Conductive, injectable hydrogel equipped with tetramethylpyrazine regulates ferritinophagy and promotes spinal cord injury repair

Up to now, the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) to recover the locomotion function, sensory function, and autonomic function of patients is a global medical challenge. In this study, based on the excellent effects of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on regulating pathological micro-environment, we designed a new injectable conductive hydrogel consists of water-soluble polypyrrole (Ppy), agar, and TMP. The TMP@PA hydrogel has excellent physicochemical properties, bio-safety, and drug release ability, which can be injected into lesions in situ without secondary injury for SCI. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that the TMP@PA hydrogel can not only fill the spinal cord cavity to reconstruct the electrical conduction pathway but also release TMP continuously to inhibit ferroptosis by regulating nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy regulated by Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) to promote SCI repair. Collectively, TMP@PA hydrogel may be an effective tissue engineering scaffold to treat SCI with highly promising clinical applications.

Adsorption and removal of Pb (II) via layer double hydroxide encapsulated with chitosan; synthesis, characterization adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, & optimization via Box-Behnken design

The study aimed to enhance the stability and efficiency of removing bivalent Pb(II) by encapsulating AlNi-layered double hydroxide (LDH) in chitosan and itaconic acid to create an adsorbent with chemically active sites. The resulting material, AlNi-LDH/CS, underwent thorough property analysis using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, EDX, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, and FESEM to find out what textural characteristics it has. Specifically, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were utilized to assess the textural properties of AlNi-LDH/CS. The Al/Ni-LDH/CS surface displayed a specific surface area of 71.95 m2/g and an average pore size of 2.537 nm, consistent with the platelets' external surface. The effects of dose, pH, temperature, and starting concentration on the adsorption process were also investigated in this study. The adsorption characteristics have been examined by means of equilibrium and adsorption kinetics. The adsorption process adhered to the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. The predominant adsorption process was found to be chemisorption, which had an adsorption energy of 28.42 kJ·mol-1. An endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process is suggested by the increase in metal absorption at increasing temperatures. The Box-Behnken design software was utilized to establish the optimal adsorption parameters as pH 5, a dosage of 0.2 g of AlNi-LDH/CS per 25 mL, and an adsorption capacity of 453.05 mg/g for the Pb(II) arsenate solution. For the composite sponge to be most effective in adsorbing arsenate and be used in water purification procedures, these factors are essential. The adsorption process was successfully improved with few planned tests by applying the Box-Behnken design and response surface technique aspects of the Design-Expert software. An evaluation of the adsorbent's reusability using six successive cycles of adsorption and desorption confirmed its stability and showed no discernible decrease in removal efficiency. Additionally, it retained its original chemical composition before and after reuse, showcased consistent efficiency, and maintained uniform XRD data.

Folic acid functionalized Ag@MOF(Ag) decorated carboxymethyl starch nanoparticles as a new doxorubicin delivery system with inherent antibacterial activity

Considering the benefits of controlled drug delivery in cancer treatment, as well as the importance of biological macromolecules in this area, herein, the pre-synthesized carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was converted to CMS nanoparticles (CMS NPs) in one easy nanoprecipitation way. Thereafter, the Ag@MOF(Ag) was in situ synthesized in the presence of pre-prepared CMS NPs (CMS NPs/Ag@MOF(Ag)). Eventually, the functionalization with folic acid (FA) obtained the CMS NPs/Ag@MOF(Ag)-FA. The success of the accomplished process was approved by doing several techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, EDX, AFM, etc. The SEM analysis showed a combination of rod-like and spherical-like morphology for the fabricated bio-nanocomposite. The generated CMS NPs/Ag@MOF(Ag)-FA with a surface area of 10.595 m2/g displayed a pore size of 13.666 nm and 82.99 % of doxorubicin (DOX) loading efficiency (DOX@CMS NPs/Ag@MOF(Ag)-FA). The 38.46 % and 58.19 % of loaded DOX were released respectively within 240 h at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0, referring to the pH-responsivity of the constructed system. 27.25 % of inhibitory effects on HeLa cells were obtained for the drug-loaded bio-nanocomposite. The CMS NPs/Ag@MOF(Ag)-FA also displayed an inherent antibacterial activity towards two common gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. All of these results can contribute to developing polysaccharide-based porous systems in controlled cancer therapy.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cross-linked tragacanthin nanofibers as implants for delivery of cisplatin to hepatocellular carcinoma

There is growing interest in the use of electrospun polymeric nanofibers in drug delivery systems due to their remarkable surface-to-volume ratio, which enhances the processes of drug loading, specific cell binding and proliferation. The preferred polymers for drug delivery must be biocompatible and biodegradable. Gum tragacanth is one of the materials of choice for drug delivery. This work aimed at cross-linking the tragacanthin, the water-soluble fraction of gum tragacanth, with glutaraldehyde, synthesis of the cross-linked nanofibers and evaluating their properties to encapsulate and deliver a drug using caffeine as a model drug in the first place. The nanofibers were then loaded with cisplatin and evaluated against HepG2 cell line. The drug-loaded nanofibers (dia. 0.841 μm) were prepared by electrospinning using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker and glycerol as a plasticizer and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, 1HNMR, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. They released the encapsulated drugs in a sustained manner at pH 7.4 over 4.5 days (∼275 h with ∼80 % release) following Higuchi (cisplatin) and Hixon-Crowell (caffeine) kinetics. In a cytotoxicity assay against HepG2 cell line the cisplatin-loaded nanofibers exhibited enhanced activity compared to that with the standard cisplatin and in the caspase activity assay it activated caspase 3 to a higher extent and 8 and 9 to double the extent (4-fold) of cisplatin, suggesting a higher apoptotic activity by the nanoformulation than the standard cisplatin. Thus, nanoformulation appeared to be a potential candidate for treating hepatocellular carcinoma as an implant.

