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On force generation in electro-fluidic linear actuators with ferrofluid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22274. [PMID: 36566294 PMCID: PMC9789991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In ferrofluid actuation systems, forces are generated by actively controlling pressure and flow within the fluid using an applied magnetic field. There are multiple contributing factors in force generation involving complex non-linear couplings between electromagnetic and fluid pressure fields. This brings significant challenges in theory-based design and optimization. In this paper, a theoretical model of pressure transmission between a ferrofluid and solid is derived starting from Maxwell's stress tensor and accounting for magnetic saturation within the fluid. This model shows that linear actuator designs based on orthogonal mode operation, where the field direction through the fluid is perpendicular to the motion direction, can provide the highest force capacity for a given field strength from the actuator coil. This is verified by theoretical analysis of some basic linear actuator topologies. The results are applied in the design and analysis of a novel piston-type linear actuator with sealed chamber and two internal electrical coils for bidirectional operation. Experimental measurements of both static and dynamic behaviour are shown to validate the described principles. The actuator produces smooth and precise flow-regulated motion, has zero intrinsic stiffness, and exhibits very low friction due to the suspension effect from ferrofluid layers within the actuator.
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Li G, Zhang W, Luo N, Xue Z, Hu Q, Zeng W, Xu J. Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Structure, Controllable Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis, Energy and Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1926. [PMID: 34443756 PMCID: PMC8401639 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, bimetallic nanocrystals have attracted great interest from many researchers. Bimetallic nanocrystals are expected to exhibit improved physical and chemical properties due to the synergistic effect between the two metals, not just a combination of two monometallic properties. More importantly, the properties of bimetallic nanocrystals are significantly affected by their morphology, structure, and atomic arrangement. Reasonable regulation of these parameters of nanocrystals can effectively control their properties and enhance their practicality in a given application. This review summarizes some recent research progress in the controlled synthesis of shape, composition and structure, as well as some important applications of bimetallic nanocrystals. We first give a brief introduction to the development of bimetals, followed by the architectural diversity of bimetallic nanocrystals. The most commonly used and typical synthesis methods are also summarized, and the possible morphologies under different conditions are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the composition-dependent and shape-dependent properties of bimetals in terms of highlighting applications such as catalysis, energy conversion, gas sensing and bio-detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Li
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenshuang Zhang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Na Luo
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Zhenggang Xue
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qingmin Hu
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Wen Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
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3
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Zhang B. Synthesis and characterization of size controlled alloy nanoparticles. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles are emerging as a class of critical nanomaterials in electronic, optical and magnetic fields due to their unique physic-chemical properties. In particular, precise control of the nanoparticle size can endow them with broad versatility and high selectivity. This chapter reviews some tremendous achievements in the development of size controlled bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles, with special emphasis on general preparation methods, characterization methodologies and instrumentation techniques. Some key factors and future perspectives on the development of size-controlled bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Gilroy KD, Ruditskiy A, Peng HC, Qin D, Xia Y. Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10414-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gilroy
- The
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | | | | | - Younan Xia
- The
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Essig S, Behrens S. Ionic Liquids as Size- and Shape-Regulating Solvents for the Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kekalo K, Baker I, Meyers R, Shyong J. Magnetic Nanoparticles with High Specific Absorption Rate at Low Alternating Magnetic Field. NANO LIFE 2015; 5:1550002. [PMID: 26884816 PMCID: PMC4753075 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984415500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and properties of a new type of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) for use in the hyperthermia treatment of tumors. These particles consist of 2-4 nm crystals of gamma-Fe2O3 gathered in 20-40 nm aggregates with a coating of carboxymethyl-dextran, producing a zetasize of 110-120 nm. Despite their very low saturation magnetization (1.5-6.5 emu/g), the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the nanoparticles is 22-200 W/g at applied alternating magnetic field (AMF) with strengths of 100-500 Oe at a frequency of 160 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kekalo
- Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - I Baker
- Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - R Meyers
- Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - J Shyong
- Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
