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Liu K. Enzymatic and Algebraic Methodology to Determine the Contents of Kunitz and Bowman-Birk Inhibitors and Their Contributions to Total Trypsin or Chymotrypsin Inhibition in Soybeans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11782-11793. [PMID: 38717295 PMCID: PMC11122080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Soybeans are the number one source of plant proteins for food and feed, but the natural presence of protein protease inhibitors (PIs), namely, the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), exerts antinutritional effects. This communication describes a new methodology for simultaneously quantitating all parameters of PIs in soybeans. It consists of seven steps and featured enzymatically measuring trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities, respectively, and subsequently determining the contents of reactive KTI and BBI and the contributions of each toward total PI mass and total trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibition by solving a proposed system of linear equations with two variables (C = dB + eK and T = xB + yK). This enzymatic and algebraic (EA) methodology was based on differential inhibitions of KTI and BBI toward trypsin and chymotrypsin and validated by applications to a series of mixtures of purified KTI and BBI, two KTI-null and two conventional soybeans, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The EA methodology allowed calculations of PI composition and the contributions of individual inhibitors toward total inhibition with ease. It was first found that although BBI constituted only about 30% of the total PI mass in conventional raw soybeans, it contributed about 80% toward total chymotrypsin inhibitor activity and about 45% toward trypsin inhibitor activity. Therefore, BBI caused more total protease inhibitions than those of KTI. Furthermore, the so-called KTI-null soybean mutants still contained measurable KTI content and thus should be named KTI-low soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory,
National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1691 S. 2700 W, Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, United States
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2
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Lu WC, Chiu CS, Chan YJ, Mulio AT, Li PH. New perspectives on different Sacha inchi seed oil extractions and its applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37950645 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2276882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sacha inchi oil is growing in demand worldwide owing to its high fatty acid content of linolenic acid (44.30%-51.62%) and linoleic acid (34.08%-36.13%). In addition, Sacha inchi oil also contains phytosterols, such as stigmasterols (346- 456 μg/g), sitosterols (435-563 μg/g), and campesterols (10.47% ± 4.36%). Its main tocopherol is gamma-tocopherol (120.41-125.69 mg/100 g). The antinutrients in Sacha inchi seeds can be reduced by roasting prior to extraction. Various extractions, including both conventional and novel methods, have been used to extract Sacha inchi oil. However, the variety of extraction methods and origins of the seeds change the nutrient profiles, antinutrient content, and physicochemical properties. Incorporation of Sacha inchi oil into food products can increase its nutritional value, and it works as a moisturizing agent in cosmetic products. To obtain Sacha inchi oil with the desired properties and nutritional profile, this review summarizes the effects of different Sacha inchi seed oil extraction methods and processes on chemical compounds, antinutrient content, and physicochemical properties, including their potential and recent applications in food and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lu
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shan Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jia Chan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua county, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Hsien Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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3
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Duque-Estrada P, Hardiman K, Bøgebjerg Dam A, Dodge N, Aaslyng MD, Petersen IL. Protein blends and extrusion processing to improve the nutritional quality of plant proteins. Food Funct 2023; 14:7361-7374. [PMID: 37489569 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteins have low protein nutritional quality due to their unbalanced indispensable amino acid (IAA) profile and the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs) that limit protein digestibility. The blending of pulses with cereals/pseudocereals can ensure a complete protein source of IAA. In addition, extrusion may be an effective way to reduce ANFs and improve protein digestibility. Thereby, we aimed to improve the protein nutritional quality of plant protein ingredients by blending different protein sources and applying extrusion processing. Protein blends were prepared with pea, faba bean, quinoa, hemp, and/or oat concentrates or flours, and extrudates were prepared either rich in pulses (texturized vegetable proteins, TVPs) or rich in cereals (referred to here as Snacks). After extrusion, all samples showed a reduction in trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) greater than 71%. Extrusion caused an increase in the total in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of TVPs, whereas no significant effect was shown for the snacks. According to the molecular weight distribution, TVPs presented protein aggregation. The results suggest that the positive effect of decreased TIA on IVPD is partially counteracted by the formation of aggregates during extrusion which restricts enzyme accessibility. After extrusion, all snacks retained a balanced amino acid score whereas a small loss of methionine + cysteine was observed in the TVPs, resulting in a small reduction in IAA content. Thus, extrusion has the potential to improve the nutritional quality of TVPs by reducing TIA and increasing protein digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Duque-Estrada
- Department of Food Science, Food Analytics and Biotechnology Section, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Kate Hardiman
- Department of Food Science, Food Analytics and Biotechnology Section, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Bøgebjerg Dam
- University College Absalon, Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutrition, Rehabilitation and Midwifery, Sdr. Stationsvej 30, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Nadia Dodge
- Department of Food Science, Food Analytics and Biotechnology Section, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Margit Dall Aaslyng
- University College Absalon, Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutrition, Rehabilitation and Midwifery, Sdr. Stationsvej 30, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Iben Lykke Petersen
- Department of Food Science, Food Analytics and Biotechnology Section, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wu Y, Li W, Colombo E, Martin GJ, Ashokkumar M. Kinetic and mechanistic study of ultrasonic inactivation of Kunitz (KTI) and Bowman-Birk (BBI) inhibitors in relation to process-relevant parameters. Food Chem 2023; 401:134129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Isolation of clean label faba bean (Vicia faba L) proteins: A comparative study of mild fractionation methods against traditional technologies. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Šálek P, Dvořáková J, Hladysh S, Oleshchuk D, Pavlova E, Kučka J, Proks V. Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:538-548. [PMID: 35812252 PMCID: PMC9235903 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new type of hydrophilic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polypeptide nanogel depots loaded with the natural serine protease inhibitor α1-antitrypsin (AAT) was applied for the inhibition of the inflammatory mediator trypsin. Two types of nanogels were prepared from linear synthetic polypeptides based on biocompatible and biodegradable poly[N 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ʟ-glutamine-ran-N 5-propargyl-ʟ-glutamine-ran-N 5-(6-aminohexyl)-ʟ-glutamine]-ran-N 5-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-ʟ-glutamine] (PHEG-Tyr) or biocompatible N α-ʟ-lysine-grafted α,β-poly[(2-propyne)-ᴅ,ʟ-aspartamide-ran-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ᴅʟ-aspartamide-ran-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-ᴅʟ-aspartamide] (N α-Lys-NG). Both nanogels were prepared by HRP/H2O2-mediated crosslinking in inverse miniemulsions with pH and temperature-stimuli responsive behavior confirmed by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The loading capacity of PHEG-Tyr and N α-Lys-NG nanogels and their release profiles were first optimized with bovine serum albumin. The nanogels were then used for loading and release of AAT. PHEG-Tyr and N α-Lys-NG nanogels showed different loading capacities for AAT with the maximum (20%) achieved with N α-Lys-NG nanogel. In both cases, the nanogel depots demonstrated a burst release of AAT during the first 6 h, which could be favorable for quick inhibition of trypsin. A consequent pilot in vitro inhibition study revealed that both PHEG-Tyr and N α-Lys-NG nanogels loaded with AAT successfully inhibited the enzymatic activity of trypsin. Furthermore, the inhibitory efficiency of the AAT-loaded nanogels was higher than that of only AAT. Interestingly, also non-loaded PHEG-Tyr and N α-Lys-NG nanogels were shown to effectively inhibit trypsin because they contain suitable amino acids in their structures that effectively block the active site of trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Šálek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dvořáková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sviatoslav Hladysh
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Oleshchuk
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Proks
