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Mansour AM, Khaled RM, Ferraro G, Shehab OR, Merlino A. Metal-based carbon monoxide releasing molecules with promising cytotoxic properties. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9612-9656. [PMID: 38808485 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide, the "silent killer" gas, is increasingly recognised as an important signalling molecule in human physiology, which has beneficial biological properties. A particular way of achieving controlled CO administration is based on the use of biocompatible molecules that only release CO when triggered by internal or external factors. These approaches include the development of pharmacologically effective prodrugs known as CO releasing molecules (CORMs), which can supply biological systems with CO in well-regulated doses. An overview of transition metal-based CORMs with cytotoxic properties is here reported. The mechanisms at the basis of the biological activities of these molecules and their potential therapeutical applications with respect to their stability and CO releasing properties have been discussed. The activation of metal-based CORMs is determined by the type of metal and by the nature and features of the auxiliary ligands, which affect the metal core electronic density and therefore the prodrug resistance towards oxidation and CO release ability. A major role in regulating the cytotoxic properties of these CORMs is played by CO and/or CO-depleted species. However, several mysteries concerning the cytotoxicity of CORMs remain as intriguing questions for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabaa M Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ola R Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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Pal M, Upadhyay A, Masarkar N, Bera A, Mukherjee S, Roy M. Folate-assisted targeted photocytotoxicity of red-light-activable iron(III) complex co-functionalized gold nanoconjugates (Fe@FA-AuNPs) against HeLa and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2108-2119. [PMID: 38180438 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Photo-redox chemistry resulting from ligand to metal charge transfer in red-light-activable iron(III) complexes could be a potent strategic tool for next-generation photochemotherapeutic applications. Herein, we developed an iron(III) complex and folate co-functionalized gold nanoconjugate (Fe@FA-AuNPs) and thoroughly characterized it with NMR, ESI MS, UV-visible, EPR, EDX, XPS, powder X-ray diffraction, TEM and DLS studies. There was a remarkable shift in the SPR band of AuNPs to 680 nm, and singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals were potently generated upon red-light activation, which were probed by UV-visible and EPR spectroscopic assays. Cellular uptake studies of the nanoconjugate (Fe@FA-AuNPs) revealed significantly higher uptake in folate(+) cancer cells (HeLa and MDA-MB-231) than folate(-) (A549) cancer cells or normal cells (HPL1D), indicating the targeting potential of the nanoconjugate. Confocal imaging indicated primarily mitochondrial localization. The IC50 values of the nanoconjugate determined from a cell viability assay in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cells were 27.83, 39.91, and 69.54 μg mL-1, respectively in red light, while in the dark the values were >200 μg mL-1; the photocytotoxicity was correlated with the cellular uptake of the nanoconjugate. The nanocomposite exhibited similar photocytotoxicity (IC50 in red light, 37.35 ± 8.29 μg mL-1 and IC50 in the dark, >200 μg mL-1). Mechanistic studies revealed that intracellular generation of ROS upon red-light activation led to apoptosis in HeLa cells. Scratch-wound-healing assays indicated the inhibition of the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the nanoconjugate and upon photo-activation. Overall, the nanoconjugate has emerged as a potent tool for next-generation photo-chemotherapeutics in the clinical arena of targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India.
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Neha Masarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India.
