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Costa C, Viana A, Silva C, Marques EF, Azoia NG. Recycling of textile wastes, by acid hydrolysis, into new cellulosic raw materials. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:99-109. [PMID: 36067549 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling can be used to separate fibers that are constituents of different types of fabrics. This type of process can be considered one of the most effective forms of recycling, given that a large part of fabrics is made up of fiber mixtures. As part of an innovative circular strategy, the main goal of this work was to study the conditions for extracting cellulose from mixed textile wastes by acid hydrolysis and further transform it into cellulose derivatives, thus contributing to reduce such wastes and expanding the possible sources of cellulose. Our work covers a wide range of textile wastes and addresses the main technical challenges of this recycling methodology. The percentage of recovered cellulose powder varies between 65 and 88%. To evaluate the feasibility of using the extracted cellulose as raw material to produce cellulose derivatives, two strategies were applied: etherification to obtain sodium carboxymethylcellulose (with degree of substituion between 0.27 and 0.61) and esterification, to obtain cellulose acetate (with degree of substituion of 2.59). The cellulose derivatives obtained are very useful as additives in the textile industry, and hence the concept and practice of a circular economy are promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa
- CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; CIQUP - Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - André Viana
- CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; CIQUP - Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F Marques
- CIQUP - Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno G Azoia
- CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal.
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2
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Ibarra D, Martín-Sampedro R, Wicklein B, Borrero-López AM, Valencia C, Valdehíta A, Navas JM, Eugenio ME. Populus alba L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010068. [PMID: 35012091 PMCID: PMC8747510 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (Populus alba L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) mediated oxidation (TEMPO-ox) chemical pretreatment followed by microfluidization. The resulting CNFs were thoroughly characterized, including a rheological study at different pH values. Poplar CNFs showed properties comparable to eucalypt CNFs (reference material for CNFs production), showing high carboxylate content (1048 ± 128 µmol g−1), fibrillation yield (87.3% ± 8.1%), optical transmittance (83% at 700 nm) and thermal stability (up to more than 200 °C). Regarding the rheological study, whereas pH from 4 to 10 did not produce significant changes in rheological behavior, a reduction of pH down to 1 led to an order-of-magnitude increase on the viscoelastic functions. Therefore, poplar CNF shows potential in the pH-sensitive hydrogels application field. Finally, the possible ecotoxicity of poplar CNF was assessed. The decrease in cell viability was very low so that only concentrations causing a 10% cytotoxicity could be calculated for the assay detecting alterations in cell metabolism (10 µg mL−1) and plasma membrane integrity (60 µg mL−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ibarra
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Raquel Martín-Sampedro
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio M. Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Ana Valdehíta
- Environment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (J.M.N.)
| | - José M. Navas
- Environment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (J.M.N.)
| | - María E. Eugenio
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913473948
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3
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Naserifar S, Swensson B, Bernin D, Hasani M. Aqueous N,N-dimethylmorpholinium hydroxide as a novel solvent for cellulose. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant component of biomass and the one that requires the most activation energy (Ea) for pyrolysis. In this study, the dependence of Ea on the intrinsic cellulose characteristics, such as the degree of polymerization (DP), crystallinity, and crystal size, was studied in different cellulose samples, including samples from Eucalyptus globulus, Ulmus minor, Linun usitatissimum, Olea europaea, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Populus alba. Then, to describe the pyrolytic degradation of cellulose, the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall kinetic method was the most appropriate among the isoconversional models studied. An acceptable quadratic relationship of R2 > 0.9 between the Ea values of the different cellulose samples with their corresponding DP, crystallinity index, and crystal size values was found. Therefore, low crystallinity and low-to-medium crystal size values are desired to obtain lower Ea values for cellulose pyrolysis. On the other hand, DP did not present a clear effect on Ea in the studied DP range.