Erythromycin-metal complexes: One-step synthesis, molecular docking analysis and antibacterial proficiency against pathogenic strains

The study focused on the extraction of free erythromycin from commercially manufactured tablets and the use of metal salts to synthesize erythromycin-metal complexes, specifically involving silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and copper (Cu). The synthesis was confirmed through various methods, including elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The microbiological investigation involved Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Microsporum canis as test organisms. The NCCLS broth microdilution reference method was used to determine the minimum fungicidal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration of the complexes. The synthesized complexes were highly effective against a variety of fungi and bacteria, with compound Ery-Cu having MIC as low as 1.56 mg/mL, Ery-Cu and Ery-Ni with MBCs of 6.25 mg/mL and Ery-Cu having MFC of 6.25 mg/mL. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects were found upon examination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of specific complexes (Cu, Ni, Co and Ag) at varying concentrations of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mm/mL. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed efficacy against the tested pathogens. The study suggests that the synthesis of erythromycin-metal complexes, coupled with their antibacterial effectiveness against a diverse spectrum of bacteria and fungi, as they showed promising inhibitory properties when tested against a range of test species (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Microsporum canis), could lead to the development of innovative antibacterial agents. Molecular docking simulations were used to examine the interactions between metal complexes with proteins filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z and lanosterol 14α-demethylase. The study highlights the need for further exploration in pharmaceutical research.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel TiO2@chitosan/alginate nanocomposite sponge for highly efficient removal of As(V) ions from aqueous solutions: Adsorption isotherm, kinetics, experiment and adsorption mechanism optimization using Box-Behnken design

This research uses a novel TiO2@CSC.Alg composite sponge was created by encasing TiO2 nanoparticles in the natural polymers alginate and chitosan, resulting in a nanocomposite that is both ecologically friendly and biocompatible. Using the generated nanocomposite as a new environmentally friendly adsorbent, As(V) heavy metal ions were effectively removed from aqueous media. The following techniques were used to analyse the physicochemical properties of the obtained materials: pHZPC, FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, and XPS. Utilizing nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, the TiO2@CSC.Alg composite sponge's textural properties were identified. This revealed a BET surface area of 168.42 m2/g and a total pore volume of 1.18 cc/g, indicating its porous nature and potential for high adsorption capacity. Examine the effects of temperature, pH, dose, and beginning concentration on adsorption. The adsorption characteristics were determined based on equilibrium and adsorption kinetics measurements. The adsorption process was both pseudo-second-order (PSOE) and Langmuir isothermally fit. Chemisorption was the adsorption method since the adsorption energy was 25.45 kJ·mol-1. An endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process was indicated by more metal being absorbed as the temperature increased. The optimal conditions for adsorption were optimized via Box-Behnken design software to be pH of 5 in the solution, a dosage of 0.02 g of the TiO2@CSC.Alg composite sponge per 25 mL, and an arsenate (As(V)) solution the adsorption capacity was 202.27 mg/g are ideal for efficient adsorption. These parameters are critical in achieving the maximum adsorption capacity of the composite sponge for arsenate, which could be beneficial for water purification applications. Utilizing Design-Expert software's response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD), the adsorption process was optimized with the fewest planned tests. After six successive cycles of adsorption and desorption, the adsorbent stability was confirmed by the adsorbent reusability test without any noticeable decrease in removal efficacy. Additionally, it displayed good efficiency, the same XRD and XPS data before and after reuse, and no change in chemical composition.

MOFs for next-generation cancer therapeutics through a biophysical approach-a review

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for cancer treatment due to their unique properties. Featuring high porosity, extensive surface area, chemical stability, and good biocompatibility, MOFs are ideal for efficient drug delivery, targeted therapy, and controlled release. They can be designed to target specific cellular organelles to disrupt metabolic processes in cancer cells. Additionally, functionalization with enzymes mimics their catalytic activity, enhancing photodynamic therapy and overcoming apoptosis resistance in cancer cells. The controllable and regular structure of MOFs, along with their tumor microenvironment responsiveness, make them promising nanocarriers for anticancer drugs. These carriers can effectively deliver a wide range of drugs with improved bioavailability, controlled release rate, and targeted delivery efficiency compared to alternatives. In this article, we review both experimental and computational studies focusing on the interaction between MOFs and drug, explicating the release mechanisms and stability in physiological conditions. Notably, we explore the relationship between MOF structure and its ability to damage cancer cells, elucidating why MOFs are excellent candidates for bio-applicability. By understanding the problem and exploring potential solutions, this review provides insights into the future directions for harnessing the full potential of MOFs, ultimately leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Long-Term Antioxidant Metal-Organic Frameworks

Free radicals produced during metabolism induce effects, such as cell damage and cancer, because of their high reactivity. Although antioxidants in food products can eliminate free radicals, they are expelled within a relatively short period of time after serving their function. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with antioxidants as their ligands. Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline polymers with repetitively coordinated ligands and metal centers. We assume that once antioxidant-based MOFs are ingested, ligands are released on a long-term basis during the process of chemical and physical disintegration. To evaluate their eligibility, we established criteria for biocompatibility, particle size, and long-term antioxidant effects. For biocompatibility, we treated cells with various concentrations of MOFs and their precursors followed by a water-soluble tetrazolium 8 (WST-8) assay. The particle size distribution was analyzed using TEM and ImageJ software, and the antioxidant release was quantified using UV-vis spectroscopy. We concluded that Fe-based FeTHQ with the antioxidant tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (THQ) as its ligand is the most effective long-term antioxidant with its effect lasting up to 7 days. Furthermore, microwave synthesis of FeTHQ was conducted to produce more suitable particles for in vivo antioxidant applications.

