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Liu C, Liang H, Xie R, Zhou Q, Qi M, Yang C, Gu X, Wang Y, Zhang G, Li J, Gong X, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Ge X, Wang Y, Yang C, Liu Y, Liu X. A Three-in-One Hybrid Strategy for High-Performance Semiconducting Polymers Processed from Anisole. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401345. [PMID: 38647436 PMCID: PMC11220690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of semiconducting polymers with good processability in green solvents and competitive electrical performance is essential for realizing sustainable large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of organic electronics. A major obstacle is the processability-performance dichotomy that is dictated by the lack of ideal building blocks with balanced polarity, solubility, electronic structures, and molecular conformation. Herein, through the integration of donor, quinoid and acceptor units, an unprecedented building block, namely TQBT, is introduced for constructing a serial of conjugated polymers. The TQBT, distinct in non-symmetric structure and high dipole moment, imparts enhanced solubility in anisole-a green solvent-to the polymer TQBT-T. Furthermore, PTQBT-T possess a highly rigid and planar backbone owing to the nearly coplanar geometry and quinoidal nature of TQBT, resulting in strong aggregation in solution and localized aggregates in film. Remarkably, PTQBT-T films spuncast from anisole exhibit a hole mobility of 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is record high for green solvent-processable semiconducting polymers via spin-coating, together with commendable operational and storage stability. The hybrid building block emerges as a pioneering electroactive unit, shedding light on future design strategies in high-performance semiconducting polymers compatible with green processing and marking a significant stride towards ecofriendly organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Liang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Runze Xie
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Quanfeng Zhou
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Miao Qi
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Jinlun Li
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Xiu Gong
- College of PhysicsGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ge
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Big Data and Information EngineeringGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
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Zhou Q, Yan C, Li H, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Xiong J, Tang H, Zhu C, Yu H, Lopez SPG, Wang J, Qin M, Li J, Luo L, Liu X, Qin J, Lu S, Meng L, Laquai F, Li Y, Cheng P. Polymer Fiber Rigid Network with High Glass Transition Temperature Reinforces Stability of Organic Photovoltaics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:224. [PMID: 38888701 PMCID: PMC11189398 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) need to overcome limitations such as insufficient thermal stability to be commercialized. The reported approaches to improve stability either rely on the development of new materials or on tailoring the donor/acceptor morphology, however, exhibiting limited applicability. Therefore, it is timely to develop an easy method to enhance thermal stability without having to develop new donor/acceptor materials or donor-acceptor compatibilizers, or by introducing another third component. Herein, a unique approach is presented, based on constructing a polymer fiber rigid network with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) to impede the movement of acceptor and donor molecules, to immobilize the active layer morphology, and thereby to improve thermal stability. A high-Tg one-dimensional aramid nanofiber (ANF) is utilized for network construction. Inverted OPVs with ANF network yield superior thermal stability compared to the ANF-free counterpart. The ANF network-incorporated active layer demonstrates significantly more stable morphology than the ANF-free counterpart, thereby leaving fundamental processes such as charge separation, transport, and collection, determining the device efficiency, largely unaltered. This strategy is also successfully applied to other photovoltaic systems. The strategy of incorporating a polymer fiber rigid network with high Tg offers a distinct perspective addressing the challenge of thermal instability with simplicity and universality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Cenqi Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Tang
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Can Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandra P Gonzalez Lopez
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbo Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Lu
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Salamat CZ, León Ruiz A, Simafranca AF, Akmanşen-Kalayci N, Wu EC, Doud E, Mehmedović Z, Lindemuth JR, Phan MD, Spokoyny AM, Schwartz BJ, Tolbert SH. Using Bulky Dodecaborane-Based Dopants to Produce Mobile Charge Carriers in Amorphous Semiconducting Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:5552-5562. [PMID: 38883433 PMCID: PMC11171275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are a versatile class of electronic materials featured in a variety of next-generation electronic devices. The utility of such polymers is contingent in large part on their electrical conductivity, which depends both on the density of charge carriers (polarons) and on the carrier mobility. Carrier mobility, in turn, is largely controlled by the separation between the polarons and dopant counterions, as counterions can produce Coulombic traps. In previous work, we showed that large dopants based on dodecaborane (DDB) clusters were able to reduce Coulombic binding and thus increase carrier mobility in regioregular (RR) poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Here, we use a DDB-based dopant to study the effects of polaron-counterion separation in chemically doped regiorandom (RRa) P3HT, which is highly amorphous. X-ray scattering shows that the DDB dopants, despite their large size, can partially order the RRa P3HT during doping and produce a doped polymer crystal structure similar to that of DDB-doped RR P3HT; Alternating Field (AC) Hall measurements also confirm a similar hole mobility. We also show that use of the large DDB dopants successfully reduces Coulombic binding of polarons and counterions in amorphous polymer regions, resulting in a 77% doping efficiency in RRa P3HT films. The DDB dopants are able to produce RRa P3HT films with a 4.92 S/cm conductivity, a value that is ∼200× higher than that achieved with 3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), the traditional dopant molecule. These results show that tailoring dopants to produce mobile carriers in both the amorphous and semicrystalline regions of conjugated polymers is an effective strategy for increasing achievable polymer conductivities, particularly in low-cost polymers with random regiochemistry. The results also emphasize the importance of dopant size and shape for producing Coulombically unbound, mobile polarons capable of electrical conduction in less-ordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Charlene Z Salamat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alex León Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alexander F Simafranca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nesibe Akmanşen-Kalayci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Eric C Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Evan Doud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zerina Mehmedović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | - Minh D Phan