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5
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Wong LC, Leh CP, Goh CF. Designing cellulose hydrogels from non-woody biomass. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:118036. [PMID: 33910744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are an attractive system for a myriad of applications. While most hydrogels are usually formed from synthetic materials, lignocellulosic biomass appears as a sustainable alternative for hydrogel development. The valorization of biomass, especially the non-woody biomass to meet the growing demand of the substitution of synthetics and to leverage its benefits for cellulose hydrogel fabrication is attractive. This review aims to present an overview of advances in hydrogel development from non-woody biomass, especially using native cellulose. The review will cover the overall process from cellulose depolymerization, dissolution to crosslinking reaction and the related mechanisms where known. Hydrogel design is heavily affected by the cellulose solubility, crosslinking method and the related processing conditions apart from biomass type and cellulose purity. Hence, the important parameters for rational designs of hydrogels with desired properties, particularly porosity, transparency and swelling characteristics will be discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ching Wong
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Cheu Peng Leh
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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6
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Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose from Fast-Growing Poplar and Olive Tree Pruning by Physical Pretreatment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the negative impact of fossil fuel consumption on the environment, the need arises to produce materials and energy from renewable sources. Cellulose, the main biopolymer on Earth, plays a key role in this context, serving as a platform for the development of biofuels, chemicals and novel materials. Among the latter, micro- and nanocellulose have been receiving increasing attention in the last few years. Their many attractive properties, i.e., thermal stability, high mechanical resistance, barrier properties, lightweight, optical transparency and ease of chemical modification, allow their use in a wide range of applications, such as paper or polymer reinforcement, packaging, construction, membranes, bioplastics, bioengineering, optics and electronics. In view of the increasing demand for traditional wood pulp (e.g., obtained from eucalypt, birch, pine, spruce) for micro/nanocellulose production, dedicated crops and agricultural residues can be interesting as raw materials for this purpose. This work aims at achieving microfibrillated cellulose production from fast-growing poplar and olive tree pruning using physical pretreatment (PFI refining) before the microfibrillation stage. Both raw materials yielded microfibrillated cellulose with similar properties to that obtained from a commercial industrial eucalypt pulp, producing films with high mechanical properties and low wettability. According to these properties, different applications for cellulose microfibers suspensions and films are discussed.
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7
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Agasty A, Wisniewska A, Kalwarczyk T, Koynov K, Holyst R. Macroscopic Viscosity of Polymer Solutions from the Nanoscale Analysis. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2813-2822. [PMID: 34056617 PMCID: PMC8159165 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective viscosity in polymer solutions probed by diffusion of nanoparticles depends on their size. It is a well-defined function of the probe size, the radius of gyration, mesh size (correlation length), activation energy, and its parameters. As the nanoparticle's size exceeds the radius of gyration of polymer coils, the effective viscosity approaches its macroscopic limiting value. Here, we apply the equation for effective viscosity in the macroscopic limit to the following polymer solutions: hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in water, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in toluene, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). We compare them with previous data for PEG/PEO in water and PDMS in ethyl acetate. We determine polymer parameters from the measurements of the macroscopic viscosity in a wide range of average polymer molecular weights (24-300 kg/mol), temperatures (283-303 K), and concentrations (0.005-1.000 g/cm3). In addition, the polydispersity of polymers is taken into account in the appropriate molecular weight averaging functions. We provide the model applicable for the study of nanoscale probe diffusion in polymer solutions and macroscopic characterization of different polymer materials via rheological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airit Agasty
- Department
of Soft Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Wisniewska
- Department
of Soft Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kalwarczyk
- Department
of Soft Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Holyst
- Department
of Soft Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Environmentally friendly superabsorbent fibers based on electrospun cellulose nanofibers extracted from wheat straw. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117087. [PMID: 33142628 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers currently used in health and agricultural sectors are based on petroleum-based materials which led to serious concerns in the society. Here, superabsorbent fibers (SAFs) based on electrospun cellulose nanofibers (ECNFs) were prepared. Firstly, cellulose was removed from wheat straw, pre-treated with the TEMPO-mediated oxidation and subsequently dissolved into Trifluoroacetic acid for production of ECNFs through the electrospinning approach. The maximum swelling ratios of 225 g/g and 208 g/g in distilled water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution were measured for ESAFs composed of oxidized ECNFs containing 15 % poly (sodium acrylate), respectively. The ESAFs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The FESEM showed that ESAFs formed high strength three-dimensional architecture networks. Also, the results showed that the ionic sensitivity of this ECNFs were low. The prepared ESAFs are attractive renewable alternatives for different applications, contributing to a reduction of plastic microspheres.