Enhancing trimethoprim pollutant removal from wastewater using magnetic metal-organic framework encapsulated with poly (itaconic acid)-grafted crosslinked chitosan composite sponge: Optimization through Box-Behnken design and thermodynamics of adsorption parameters

Trimethoprim (TMP), an antibiotic contaminant, can be effectively removed from water by using the innovative magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) composite sponge Fe3O4@Rh-MOF@PIC, which is shown in this study. The composite is made up of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and a rhodium MOF embedded in a poly(itaconic acid) grafted chitosan matrix. The structure and characteristics of the synthesized material were confirmed by thorough characterization employing SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRD, and BET techniques. Notably, the composite shows a high magnetic saturation of 64 emu g-1, which makes magnetic separation easier, according to vibrating sample magnetometry. Moreover, BET analysis revealed that the Fe3O4@Rh-MOF@PIC sponge had an incredibly high surface area of 1236.48 m2/g. Its outstanding efficacy was confirmed by batch adsorption tests, which produced a maximum adsorption capacity of 391.9 mg/g for the elimination of TMP. Due to its high porosity, magnetic characteristics, and superior trimethoprim uptake, this magnetic MOF composite sponge is a promising adsorbent for effective removal of antibiotics from contaminated water sources. An adsorption energy of 24.5 kJ/mol was found by batch investigations on the Fe3O4@Rh-MOF@PIC composite sponge for trimethoprim (TMP) adsorption. The fact that this value was up 8 kJ/mol suggests that the main mechanism controlling TMP absorption onto the sponge adsorbent is chemisorption. Chemisorption requires creating strong chemical interactions between adsorbate and adsorbent surface groups, unlike weaker physisorption. The magnetic composite sponge exhibited strong removal capabilities and high adsorption capacities for the antibiotic pollutant. The Fe3O4@Rh-MOF@PIC composite sponge also showed magnetism, which allowed for easy magnetic separation after adsorption. Over the course of 6 cycles, it showed outstanding reusability, and XRD confirmed that its composition was stable. The high surface area MOF's pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and electrostatic interactions were the main trimethoprim adsorption mechanisms. This magnetic composite is feasible and effective for removing antibiotics from water because of its separability, reusability, and synergistic adsorption mechanisms via electrostatics, H-bonding, and π-interactions. The adsorption results were optimized using Box Behnken-design (BBD).

Development of innovative active packaging films using gelatin/pullulan-based composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oil-loaded metal-organic frameworks for meat preservation

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamon essential oil (CEO)-loaded metal-organic frameworks (CEO@MOF) on the properties of gelatin/pullulan (Gel/Pull)-based composite films (Gel/Pull-based films). The incorporation of CEO@MOF into Gel/Pull-based films demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. enterica, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes. Additionally, CEO@MOF integrated film exhibited a 98.16 % ABTS radical scavenging, with no significant change in the mechanical properties of the neat Gel/Pull film. The UV blocking efficiency of the composite films increased significantly from 81.38 to 99.56 % at 280 nm with the addition of 3 wt% CEO@MOF. Additionally, Gel/Pull/CEO@MOF films effectively extended the shelf life of meat preserved at 4 °C by reducing moisture loss by 3.35 %, maintaining the pH within the threshold limit (6.2), and inhibiting bacterial growth by 99.9 %. These results propose that CEO@MOF has significant potential as an effective additive in active packaging to improve shelf life and food safety.

Synergistic applications of cyclodextrin-based systems and metal-organic frameworks in transdermal drug delivery for skin cancer therapy

This review article explores the innovative field of eco-friendly cyclodextrin-based coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for transdermal drug delivery in the case of skin cancer therapy. We critically examine the significant advancements in developing these nanocarriers, with a focus on their unique properties such as biocompatibility, targeted drug release, and enhanced skin permeability. These attributes are instrumental in addressing the limitations inherent in traditional skin cancer treatments and represent a paradigm shift towards more effective and patient-friendly therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges faced in optimizing the synthesis process for large-scale production while ensuring environmental sustainability. The review also emphasizes the immense potential for clinical applications of these nanocarriers in skin cancer therapy, highlighting their role in facilitating targeted, controlled drug release which minimizes systemic side effects. Future clinical applications could see these nanocarriers being customized to individual patient profiles, potentially revolutionizing personalized medicine in oncology. With further research and clinical trials, these nanocarriers hold the promise of transforming the landscape of skin cancer treatment. With this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field and outline future directions for advancing the development and clinical application of these innovative nanocarriers.

Synthesis, characterization and adsorption optimization of bimetallic La-Zn metal organic framework for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid

To eliminate the hazardous pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid (2,4-D) through aqueous solutions, stacked nanorods known as hetero bimetallic organic frameworks (MOFs) of 2-methyl imidazole based on lanthanum and zinc are created. The research's convincing discoveries displayed that La/Zn-MOF is an actual adsorbent for the removal of 2,4-D through aqueous solutions. The La/Zn-MOF was investigated using a variability of techniques, with scanning electron microscope (SEM), powered X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) investigation. La/Zn-MOF has a significant pore capacity of 1.04 cm³/g and a comparatively large surface area of 897.69 m2/g. Our findings, which are quite intriguing, demonstrate that adsorption behavior is pointedly wedged by variations in pH. A pH 6 dose of 0.02 g was shown to be the optimal setting for the greatest capacity for adsorption. Because adsorption is an endothermic process, temperature variations affect its capability. The adsorption method was fit both isothermally and kinetically using the Langmuir isotherm classical. It was created that the entire process made use of a chemisorption mechanism. Solution pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and time were all improved using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). We were able to accurately calculate the values of ΔHo, ΔSo, and ΔGo for 2,4-D by following the guidelines. These results demonstrated the spontaneous and endothermic character of the adsorption procedure employing La/Zn-MOF as an adsorbent. Adsorption-desorption cycles can be carried out up to five times. With the synthesized La/Zn-MOF adsorbent due to its exceptional reusability. Many processes, such π-π interaction, pore filling, H-bonding, or electrostatic contact, were postulated to explain the connection between La/Zn-MOF and 2,4-D after extra research to appreciate well the link was conducted. This is the first study to demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing La/Zn-MOF as an adsorbent to eliminate 2,4-D from wastewater models. The results display that a pH of 6 is required to achieve the maximal 2,4-D adsorption capability on La/Zn-MOF, which is 307.5 mg/g.