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Musib D, Upadhyay A, Pal M, Raza MK, Saha I, Kunwar A, Roy M. Red light-activable biotinylated copper(II) complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) towards targeted photodynamic therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 243:112183. [PMID: 36933341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of red-light activable gold nanoparticle functionalized with biotinylated copper(II) complex of general molecular formula, [Cu(L3)(L6)]-AuNPs (Biotin-Cu@AuNP), where L3 = N-(3-((E)-3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide, L6 = 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)pentanamide, which was explored for their photophysical, theoretical and photo-cytotoxic potentials. The nanoconjugate exhibits differential uptake in biotin positive and biotin negative cancer cells as well as normal cells. The nanoconjugate also shows remarkable photodynamic activity against biotin positive A549 (IC50: 13 μg/mL in red light; >150 μg/mL in dark) and HaCaT (IC50: 23 μg/mL in red light; >150 μg/mL in dark) cells under red light (600-720 nm, 30 Jcm-2) irradiation, with significantly high photo-indices (PI>15). The nanoconjugate is less toxic to HEK293T (biotin negative) and HPL1D (normal) cells. Confocal microscopy confirms preferential mitochondrial and partly cytoplasmic localization of Biotin-Cu@AuNP in A549 cells. Several photo-physical and theoretical studies reveal the red light-assisted generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) (Ф (1O2) =0.68) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) which results in remarkable oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane damage, leading to caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis of A549 cells. Overall, the nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) exhibiting red light-assisted targeted photodynamic activity has emerged as the ideal next generation PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Indranil Saha
- Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India.
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Divya D, Govindarajan R, Nagarajaprakash R, Fayzullin RR, Vidhyapriya P, Sakthivel N, Manimaran B. Multicomponent Self-Assembly of Diaminobenzoquinonato-Bridged Manganese(I) Metallosupramolecular Rectangles: Host–Guest Interactions, Anticancer Activity, and Visible-Light-Induced CO Releasing Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15377-15391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaraj Divya
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | | | - Ramamurthy Nagarajaprakash
- Chemical Sciences Research Group, Division of Research & Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | | | - Natarajan Sakthivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Bala. Manimaran
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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Musib D, Ramu V, Raza MK, Upadhyay A, Pal M, Kunwar A, Roy M. La(iii)–curcumin-functionalized gold nanocomposite as a red light-activatable mitochondria-targeting PDT agent. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of La(iii)–curcumin to gold nanoparticles resulted in remarkable red-shifted UV-visible absorption and exhibited remarkable differential photodynamic ability towards cancer cells upon red-light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
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Pal M, Ramu V, Musib D, Kunwar A, Biswas A, Roy M. Iron(III) Complex-Functionalized Gold Nanocomposite as a Strategic Tool for Targeted Photochemotherapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6283-6297. [PMID: 33887143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complexes exhibiting photoredox chemistry and photoactivated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at their ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands have emerged as potential strategic tools for photoactivated chemotherapy. Herein, the synthesis, in-depth characterization, photochemical assays, and remarkable red light-induced photocytotoxicities in adenocarcinomic human immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells of iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex of molecular formula, [Fe(L1)(L2)] (1), where L1 is bis(3,5 di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)glycine and L2 is 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)pentanamide, and the gold nanocomposite functionalized with complex 1 (1-AuNPs) are reported. There was a significant red shift in the UV-visible absorption band on functionalization of complex 1 to the gold nanoparticles (λmax: 573 nm, 1; λmax: 660 nm, 1-AuNPs), rendering the nanocomposite an ideal candidate for photochemotherapeutic applications. The notable findings in our present studies are (i) the remarkable cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) to A549 (IC50: 0.006 μM) and HaCaT (IC50: 0.0075 μM) cells in red light (600-720 nm, 30 J/cm2) while almost nontoxic (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) in the dark, (ii) the nontoxicity of 1-AuNPs to normal human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) or human peripheral lung epithelial (HPL1D) cells (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) both in the dark and red light signifying the target-specific anticancer activity of the nanocomposite, (iii) localization of 1-AuNPs in mitochondria and partly nucleus, (iv) remarkable red light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: 1O2, •OH) in vitro, (v) disruption of the mitochondrial membrane due to enhanced oxidative stress, and (vi) caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. A similar cytotoxic profile of complex 1 was another key finding of our studies. Overall, our current investigations show a new red light-absorbing iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) as the emerging next-generation iron-based photochemotherapeutic agent for targeted cancer treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
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