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9
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Bu D, Hu X, Yang Z, Yang X, Wei W, Jiang M, Zhou Z, Zaman A. Elucidation of the Relationship between Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Cellulose Dissolved in Tetra-N-Butyl Ammonium Hydroxide/Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1605. [PMID: 31581542 PMCID: PMC6836168 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of molecular weight of natural cellulose remains a challenge nowadays, due to the difficulty in dissolving cellulose. In this work, tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) aqueous solution (THDS) were used to dissolve cellulose in a few minutes under room temperature into true molecular solutions. That is to say, the cellulose was dissolved in the solution in molecular level, and the viscosity of the solution is linearly dependent on the concentration of cellulose. The relationship between the molecular weight of cellulose and the intrinsic viscosity tested in such dilute solutions has been established in the form of the Mark-Houwink equation, η=0.24×DP1.21. The value of 1.21 indicates that the cellulose molecules dissolve in THDS quite well. The cellulose dispersion in the THDS was proved to be in molecular level by atomic force microscope (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The reliability of the established Mark-Houwink equation was cross-checked by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and traditional copper (II) ethylenediamine (CED) method. No considerate degradation was observed by comparing the intrinsic viscosity and the degree of polymerization (DP) values of the original with and the regenerated cellulose samples. The natural cellulose can be molecularly dispersed in the multiple-component solvent (THDS), and kept stable for a certain period. A time efficient and reliable method has been supplied for determination of the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqin Bu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Xiangzhou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Zhijie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Man Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Zuowan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Ahsan Zaman
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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10
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Gupta AD, Pandey S, Jaiswal VK, Bhadauria V, Singh H. Simultaneous oxidation and esterification of cellulose for use in treatment of water containing Cu(II) ions. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:114964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Djafari Petroudy SR, Ranjbar J, Rasooly Garmaroody E. Eco-friendly superabsorbent polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose strengthened by TEMPO-mediated oxidation wheat straw cellulose nanofiber. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:565-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Fillat Ú, Wicklein B, Martín-Sampedro R, Ibarra D, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Valencia C, Sarrión A, Castro E, Eugenio ME. Assessing cellulose nanofiber production from olive tree pruning residue. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:252-261. [PMID: 29111049 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pruning operation in olive trees generates a large amount of biomass that is normally burned causing severe environmental concern. Therefore, the transformation of this agricultural residue into value-added products is imperative but still remains as a technological challenge. In this study, olive tree pruning (OTP) residue is evaluated for the first time to produce cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The OTP bleached pulp was treated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and subsequent defibrillation in a microfluidizer. The resulting CNF was characterized and compared to CNF obtained from a commercial bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp using the same chemi-mechanical procedure. CNF from OTP showed higher carboxylate content but lower fibrillation yield and optical transmittance as compared to eucalyptus CNF. Finally, the visco-elastic gel obtained from OTP was stronger than that produced from eucalyptus. Therefore, the properties of CNF from OTP made this nanomaterial suitable for several applications. CNF from OTP showed higher carboxylate content as compared to eucalyptus CNF (1038 vs. 778μmol/g) but lower fibrillation yield (48% vs. 96%) and optical transmittance. Finally, the visco-elastic gel obtained from OTP was stronger than that produced from eucalyptus. Therefore, the properties of CNF from OTP made this nanomaterial suitable for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Fillat
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Sampedro
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Ibarra
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Universidad de Huelva, Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Campus de El Carmen, Huelva 21071, Spain
| | - Andrés Sarrión
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Universidad de Jaén, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Ambiental y de los Materiales, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Eugenio
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
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13
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Minnick DL, Flores RA, DeStefano MR, Scurto AM. Cellulose Solubility in Ionic Liquid Mixtures: Temperature, Cosolvent, and Antisolvent Effects. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7906-19. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Minnick
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Raul A. Flores