Enhancing brilliant green dye removal via bio composite chitosan and food-grade algae capsulated ruthenium metal-organic framework: Optimization of adsorption parameters by box-behnken design

A natural material made of chitosan (CS) and algae (food-grade algae, FGA) was cross-linked and loaded onto a ruthenium metal organic framework to create a bio-adsorbent (Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge) with the aim of adsorbing and eliminating Brilliant green (BG) from aqueous solutions. A range of methods were employed to analyze the Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain the function groups, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish the surface morphology, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to study of single and multi-phase polycrystalline materials. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (BET) confirmed the adsorbent's high surface area and pore volume (826.85 m2/g and 1.28 cm3/g, respectively) and decreased to 475.62 m2/g and 0.74 cm3/g after adsorption. Determine the several factors that affect the adsorption process, such as pH, the adsorbent's dose, the initial BG concentration, and the effect of salinity. The adsorption process was fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms. Dubinin-Radushkevich analysis revealed that the adsorption energy was 23.8 kJ/mol, indicating chemisorption as the mode of adsorption. It was discovered through examining the impact of temperature and computing positive-charged enthalpy and entropy that the adsorption process was endothermic, meaning that it increased in response to temperature. It is possible to reuse the Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge six times with acceptable efficiency, no change in its chemical composition, and comparable FT-IR, XPS, and XRD data before and after each reuse. Examine the mechanisms of adsorbent-adsorbate interaction, which may involve H-bonding, n-π stacking, electrostatic forces, and pore filling. The adsorption results were optimized with the Box Behnken-design (BBD).

Superior adsorption and removal of doxorubicin from aqueous solution using activated carbon via thermally treated green adsorbent: isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

Activated carbon from apricot seeds (ASAC) was successfully made using a low-cost, straightforward synthesis process. With the use of various instruments, including XRD, XPS, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM, the adsorbent was demonstrated. The surface area of the ASAC that was given was also shown to be 436.8 m2/g. It was discovered that the synthesized ASAC has a fantastic capacity to absorb the anti-cancer medication doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Based on changes in temperature, pH, and DOX concentration, The DOX adsorption behaviour's mechanism was evaluated. The adsorption capacity of ASAC for DOX was greater at pH 6.0, according to experimental data as the adsorption capacity was discovered to be 951.13 mg/g. Adsorption equilibrium analysis revealed that, when compared to the other models, the Langmuir adsorption provided the best fit to the data that were collected. Additionally, The ASAC has validated the DOX activation energy of adsorption as a chemisorption technique. The kinetics of adsorption were shown to be fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The reaction was endothermic and spontaneous, according to thermodynamic data. Innvestigation the removal efficiency of ASAC to remove DOX from real watrer sample (tap water, effluent wastewater, and impact wastewater). It was suggested by the results that ASAC was a viable option for treating wastewater and adsorbing DOX. The synthesized ASAC has noteworthy cyclability and reusability characteristics due to its high efficiency (up to five cycles) and low cost (around 86 percent).

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of CaCu3Ti4O12/reduced graphene oxide composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical products: Ibuprofen and Ciprofloxacin

The objective of this research is to create a highly effective approach for eliminating pollutants from the environment through the process of photocatalytic degradation. The study centers around the production of composites consisting of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using an ultrasonic-assisted method, with a focus on their capacity to degrade ibuprofen (IBF) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) via photodegradation. The impact of rGO on the structure, morphology, and optical properties of CCTO was inspected using XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM, XPS, BET, and UV-Vis. Morphology characterization showed that rGO particles were dispersed within the CCTO matrix without any specific chemical interaction between CCTO and C in the rGO. The BET analysis revealed that with increasing the amount of rGO in the composite, the specific surface area significantly increased compared to the CCTO standalone. Besides, increasing rGO resulted in a reduction in the optical bandgap energy to around 2.09 eV, makes it highly promising photocatalyst for environmental applications. The photodegradation of IBF and CIP was monitored using visible light irradiation. The results revealed that both components were degraded above 97% after 60 min. The photocatalyst showed an excellent reusability performance with a slight decrease after five runs to 93% photodegradation efficiency.

Guava seed activated carbon loaded calcium alginate aerogel for the adsorption of diclofenac sodium: Characterization, isotherm, kinetics, and optimization via Box-Behnken design

This study aimed to develop a novel adsorbent designed for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DS) from water. The synthesized adsorbent, a composite sponge known as guava seeds activated carbon loaded calcium alginate (GSAC@CA aerogel), was created through the combination of powdered activated carbon derived from guava seeds and loaded onto a calcium alginate hydrogel. Characterization through SEM, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and XPS revealed a confirmed surface area of 738.82 m2/g. The investigation delved into assessing the influence of pH, initial DS concentration, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of DS. Isotherm studies on adsorption suggested that a Langmuir model provided a good fit, indicating a monolayer adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed a well-fitted pseudo-second-order model, shedding light on the dynamics of the reaction. The chemisorption nature was elucidated by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model, demonstrating an adsorption energy of 22.6 kJ/mol. These results affirm the potential of the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge as an efficient adsorbent for removing diclofenac sodium from water. Examination of the impact of temperature on the adsorption process revealed an endothermic behavior, indicating an increase in temperature. The positive change in entropy suggested the spontaneous nature of the reaction. Remarkably, the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge exhibited strong adsorption capabilities, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 489.97 mg/g. Across five consecutive cycles, the composite consistently demonstrated high-level adsorption, maintaining a removal efficiency of 87.77 %. The adsorption mechanism of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge was determined to encompass various processes, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic pore filling. Additionally, the adsorbent demonstrated successful regeneration over three cycles when applied to a real-world sample. The incorporation of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) introduced a strategic aspect to enhance adsorption outcomes, offering valuable insights for optimizing the adsorption process in practical applications.

Chitosan-nano CuO composite for removal of mercury (II): Box-Behnken design optimization and adsorption mechanism

The study aimed to develop an adsorbent for extracting mercury (II) from water by combining chitosan beads with green copper oxide nanoparticles. This resulted in the synthesis of the CuO NPs@CSC composite sponge, achieved by loading CuO NPs onto citrate-crosslinked chitosan (CSC). Characterization involved X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The BET method confirmed a higher surface area of the adsorbent at 285.55 m2/g, suggesting its potential for effective mercury (II) removal from water. This research aligns with broader efforts in environmental science and nanotechnology to create advanced materials for water purification. The characterization techniques ensure the suitability of the synthesized material for its intended application, and the significant surface area enhances its capacity for contaminant adsorption. The study investigated the impact of adsorbent dosage, pH, and initial Hg (II) concentration on mercury (II) adsorption. Results showed a fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Using the Dubinin-Radushkevich model (adsorption energy: 22.74 kJ mol-1), chemisorption was identified. Notably, the adsorption process was found to be endothermic, indicating that higher temperatures led to increased removal capacity and related parameters. This temperature influence was explored systematically. Additionally, the study concluded that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous, evidenced by a positive entropy change. This analysis contributes valuable insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of mercury (II) adsorption in the studied system. The CuO NPs@CSC composite sponge achieved an impressive adsorption capacity of 672 mg/g. Even after five consecutive cycles, it maintained strong adsorption capabilities with 84.5 % removal efficiency. Remarkably, over six reuse cycles, there were no observable changes in chemical composition, and XRD peaks remained consistent before and after each cycle. The study delved into the interaction mechanism between the CuO NPs@CSC composite sponge and heavy metals. Utilizing the Box-Behnken design (BBD), the adsorption process was optimized for enhanced efficiency.