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
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4
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Lüer L, Peters IM, Corre VML, Forberich K, Guldi DM, Brabec CJ. Bypassing the Single Junction Limit with Advanced Photovoltaic Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308578. [PMID: 38140834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Multijunction devices and photon up- and down-conversion are prominent concepts aimed at increasing photovoltaic efficiencies beyond the single junction limit. Integrating these concepts into advanced architectures may address long-standing issues such as processing complexity, microstructure control, and resilience against spectral changes of the incoming radiation. However, so far, no models have been established to predict the performance of such integrated architectures. Here, a simulation environment based on Bayesian optimization is presented, that can predict and virtually optimize the electrical performance of multi-junction architectures, both vertical and lateral, in combination with up- and down-conversion materials. Microstructure effects on performance are explicitly considered using machine-learned predictive models from high throughput experimentation on simpler architectures. Two architectures that would surpass the single junction limit of photovoltaic energy conversion at reasonable complexity are identified: a vertical "staggered half octave system," where selective absorption allows the use of 6 different bandgaps, and the lateral "overlapping rainbow system" where selective irradiation allows the use of a narrowband energy acceptor with reduced voltage losses, according to the energy gap law. Both architectures would be highly resilient against spectral changes, in contrast with two terminal multi-junction architectures which are limited by Kirchhoff's law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian Marius Peters
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent M Le Corre
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Bin Z, Zhang C, Tan G, You J. Discovery of Organic Optoelectronic Materials Powered by Oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1224-1243. [PMID: 38173272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and streamlined synthetic methods that facilitate the rapid build-up of structurally diverse π-conjugated systems are of paramount importance in the quest for organic optoelectronic materials. Among these methods, transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes have emerged as a concise and effective approach for generating a wide array of bi(hetero)aryl and fused heteroaryl structures. This innovative approach bypasses challenges associated with substrate pre-activation processes, thereby allowing for the creation of frameworks that were previously beyond reach using conventional Ar-X/Ar-M coupling reactions. These inherent advantages have ushered in new design patterns for organic optoelectronic molecules that deviate from traditional methods. This ground-breaking approach enables the transcendence of the limitations of repetitive material structures, ultimately leading to the discovery of novel high-performance materials. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of organic optoelectronic materials through the utilization of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions. We introduce several notable synthetic strategies in this domain, covering both directed and non-directed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling strategies, dual chelation-assisted strategy and directed ortho-C-H arylation/cyclization strategy. Additionally, we shed light on the role of oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions in the advancement of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of existing protocols and offer insights into the future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Chen T, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhu Y, Ouyang Y, Xue J, Wang M, Wang S, Ma W, Zhang C, Ma Z, Li S, Zuo L, Chen H. Delayed Crystallization Kinetics Allowing High-Efficiency All-Polymer Photovoltaics with Superior Upscaled Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308061. [PMID: 37734746 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Though encouraging performance is achieved in small-area organic photovoltaics (OPVs), reducing efficiency loss when evoluted to large-area modules is an important but unsolved issue. Considering that polymer materials show benefits in film-forming processability and mechanical robustness, a high-efficiency all-polymer OPV module is demonstrated in this work. First, a ternary blend consisting of two polymer donors, PM6 and PBQx-TCl, and one polymer acceptor, PY-IT, is developed, with which triplet state recombination is suppressed for a reduced energy loss, thus allowing a higher voltage; and donor-acceptor miscibility is compromised for enhanced charge transport, thus resulting in improved photocurrent and fill factor; all these contribute to a champion efficiency of 19% for all-polymer OPVs. Second, the delayed crystallization kinetics from solution to film solidification is achieved that gives a longer operation time window for optimized blend morphology in large-area module, thus relieving the loss of fill factor and allowing a record efficiency of 16.26% on an upscaled module with an area of 19.3 cm2 . Besides, this all-polymer system also shows excellent mechanical stability. This work demonstrates that all-polymer ternary systems are capable of solving the upscaled manufacturing issue, thereby enabling high-efficiency OPV modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Ouyang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shanlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Li
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
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