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Matthew R. DeStefano
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aaron M. Scurto
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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14
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Molecular Characterization on the Anomalous Viscosity Behavior of Cellulose Solutions in N,N-Dimethyl Acetamide and Lithium Chloride. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Overview of Methods for the Direct Molar Mass Determination of Cellulose. Molecules 2015; 20:10313-41. [PMID: 26053488 PMCID: PMC6272693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of the methods used to determine the molecular weights of cellulose. Methods that employ direct dissolution of the cellulose polymer are described; hence methods for investigating the molecular weight of cellulose in derivatized states, such as ethers or esters, only form a minor part of this review. Many of the methods described are primarily of historical interest since they have no use in modern cellulose chemistry. However, older methods, such as osmometry or ultracentrifuge experiments, were the first analytical methods used in polymer chemistry and continue to serve as sources of fundamental information (such as the cellulose structure in solution). The first part of the paper reviews methods, either absolute or relative, for the estimation of average molecular weights. Regardless of an absolute or relative approach, the outcome is a molecular weight average (MWA). In the final section, coupling methods are described. The primary benefit of performing a pre-separation step on the molecules is the discovery of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Here, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is unquestionably the most powerful and most commonly-applied method in modern laboratories and industrial settings.
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17
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Möller M, Harnisch F, Schröder U. Hydrothermal liquefaction of cellulose in subcritical water—the role of crystallinity on the cellulose reactivity. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Yin N, Zeng ZX, Xue WL. Intrinsic viscosity-number average molecular weight relationship for poly(1,4-butylene adipate) diol. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Liebert
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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20
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Gericke M, Schlufter K, Liebert T, Heinze T, Budtova T. Rheological Properties of Cellulose/Ionic Liquid Solutions: From Dilute to Concentrated States. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1188-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bm801430x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gericke
- Mines ParisTech, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matèriaux - CEMEF, UMR CNRS/Ecole des Mines de Paris 7635, BP 207, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis, France, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Geranienweg 7, D-99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schlufter
- Mines ParisTech, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matèriaux - CEMEF, UMR CNRS/Ecole des Mines de Paris 7635, BP 207, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis, France, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Geranienweg 7, D-99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Tim Liebert
- Mines ParisTech, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matèriaux - CEMEF, UMR CNRS/Ecole des Mines de Paris 7635, BP 207, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis, France, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Geranienweg 7, D-99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Mines ParisTech, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matèriaux - CEMEF, UMR CNRS/Ecole des Mines de Paris 7635, BP 207, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis, France, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Geranienweg 7, D-99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- Mines ParisTech, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matèriaux - CEMEF, UMR CNRS/Ecole des Mines de Paris 7635, BP 207, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis, France, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Research Centre for Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Geranienweg 7, D-99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
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Nayak JN, Chen Y, Kim J. Removal of Impurities from Cellulose Films after Their Regeneration from Cellulose Dissolved in DMAc/LiCl Solvent System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0710925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti N Nayak
- Centre for EAPap Actuator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Yi Chen
- Centre for EAPap Actuator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Centre for EAPap Actuator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
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22
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Kasaai MR. Calculation of Mark–Houwink–Sakurada (MHS) equation viscometric constants for chitosan in any solvent–temperature system using experimental reported viscometric constants data. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Electro-active-paper actuator made with LiCl/cellulose films: Effect of LiCl content. Macromol Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Kasaai MR. Intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight relationship and hydrodynamic volume for pullulan. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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