Design of chitosan/boehmite biocomposite for the removal of anionic and nonionic dyes from aqueous solutions: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies

This study introduces a chitosan/boehmite biocomposite as an efficient adsorbent for removing anionic Congo Red (CR) and non-ionic Bromothymol Blue (BTB) from water. Boehmite nanoparticles were synthesized using the Sol-gel method and then attached to chitosan particles using sodium tripolyphosphate through co-precipitation method. Characterized through FTIR, FE-SEM, BET, and XRD, the biosorbent displayed structural integrity with optimized pH conditions of 3 for CR and 4 for BTB, achieving over 90 % adsorption within 30 min. Pseudo second order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm revealed monolayer sorption with capacities of 64.93 mg/g for CR and 90.90 mg/g for BTB. Thermodynamics indicated a spontaneous and exothermic process, with physisorption as the primary mechanism. The biosorbent demonstrated excellent performance and recyclability over five cycles, highlighting its potential for eco-friendly dye removal in contaminated waters.

Hydrogels Loaded with Atorvastatin-Metal Organic Framework Have a Preventive Effect on Coronary Heart Disease

In the research, a new three-dimensional coordination polymer was synthesized by solvothermal method based on the metal ligand LCu =[Cu(2,4-pydca)2 ]2- (2,4-pydca=pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate) and alkaline-earth ion CaII with chemical composition {[Ca(H2 O)2 ][LCu ]⋅DMSO ⋅ 2H2 O}n (1) (DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide). The complex 1 was characterized soundly by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Using atorvastatin as drug model, carboxymethyl chitosan and calcium alginate as raw materials, a new type of metal gel particles was prepared. The microstructure of the gel was observed by scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and its modulation effect on the activity of human cardiomyocytes was evaluated. The results show that the gel particles presented a three-dimensional porous structure and were able to significantly up-regulate the cell activity of human cardiomyocytes, which is expected to develop the metal gel particles into drugs for the treatment of coronary heart disease.

Refashioning of the drug-properties of fluoroquinolone through the synthesis of a levofloxacin-imidazole cobalt (II) complex and its interaction studies on with DNA and BSA biopolymers, antimicrobial and cytotoxic studies on breast cancer cell lines

Levofloxacin (HLVX), a quinolone antimicrobial agent, when deprotonated (LVX-) behaves as a bidentate ligand, and it coordinates to Co2+ through the pyridone oxygen and the carboxylate oxygen. Along with two imidazole (ImH) ligands, levofloxacin forms a Co(II)-Levofloxacin-imidazole complex, [CoCl(LVX)(ImH)2(H2O)]·3H2O (abbreviated henceforth as CoLevim) which was isolated and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis methods. CoLevim shows promise in its antimicrobial activities when tested against microorganisms (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli). Fluorescence competitive studies with ethidium bromide (EB) revealed that CoLevim can compete with EB and displace it to bind to CT-DNA through intercalative binding mode. In addition, CoLevim exhibited a good binding propensity to BSA proteins with relatively high binding constants. The antioxidant activities of the free ligands and CoLevim were determined in vitro using ABTS+ radical (TEAC assay). The Co-complex showed a better antioxidant capacity with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 40 μM than the free ligands. CoLevim also showed noteworthy apoptotic potential and behaved as an efficient resistant modifying agent when its antiproliferative potential was examined by MTT assay using the breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MCF7Dox/R and MCF7Pacli/R cells).

Imipenem-metal complexes: Computational analysis and toxicity studies with wastewater model microorganisms

The occurrence of antibiotic residues in diverse water sources has long been acknowledged as a potential health concern due to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. However, there have been limited studies into the presence of antibiotic-metal complexes (AMCs) in real-time wastewater matrices, and their impact on wastewater microbial communities. The present work, in this regard, investigated the stability of Imipenem-metal complexes (Me = Mg (II), Ca (II), Fe (II), Cu (II), and Al (III)) with computational studies, stoichiometry with potentiometric measurements, and their antibacterial activity towards wastewater model microorganisms- Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Escherichia coli (E. Coli) by Colony Forming Unit (CFU) method. The lower energy of Imipenem-metal complexes than the parent antibiotic- Imipenem, during energy optimization using density functional (DFT) methods, revealed that metal interactions of Imipenem stabilize the drug by minimizing its energy. Further, CFU studies indicated that these complexes display higher antimicrobial activity than parent antibiotics. The electron delocalization over the entire chelated system (AMCs) reduces polarity and increases the lipophilicity of the complexes, thereby facilitating stronger interaction between AMCs and the bacterial cell membrane. Results indicate increased antibacterial activity of Imipenem-metal complexes for both E. coli and B. subtilis. The antibacterial activity, was however, more pronounced in B. subtilis, with >97% growth inhibition for metal complexes of Imipenem (at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 20 nM or 6 ppb (i.e., MIC90)), for both the stoichiometric ratios (metal to ligand) ratios (M: L 1: 1 and 2: 1). All around, with increased stability and toxicity, AMCs are emerging as contaminants of concern and demand immediate attention to devise methods for their removal.

