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Cho BG, Lee JH, Kim HI, Mun SB, Jin SR, Kim DG, Cho CW, Yun YS. Modeling for the estimating the adsorption property of fruit waste-based biosorbents for the removal of organic micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115593. [PMID: 36863649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The enormous production of fruit waste and the generation of countless organic micropollutants are serious environmental problems. To solve the problems, the biowastes, i.e., orange, mandarin, and banana peels, were used as biosorbents to remove the organic pollutants. In this application, the difficult challenge is knowing the degree of adsorption affinity of biomass for each type of micropollutant. However, since there are numerous micropollutants, it requires enormous material consumption and labor to physically estimate the adsorbability of biomass. To address this limitation, quantitative structure-adsorption relationship (QSAR) models for the adsorption assessment were established. In this process, the surface properties of each adsorbent were measured with instrumental analyzers, their adsorption affinity values for several organic micropollutants were determined through isotherm experiments, and QSAR models for each adsorbent were developed. The results showed that the tested adsorbents had significant adsorption affinity for cationic and neutral micropollutants, while the anionic one had low adsorption. As a result of the modeling, it was found that the adsorption could be predicted for a modeling set with an R2 of 0.90-0.915, and the models were validated via the prediction of a test set that was not included in the modeling set. Also, using the models, the adsorption mechanisms were identified. It is speculated that these developed models can be used to rapidly estimate adsorption affinity values for other micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Gyeon Cho
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Se-Been Mun
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Jin
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Geun Kim
- LED Agri-bio Fusion Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woong Cho
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, South Korea.
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Mushtaq NU, Alghamdi KM, Saleem S, Tahir I, Bahieldin A, Henrissat B, Alghamdi MK, Rehman RU, Hakeem KR. Exogenous zinc mitigates salinity stress by stimulating proline metabolism in proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1053869. [PMID: 36968428 PMCID: PMC10036794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1053869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most concerning ecological restrictions influencing plant growth, which poses a devastating threat to global agriculture. Surplus quantities of ROS generated under stress conditions have negative effects on plants' growth and survival by damaging cellular components, including nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. However, low levels of ROS are also necessary because of their role as signalling molecules in various development-related pathways. Plants possess sophisticated antioxidant systems for scavenging as well as regulating ROS levels to protect cells from damage. Proline is one such crucial non-enzymatic osmolyte of antioxidant machinery that functions in the reduction of stress. There has been extensive research on improving the tolerance, effectiveness, and protection of plants against stress, and to date, various substances have been used to mitigate the adverse effects of salt. In the present study Zinc (Zn) was applied to elucidate its effect on proline metabolism and stress-responsive mechanisms in proso millet. The results of our study indicate the negative impact on growth and development with increasing treatments of NaCl. However, the low doses of exogenous Zn proved beneficial in mitigating the effects of NaCl by improving morphological and biochemical features. In salt-treated plants, the low doses of Zn (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L) rescued the negative impact of salt (150mM) as evidenced by increase in shoot length (SL) by 7.26% and 25.5%, root length (RL) by 21.84% and 39.07% and membrane stability index (MSI) by 132.57% and 151.58% respectively.The proline content improved at all concentrations with maximum increase of 66.65% at 2 mg/L Zn. Similarly, the low doses of Zn also rescued the salt induced stress at 200mM NaCl. The enzymes related to proline biosynthesis were also improved at lower doses of Zn. In salt treated plants (150mM), Zn (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L) increased the activity of P5CS by 19.344% and 21%. The P5CR and OAT activities were also improved with maximum increase of 21.66% and 21.84% at 2 mg/L Zn respectively. Similarly, the low doses of Zn also increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR and OAT at 200mM NaCl. Whereas P5CDH enzyme activity showed a decrease of 82.5% at 2mg/L Zn+150mM NaCl and 56.7% at 2mg/L Zn+200 mM NaCl. These results strongly imply the modulatory role of Zn in maintaining of proline pool during NaCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ul Mushtaq
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Khalid M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seerat Saleem
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Ahmad Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Khalid Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reiaz Ul Rehman