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Joseph A, Mathew S. Ferrofluids: Synthetic Strategies, Stabilization, Physicochemical Features, Characterization, and Applications. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Poudyal N, Chaubey GS, Rong CB, Cui J, Liu JP. Synthesis of monodisperse FeCo nanoparticles by reductive salt-matrix annealing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:345605. [PMID: 23912629 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/34/345605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report here a novel synthetic method to prepare monodisperse air-stable FeCo nanoparticles with average sizes of 8, 12 and 20 nm. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles of different sizes were first synthesized by a chemical solution method. The as-synthesized CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were then mixed with ball-milled NaCl powders and heated to 400-500 ° C in forming gas (Ar 93%+H2 7%). The salt powder worked as a separating medium that prevents the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles from agglomerating during the heat treatment while the forming gas reduces the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles to FeCo nanoparticles. Monodisperse FeCo nanoparticles were recovered by dissolving the NaCl in water and subsequently washing with ethanol and acetone. Structural analyses confirmed that FeCo nanoparticles retained the same size as their oxide precursors. The size of the FeCo nanoparticles can be well tuned by controlling the size of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization of FeCo nanoparticles is size dependent and increases with size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Poudyal
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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9
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Karipoth P, Thirumurugan A, Justin Joseyphus R. Synthesis and magnetic properties of flower-like FeCo particles through a one pot polyol process. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 404:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Naked metal nanoparticles from metal carbonyls in ionic liquids: Easy synthesis and stabilization. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lacroix LM, Huls NF, Ho D, Sun X, Cheng K, Sun S. Stable single-crystalline body centered cubic Fe nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1641-5. [PMID: 21417366 DOI: 10.1021/nl200110t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile synthesis of body centered cubic (bcc) Fe nanoparticles (NPs) via the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)(5), in the presence of hexadecylammonium chloride. These bcc-Fe NPs exhibit a drastically increased stability and magnetic moment (M(s) = 164 A·m(2)·kg(-1)(Fe)) even in physiological solutions, and have much enhanced magnetic imaging contrast (r(2) = 220 s(-1)·mM(-1)) and heating (SAR = 140 W·g(-1)(Fe)) effects. They may serve as robust probes for imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise-Marie Lacroix
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Wang D, Li Y. Bimetallic nanocrystals: liquid-phase synthesis and catalytic applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1044-60. [PMID: 21218429 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) with core/shell, heterostructure, or inter-metallic and alloyed structures are emerging as more important materials than monometallic NCs. They are expected to display not only a combination of the properties associated with two distinct metals, but also new properties and capabilities due to a synergy between the two metals. More importantly, bimetallic NCs usually show composition-dependent surface structure and atomic segregation behavior, and therefore more interesting applied potentials in various fields including electronics, engineering, and catalysis. Compared with monometallic NCs, preparation of bimetallic NCs is much more complicated and difficult to be achieved. In recent years, researchers from many groups have made great efforts in this area. This review highlights the recent progress in the chemical synthesis of bimetallic NCs. The control over morphology, size, composition, and structure of bimetallic NCs as well as the exploration of their properties and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Behrens S. Preparation of functional magnetic nanocomposites and hybrid materials: recent progress and future directions. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:877-892. [PMID: 21165500 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current research activities on functional, magnetic nanocomposite materials. After a brief introduction to general strategies for the synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs), different concepts and state-of-the-art solution chemical methods for their integration into various types of functional, magnetic nanocomposite materials will be reviewed. The focus is on functional materials which are based on discrete magnetic NPs, including multicomponent nanostructures, colloidal nanocrystals, matrix-dispersed composite materials and mesoscaled particles. The review further outlines the magnetic, structural, and surface properties of the materials with regard to application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Behrens
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Gorschinski A, Khelashvili G, Schild D, Habicht W, Brand R, Ghafari M, Bönnemann H, Dinjus E, Behrens S. A simple aminoalkyl siloxane-mediated route to functional magnetic metal nanoparticles and magnetic nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b911738e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Behrens S, Bönnemann H, Modrow H, Kempter V, Riehemann W, Wiedenmann A, Odenbach S, Will S, Thrams L, Hergt R, Müller R, Landfester K, Schmidt A, Schüler D, Hempelmann R. Synthesis and Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85387-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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16
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MATSUMOTO T, URAKAWA K, JOSEYPHUS RJ, TOHJI K, JEYADEVAN B. Evaluation of Polyol Reduction for Wet Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.75.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Wagner J, Fischer B, Autenrieth T. Field induced anisotropy of charged magnetic colloids: A rescaled mean spherical approximation study. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:114901. [PMID: 16555915 DOI: 10.1063/1.2176678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquidlike structure of colloidal suspensions with both electrostatic and magnetic interactions is investigated by means of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) dependent on an external magnetic field. For weak magnetic interactions, without external field, the magnetic dipoles are randomly oriented. Under this condition, isotropic structures are observed. In an external field, however, the magnetic momenta arrange parallel to the external field and induce anisotropic liquidlike structures. For weak magnetic interactions, the structure factor can be described within the framework of the rescaled mean spherical approximation. Due to the high experimental accuracy of synchrotron SAXS, from the anisotropic distortion of liquidlike structures, interparticle forces smaller than 10(-15) N can easily be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Wagner
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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