Efficient Adsorption and Removal of the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenylacetic Acid from Aqueous Solutions Using MIL-88(Fe)-NH2

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a material known for its multifunctionality, chemical stability, and high surface area, are now commonly utilized as an adsorbent for water treatment. The MOF (MIL-88(Fe)-NH2) was synthesized and used to remove the commonly used toxic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from water. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 MOF was fully characterized using multiple techniques. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the key parameters that impact the adsorption process, which include coexisting anions, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH. The adsorption isotherm was fitted using the Langmuir model, while the kinetics were fitted using pseudo-second-order. The adsorption process was both chemisorption and endothermic. The capacity for adsorption increased with rising temperatures. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 345.25 mg g-1 for removing 2,4-D, significantly higher than previous adsorbents used for this purpose. The adsorption mechanism could be ascribed to hydrogen bonding, pore filling, π-π conjugations between the 2,4-D molecules and the MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 adsorbent, and electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 adsorbent showed only a slight decrease after five successive recycles, and it could be easily regenerated through solvent washing. When used in environmental water samples, especially those containing electronic wastes, the MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 adsorbent demonstrated satisfactory adsorption capacity and reusability. The MIL-88(Fe)-NH2 adsorbent is more practical and reusable and has better adsorption capacity and shorter equilibrium time compared to previously reported adsorbents.

Efficient Removal of Deltamethrin from Aqueous Solutions Using a Novel Lanthanum Metal-Organic Framework: Adsorption Models and Optimization via Box-Behnken Design

Eliminating pesticides is essential for lowering the dangers to our environment. To do this effectively, it is crucial to find adsorbents with remarkable adsorption capacities, easy retrieval, and separation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively recognized for their exceptional ability to absorb pollutants. Therefore, we used novel lanthanum metal-organic frameworks (La-MOFs) to eliminate deltamethrin (DEL) from aqueous solutions. We proved through experimentation that the La-MOF is an efficient adsorbent for DEL from water. A study of the material revealed that the adsorbent had a surface area of 952.96 m2 per gram and a pore volume of 1.038 cm3/g. These outcomes show how this substance can absorb particles. Utilizing kinetic models and conforming to the pseudo-second-order model, a thorough analysis of the efficiency of DEL adsorption onto La-MOF was conducted. To create a perfectly tailored approach, we utilized many parameters. The synthetic La-MOF adsorbent may undergo up to five steps of adsorption-desorption and has exceptional cyclability and reusability. To confirm purifying wastewater samples in the laboratory, the presentation of the established adsorbent was evaluated. For the management of industrial effluent and water filtration, the La-MOF adsorbent offered a simple and effective solution. Our investigation suggests that the method we describe for removing DEL from wastewater samples using the La-MOF adsorbent is unique.

Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks for Light Hydrocarbon Separation

The separation of light hydrocarbon compounds is an important process in the chemical industry. Currently, its separation methods mainly include distillation, membrane separation, and physical adsorption. However, these traditional methods or materials have some drawbacks and disadvantages, such as expensive equipment costs and high energy consumption, poor selectivity, low separation ratios, and separation efficiencies. Therefore, it is important to develop novel separation materials for light hydrocarbon separation. As a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid crystalline material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for light hydrocarbon separation due to their designability of structure and easy modulation of function. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of MOFs for light hydrocarbon separation in recent years, with a focus on the separation of alkane, alkene, and alkyne. We discuss strategies for improving the adsorption selectivity and capacity of MOFs, including pore size limitation, physical adsorption, and chemisorption. In addition, we discuss the advantages/disadvantages, challenges, and prospects of MOFs in the separation of light hydrocarbon.

Ternary Heterojunction Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Cupric Sulfide/Titanium Dioxide Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Sesamol Quantification and Antioxidant Synergism

Sesamol (SM) is a potent natural antioxidant that can quench free radicals and modulate the cholinergic system in the brain, thereby ameliorating memory and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity can be amplified by synergistic interactions between different antioxidants. Here, we constructed a ternary heterojunction graphitic carbon nitride/cupric sulfide/titanium dioxide (g-C3N4/CuS/TiO2) photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for the quantification of SM and its synergistic interactions with other antioxidants. Crucially, the Schottky barrier in ternary semiconductors considerably enhances electron transfer. The PEC sensor showed a wide linear range for SM detection, ranging from 2 to 1277 μmol L-1, and had a limit of detection of 1.8 μmol L-1. Remarkably, this sensing platform could evaluate the synergism between SM and five typical lipid-soluble antioxidants: tert-butyl hydroquinone, vitamin E, butyl hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Owing to its low redox potential, SM could reduce antioxidant radicals and promote their regeneration, which increased the overall antioxidant performance. The g-C3N4/CuS/TiO2 PEC sensor exhibited high sensitivity, satisfactory selectivity, and stability, and was successfully applied for SM determination in both soybean and peanut oils. The findings of this study provide guidance for the development of nutritional foods, nutrition analysis, and the treatment of diseases caused by free radicals.

A Novel Composite Hydrogel Material for Sodium Removal and Potassium Provision

Sodium ions are commonly found in natural water sources, and their high concentrations can potentially lead to adverse effects on both the water sources and soil quality. In this study, we successfully synthesized potassium polyacrylate (KMAA) hydrogel through free radical polymerization and evaluated its capability to remove sodium ions from and supply potassium ions to aqueous solutions. To assess its performance, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) was employed to analyze the sodium ion removal capacity and potassium ion exchange capability of the KMAA hydrogel at various initial sodium ion concentrations and pH values. The results demonstrated that the KMAA hydrogel exhibited remarkable efficiency in removing sodium ions and providing potassium ions. At pH 7, the maximum adsorption capacity for sodium ions was measured at 70.7 mg·g-1. The Langmuir model, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98, was found to be more suitable for describing the adsorption process of sodium ions. Moreover, at pH 4, the maximum exchange capacity for potassium ions reached 243.7 mg·g-1. The Freundlich model, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99, was deemed more appropriate for characterizing the ion exchange behavior of potassium ions. In conclusion, the successfully synthesized KMAA hydrogel demonstrates superior performance in removing sodium ions and supplying potassium ions, providing valuable insights for addressing high sodium ion concentrations in water sources and facilitating potassium fertilizer supply.

Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Removal of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride: Removal Process Optimization and Biological Activity

This study looked at the doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) anticancer drug's adsorption characteristics on a silver-based metal-organic framework (Ag-MOF). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the characterization of Ag-MOF. The pore volume and surface area of Ag-MOF were determined through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) testing at 77 K to be 0.509 cm3/g and 676.059 m2/g, respectively. Adsorption at pH 6 was established to be the best for DOX compared to alkaline solution. Ag-MOF has a good capacity for eliminating DOX (1.85 mmol/g), according to adsorption experiments. From the adsorption results, we can find that Langmuir is the most fitted adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second order model best fitted the adsorption kinetics. The energy of activation for adsorption, which was determined to be 15.23 kJ/mol, also supported a chemisorption process. The mechanism of adsorption was evaluated, and details of all possible interactions between DOX and Ag-MOF were illustrated. On the other hand, while examining the impact of temperature, we identified the thermodynamic constraints as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° and confirmed that the reaction was an endothermic one and spontaneous. Even after numerous reuse cycles, the efficiency remained constant. The synthetic adsorbent was remarkably recyclable at a rate of more than 91.6%. By using the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of the tested Ag-MOF and DOX@Ag-MOF against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was evaluated in vitro. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Ag-MOF and DOX@Ag-MOF was also tested.

Synthesis of a Au/Au NPs-PPy/l-CYs/ZIF-8 nanocomposite electrode for voltammetric determination of insulin in human blood

In this work, a modified electrode named Au/Au NPs-PPy/l-CYs/ZIF-8 was designed and built and simultaneously doped into electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) film using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and CV were used to characterize the composite films. The PPy-(ZIF-8) modified Au electrode was used to determine insulin using Square-Wave Voltammetry (SWV). It was found that the prepared zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 had excellent electrocatalytic activity towards insulin oxidation due to its unique properties. The oxidation peak current of insulin hormone increased with its concentration in the range from 1.0 to 60 nM with the linear regression equation: Ipa = 0.3421C (nM) + 3.2762 (γ = 0.998). The measurement limit was estimated to be 1 nM. While the common coexisting substances showed no interference in the response of the modified electrode to insulin, the modified electrode indicated reproducible behavior and a high level of stability during the experiments. The advantages of using these nanocomposites on the surface of modified electrodes include increased stability, good interaction between the analyte and the modified electrode, conductivity, and excellent performance due to the nanometer size of the composites. As a result, it may be particularly suitable for analytical purposes.

Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations and biological activity of new Schiff base complexes

Schiff bases ligand (HL) was produced by condensing 4-aminobenzohydrazide with N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-formylphenoxy)acetamide. Cobalt (II), nickel (II), and copper (II) acetate and ligand are reacted to form 1:1 complexes. By using electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infrared data from 1H NMR, and XRD studies, the ligand and its metal complexes have been characterized. According to the spectrum data, the ligand functions as a monobasic bidentate, coordinating with the nitrogen atom of azomethine (-C[bond, double bond]N-) group and the oxygen atom of carbonyl group in enol form. An octahedral structure has been proposed for Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes according to magnetic and electronic spectrum analysis. Using the DFT method, the computational investigations of the ligand and its metal complexes showed the bond lengths, bond angles, and quantum chemical parameters. To determine the thermal stability and mode of thermal degradation of hydrazone ligand and its complexes, thermogravimetric analysis was approved out on the samples. Two calculated method, Horowitz-Metzger and Coats-Redfern, were used to calculate the characteristics of the composites' thermal degradation mechanisms at each step, including their breakdown kinetics. The ligand and its complexes were investigated for their cytotoxicity in vitro compared to human amnion (WISH) and epitheliod carcinoma (Hela). The Ni(II) complex showed highly inhibition against (WISH) growth (IC50 = 18.28±1.8 μM) with relationship to the produced chemicals and other common medications. The interaction between the ligand and its complexes with the genetic tumor (3hb5) receptor was examined using docking experiments.

Albalawi S, M. Al-Zaydi K, Said MA. Synthesis of Silver(I) Complexes Containing 3-Oxo-3-phenyl-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)propanal-Based Ligands as a Multifunction Platform for Antimicrobial and Optoelectronic Applications

Toward multifunctionality, including antimicrobial and optoelectronic applications, herein, we reported the synthesis of a novel Ag(I) complex with 3-oxo-3-phenyl-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)propanal-based ligands including 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazono]-3-oxopropanal (named as "4A"), 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-methylphenyl)hydrazono]-3-oxopropanal (named as "6A"), and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)propanal (named as "9A"). The synthesized compounds were characterized through FTIR, ¹H NMR, and density functional theory (DFT). The morphological features and thermal stability were evaluated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TG/DTA analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Ag complexes was tested against various pathogens, including Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans), and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Results show that the synthesized complexes (Ag(4A), Ag(6A), and Ag(9A)) possess promising antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogens and are in good competition with several standard drugs as well. On the other hand, the optoelectronic features such as absorbance, band gap, and Urbach energy were examined by measuring the absorbance using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The values of the band gap reflected the semiconducting nature of these complexes. The complexation with Ag resulted in a lowering band gap to match the apex of the solar spectrum. Such low band gap values are preferable for optoelectronic applications like dye-sensitized solar cells, photodiodes, and photocatalysis.

Synthesis and characterization of biological macromolecules double emulsion based on carboxymethylcellulose/gelatin hydrogel incorporated with ZIF-8 as metal organic frameworks for sustained anti-cancer drug release

The field of nanotechnology has introduced novel prospects for drug delivery systems, which have the potential to supplant conventional chemotherapy with reduced adverse effects. Despite being a promising porous material, ZIF-8, a metal-organic framework, tends to agglomerate in water, which limits its applicability. In order to resolve this problem, we added ZIF-8 to hydrogels consisting of gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose. This improved their mechanical strength and stability while avoiding aggregation. We utilized double emulsions with the hydrogels' biological macromolecules to construct drug carriers with enhanced control over drug release. The nanocarriers were subjected to various analytical techniques for characterization, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The findings of our study revealed that the mean size of the produced nanocarriers were 250 nm, and their zeta potential was -40.1 mV, which suggests favorable stability. The synthesized nanocarriers were found to exhibit cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, as evidenced by the results of MTT assays and flow cytometry tests. The cell viability percentage was determined to be 55 % for the prepared nanomedicine versus 70 % for the free drug. In summary, our study illustrates that the integration of ZIF-8 into hydrogels produces drug delivery systems with improved characteristics. Furthermore, the prepared nanocarriers exhibit potential for future investigation and advancement.

