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, unveils the origin of the mixed-linker approach to enhancing the structural stability of the mixed-linker CAU-10-based membranes during the gas permeation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kai Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Ko
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Lin
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hyun Jung Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Dun-Yen Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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