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Maity D, Gupta U, Saha S. Biosynthesized metal oxide nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture: next-generation nanotechnology for crop production, protection and management. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13950-13989. [PMID: 36124943 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current agricultural sector is not only in its most vulnerable state but is also becoming a threat to our environment due to expanding population and growing food demands along with worsening climatic conditions. In addition, numerous agrochemicals presently being used as fertilizers and pesticides have low efficiency and high toxicity. However, the rapid growth of nanotechnology has shown great promise to tackle these issues replacing conventional agriculture industries. Since the last decade, nanomaterials especially metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have been attractive for improving agricultural outcomes due to their large surface area, higher chemical/thermal stability and tunable unique physicochemical characteristics. Further, to achieve sustainability, researchers have been extensively working on ecological and cost-effective biological approaches to synthesize MONPs. Hereby, we have elaborated on recent successful biosynthesis methods using various plants/microbes. Furthermore, we have elucidated different mechanisms for the interaction of MONPs with plants, including their uptake/translocation/internalization, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and gene alteration, which could revolutionize crop productivity/yield through increased nutrient amount, photosynthesis rate, antioxidative enzyme level, and gene upregulations. Besides, we have briefly discussed about functionalization of MONPs and their application in agricultural-waste-management. We have further illuminated recent developments of various MONPs (Fe2O3/ZnO/CuO/Al2O3/TiO2/MnO2) as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides and antimicrobial agents and their implications for enhanced plant growth and pest/disease management. Moreover, the potential use of MONPs as nanobiosensors for detecting nutrients/pathogens/toxins and safeguarding plant/soil health is also illuminated. Overall, this review attempts to provide a clear insight into the latest advances in biosynthesized MONPs for sustainable crop production, protection and management and their scope in the upcoming future of eco-friendly agricultural nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Urvashi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Sumit Saha
- Materials Chemistry Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
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Landeros-Páramo L, Saavedra-Molina A, Gómez-Hurtado MA, Rosas G. The effect of AgNPS bio-functionalization on the cytotoxicity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:196. [PMID: 35928500 PMCID: PMC9343563 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work used Sedum praealtum leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a single step. The cytotoxicity of AgNPs was studied with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the DPPH radical was studied both in the extract of S. praealtum and in the AgNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined the presence of AgNPs by the location of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 434 nm. TEM and XRD analyzes show AgNPs with fcc structure and hemispherical morphology. Also, AgNPs range in size from 5 to 25 nm and have an average size of 14 nm. 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques agreed that glycosidic compounds were the main phytochemical components responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. In addition, AgNPs presented a maximum of 12% toxicity in yeast attributed to the generation of ROS. Consequently, there was low bioactivity because glycoside compounds cover the biosynthesized AgNPs from S. praealtum. These findings allow applications of AgNPs involving contact with mammals and higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Landeros-Páramo
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalurgia y Materiales, UMSNH, Edificio U., Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - A. Saavedra-Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, UMSNH, edificio B-3., Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Mario A. Gómez-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, UMSNH, edificio B-3., Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - G. Rosas
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalurgia y Materiales, UMSNH, Edificio U., Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacán México
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Baholet D, Skalickova S, Batik A, Malyugina S, Skladanka J, Horky P. Importance of Zinc Nanoparticles for the Intestinal Microbiome of Weaned Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:852085. [PMID: 35720843 PMCID: PMC9201420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.852085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community is closely monitoring the replacement of antibiotics with doses of ZnO in weaned piglets. Since 2022, the use of zinc in medical doses has been banned in the European Union. Therefore, pig farmers are looking for other solutions. Some studies have suggested that zinc nanoparticles might replace ZnO for the prevention of diarrhea in weaning piglets. Like ZnO, zinc nanoparticles are effective against pathogenic microorganisms, e.g., Enterobacteriaceae family in vitro and in vivo. However, the effect on probiotic Lactobacillaceae appears to differ for ZnO and zinc nanoparticles. While ZnO increases their numbers, zinc nanoparticles act in the opposite way. These phenomena have been also confirmed by in vitro studies that reported a strong antimicrobial effect of zinc nanoparticles against Lactobacillales order. Contradictory evidence makes this topic still controversial, however. In addition, zinc nanoparticles vary in their morphology and properties based on the method of their synthesis. This makes it difficult to understand the effect of zinc nanoparticles on the intestinal microbiome. This review is aimed at clarifying many circumstances that may affect the action of nanoparticles on the weaning piglets' microbiome, including a comprehensive overview of the zinc nanoparticles in vitro effects on bacterial species occurring in the digestive tract of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Baholet
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrej Batik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Svetlana Malyugina
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Skladanka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Pavel Horky
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Dabhane H, Zate M, Bharsat R, Jadhav G, Medhane V. A novel bio-fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles using cow urine and study of their photocatalytic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.