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zhang ZC, Gu P, Yang KL, Zhao MX, Huang ZX, Miao HF. Bioconversion of cyanobacteria by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.): Enhancement by antioxidants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153524. [PMID: 35101506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have been a global environmental problem for decades. Bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has been widely reported to be a clean and efficient method to remove organic pollutants. In this study, BSFL bioconversion was used to treat cyanobacterial blooms. Antioxidants (a mixture of l-ascorbic acid [180 mg/kg fresh feed] and α-tocopherol [360 mg/kg fresh feed]) were added to compare bioconversion performance against a non-supplemented group. With increasing proportions of cyanobacteria (0%-25% dry mass), the bioconversion efficiency of the antioxidant group improved significantly compared to the control group, and the survival rate of larvae rose from 96.50-45.50% to 98.00-55.83% with antioxidant addition. The toxic effects of exogenous anti-nutrients could be reduced by the antioxidants through inactivation of trypsin inhibitor and enhancement of the microcystin-LR degradation rate. Overall, the BSFL bioremediation capacity was improved with addition of exogenous antioxidants, verifying both the effects and mechanism of antioxidant addition in promoting the bioconversion of cyanobacteria by BSFL and providing a basis for future application and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Peng Gu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Kun-Lun Yang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Min-Xing Zhao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhen-Xing Huang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Heng-Feng Miao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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8
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Comparative study of the binding between chlorogenic acid and four proteins by isothermal titration calorimetry, spectroscopy and docking methods. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:523-538. [PMID: 35545727 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As a polyphenolic compound, chlorogenic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-obesity and other effects. Based on the interactions between chlorogenic acid and the proteins (human serum albumin (HSA), pepsin (Pep), trypsin (Try), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO)), results will provide clues for screening effective inhibitors. The interaction between chlorogenic acid and the four proteins (HSA, Pep, Try, FTO) was analyzed by the aid of fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry, and molecular docking. It can be concluded that there is no obvious interaction between chlorogenic acid and FTO. The binding affinity between chlorogenic acid and three proteins is HSA > Try > Pep. The binding process is spontaneous, and the quenching type is static quenching. Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding is observed in the binding process. This study provides valuable information for understanding the interaction mechanism between chlorogenic acid and proteins, and provides clues for screening inhibitors.
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9
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Liu K. Comparison of
ISO
14902:2001 with
AOCS
Ba 12a‐2020 for determining trypsin inhibitor activity in protein products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory, National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS) Aberdeen Idaho USA
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10
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Liu K, Seegers S, Cao W, Wanasundara J, Chen J, Silva AE, Ross K, Franco AL, Vrijenhoek T, Bhowmik P, Li Y, Wu X, Bloomer S. An International Collaborative Study on Trypsin Inhibitor Assay for Legumes, Cereals, and Related Products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshun Liu
- National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1691 S 2700 W Aberdeen ID 83210 USA
| | - Susan Seegers
- Bunge Creative Solution Center 16 Research Park Drive, St. Charles MO 63304 USA
| | - Wenming Cao
- Wilmar (Shanghai) R&D Center 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137 China
| | - Janitha Wanasundara
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 107 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Juxing Chen
- Novus International Inc. 20 Research Park Drive, St Charles MO 63304 USA
| | - Alessandro Esteves Silva
- CBO Laboratory 327 Arquiteto Clayton Alves Corrêa Avenue, Vale Verde, Valinhos SP 13279‐071 Brazil
| | - Kristopher Ross
- Eurofins Food Integrity and Innovation 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison WI 53704 USA
| | | | - Theo Vrijenhoek
- Nutreco Nederland BV – MasterLab Veerstraat 38, Boxmeer 5831 JN Netherlands
| | - Pankaj Bhowmik
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development National Research Council of Canada 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Yonghui Li
- Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University 1301 Mid Campus Dr., Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Xin Wu
- American Oil Chemists' Society 2710 S. Boulder, Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Scott Bloomer
- American Oil Chemists' Society 2710 S. Boulder, Urbana IL 61802 USA
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