High pressure CO2 adsorption onto Malaysian Mukah-Balingian coals: Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamic and kinetic investigations

CO₂ sequestration into coalbed seams is one of the practical routes for mitigating CO₂ emissions. The adsorption mechanisms of CO₂ onto Malaysian coals, however, are not yet investigated. In this research CO₂ adsorption isotherms were first performed on dry and wet Mukah-Balingian coal samples at temperatures ranging from 300 to 348 K and pressures up to 6 MPa using volumetric technique. The dry S1 coal showed the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 1.3 mmol g^-1, at 300 K and 6 MPa among the other coal samples. The experimental results of CO₂ adsorption were investigated using adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetic models. Nonlinear analysis has been employed to investigate the data of CO₂ adsorption onto coal samples via three parameter isotherm equilibrium models, namely Redlich Peterson, Koble Corrigan, Toth, Sips, and Hill, and four parameter equilibrium model, namely Jensen Seaton. The results of adsorption isotherm suggested that the Jensen Seaton model described the experimental data well. Gibb's free energy change values are negative, suggesting that CO₂ adsorption onto the coal occurred randomly. Enthalpy change values in the negative range established that CO₂ adsorption onto coal is an exothermic mechanism. Webber's pore-diffusion model, in particular, demonstrated that pore-diffusion was the main controlling stage in CO₂ adsorption onto coal matrix. The activation energy of the coals was calculated to be below -13 kJ mol^-1, indicating that adsorption of CO₂ onto coals occurred through physisorption. The results demonstrate that CO₂ adsorption onto coal matrix is favorable, spontaneous, and the adsorbed CO₂ molecules accumulate more onto coal matrix. The observations of this investigation have significant implications for a more accurate measurement of CO₂ injection into Malaysian coalbed seams.

Fabricating of Fe3O4@Ag-MOF nanocomposite and evaluating its adsorption activity for removal of doxorubicin

The purpose of this research was to investigate the doxorubicin (DOX) adsorption behavior on Fe3O4@Ag-Metal Organic Framework (Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF). This adsorbent was effectively prepared using a simple synthetic process. Many instruments, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS, were used to characterized the new Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF. Additionally, the presented Fe₃O₄@Ag-surface MOF's area was shown to be 586.06 m2/g with a size of around 43 nm. The composite that was made has magnetic properties that were quite strong (63.3 emu/g). The produced Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF was discovered to have a fantastic ability to adsorb the anti-cancer drug DOX, with a 1.72 mmol/g (934.85 mg/g) adsorption capacity. On the basis of changes in temperature, pH, and DOX concentration, the DOX adsorption behavior mechanism was investigated. The adsorption capacity of Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF for DOX was greater at pH 7.0, according to experimental data. The adsorption equilibrium also demonstrated that the Langmuir adsorption was regulated the best fit to the extracted data compared with the other models. Additionally, the activation energy of adsorption for DOX onto Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF was determined, indicating the chemisorption process. The adsorption kinetics was shown in the well-known kinetic model of the pseudo-second-order. The adsorption thermodynamic measurements were documented according to according to the enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy(ΔS°), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) parameters demonstrated that the reaction was endothermic and spontaneous thermodynamic. The adsorption of DOX onto Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF from real water samples (tap water, effluent wastewater, and influence wastewater) were investigated. It's interesting that the synthetic adsorbent had great recyclability 72.6 percent in the fifth cycle indicating that it was highly recyclable. After adsorption, the typical Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF XRD peak intensities and locations were mostly unchanged throughout adsorption indicates the crystalline phase remained steady. The results indicated that Fe₃O₄@Ag-MOF were a good candidate for adsorbing the DOX and treating wastewater.

Thermodynamic and structural profiles of multi-target binding of vinblastine in solution

Structural information about drug-receptor interactions is paramount in drug discovery and subsequent optimization processes. Drugs can bind to multiple potential targets as they contain common chemical entities in their structures. Understanding the details of such interactions offer possibilities for repurposing and developing potent inhibitors of disease pathways. Vinblastine (VLB) is a potent anticancer molecule showing multiple receptor interactions with different affinities and degrees of structural perturbations. We have investigated the multi-target binding profile of VLB with DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) in a dynamic physiological environment using spectroscopic, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum mechanical calculations to evaluate the structural features, mode, ligand and receptor flexibility, and energetics of complexation. These results confirm that VLB prefers to bind in the major groove of DNA with some inclination toward Thymidine residue and the TR-5 binding site in HSA with its catharanthine half making important contacts with both the receptors. Spectroscopic investigation at multiple temperatures has also proved that VLB binding is entropy driven indicating the major groove and TR-5 binding site of interaction. Finally, the overall binding is facilitated by van der Waals contacts and a few conventional H-bonds. VLB portrays reasonable conformational diversity on binding with multiple receptors.

Charge-transfer chemistry of two corticosteroids used adjunctively to treat COVID-19. Part II: The CT reaction of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone donors with TCNQ and fluoranil acceptors in five organic solvents

Hydrocortisone (termed as D1) and dexamethasone (termed as D2) are corticosteroids currently used to treat COVID-19. COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exploring additional chemical properties of drugs used in the treatment protocols for COVID-19 could help scientists alike improve these treatment protocols and potentially even the vaccines (i.e., Janssen, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech). In this work, the charge-transfer (CT) properties of these two corticosteroids (D1 and D2) with two universal acceptors: 7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (termed as TCNQ) and fluoranil (termed as TFQ) in five different solvents were investigated. The examined solvents were MeOH, EtOH, MeCN, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3. The CT interactions formed stable corticosteroid CT complexes in all examined solvents. Several spectroscopic parameters were derived, and the oscillator strength (f) and transition dipole moment (μe.g. ) values revealed that the interaction between the investigated corticosteroids with TCNQ acceptor is much stronger than their interaction with TFQ acceptor. The CT interactions were proposed to process via n → π* transition.