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Gangwar J, Sebastian JK. Unlocking the potential of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for degradation of synthetic organic dyes as wastewater pollutants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3286-3310. [PMID: 34850728 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The azo dyes released into water from different industries are accumulating in the water bodies and bioaccumulating within living systems thereby affecting environmental health. This is a major concern in developing countries where stringent regulations are not followed for the discharge of industrial waste into water bodies. This has led to the accumulation of various pollutants including dyes. As these developing countries also face acute water shortages and due to the lack of cost-effective systems to remove these pollutants, it is essential to remove these toxic dyes from water bodies, eradicate dyes, or generate fewer toxic derivatives. The photocatalysis mechanism of degradation of azo dyes has gained importance due to its eco-friendly and non-toxic roles in the environment. The zinc nanoparticles act as photocatalysts in combination with plant extracts. Plant-based nanoparticles over the years have shown the potential to degrade dyes efficiently. This is carried out by adjusting the dye and nanoparticle concentrations and combinations of nanoparticles. Our review article considers increasing the efficiency of degradation of dyes using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and understanding the photocatalytic mechanisms in the degradation of dyes and the toxic effects of these dyes and nanoparticles in different tropic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Gangwar
- Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India E-mail:
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Akbar Jan F, Wajidullah, Ullah R, Ullah N, Salman, Usman M. Exploring the environmental and potential therapeutic applications of Myrtus communis L. assisted synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron doped zinc oxide (Fe-ZnO) nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rajendrachari S, Taslimi P, Karaoglanli AC, Uzun O, Alp E, Jayaprakash GK. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in waste water and enzymatic inhibition study using cauliflower shaped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by a novel One-pot green synthesis method. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Khan A, Muhamad NA, Ismail H, Nasir A, Khalil AAK, Anwar Y, Khan Z, Ali A, Taha RM, Al-Shara B, Latif S, Mirza B, Fadladdin YAJ, Zeid IMA, Al-Thobaiti SA. Potential Nutraceutical Benefits of In Vivo Grown Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) As Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Anticoagulant, and Antidepressant in Mice. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111414. [PMID: 33105854 PMCID: PMC7690613 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus, a medicinally important herbaceous plant, has been traditionally used to cure coughs, colds, insomnia, cramps, asthma, and pain. Moreover, the therapeutic applications of saffron include its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. The current experimental analysis was performed to explore the potential nutraceutical efficacy of corm, leaf, petal, and stigma of saffron ethanolic extracts as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antidepressant using hot plate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, capillary tube and forced swim test, respectively in mice. The results indicated that among all the extracts, stigma ethanolic extract (SEE) represented maximum latency activity (72.85%) and edema inhibition (77.33%) followed by petal ethanolic extract (PEE) with latency activity and edema inhibition of 64.06 and 70.50%, respectively. Corm ethanolic extract (CEE) and leaf ethanolic extract (LEE) displayed mild analgesic activity of 22.40% and 29.07%, respectively. Additionally, LEE (53.29%) and CEE (47.47%) exhibited mild to moderate response against inflammation. The coagulation time of SEE (101.66 s) was almost equivalent to the standard drug, aspirin (101.66 s), suggesting a strong anticoagulant effect followed by PEE (86.5 s). LEE (66.83 s) represented moderate inhibitory effect on coagulation activity while CEE (42.83 s) showed neutral effect. Additionally, PEE and SEE also expressed itself as potential antidepressants with immobility time ≤76.66 s, while CEE (96.50 s) and LEE (106.83 s) indicated moderate to mild antidepressant efficacy. Based on the in vivo activities, saffron extract, particularly SEE and PEE, can be used as a potential nutraceutical and therapeutic agent due to its significant pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Khan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.K.); (R.M.T.); (B.A.-S.)
| | - Nur Airina Muhamad
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.K.); (R.M.T.); (B.A.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwan 16499, Korea;
| | - Atif Ali Khan Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 54229, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.J.F.); (I.M.A.Z.)
| | - Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan;
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Rosna Mat Taha
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.K.); (R.M.T.); (B.A.-S.)
| | - Baker Al-Shara
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.K.); (R.M.T.); (B.A.-S.)
| | - Sara Latif
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (S.L.); (B.M.)
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (S.L.); (B.M.)
- Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 54229, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.J.F.); (I.M.A.Z.)
| | - Isam Mohamed Abu Zeid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 54229, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.J.F.); (I.M.A.Z.)
| | - Saed Ayidh Al-Thobaiti
- Department of Biology, University College Turabah, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia;
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