1
|
Zhang K, Wang Z, Nie J, Wen F. Study on combustion characteristics of glass fiber/phenolic resin composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32939. [PMID: 39027578 PMCID: PMC467059 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to study the combustion characteristics of glass fiber/phenolic resin composites, a conical calorimeter was used to explore the combustion characteristics of glass fiber/phenolic resin composites in an aircraft frame under different thermal radiation intensities, and the fire hazard of the materials was evaluated by evaluation index, and the limiting oxygen index at different temperatures was explored by combining the high temperature oxygen index meter. The test results show that when the ambient temperature increases from 20 °C to 220 °C, the limiting oxygen index first increases from 86.6 % to 93.7 %, and then decreases to 84.4 %. The oxygen consumption and CO2 release increase with the increase of thermal radiation intensity during combustion, and the release of CO decreases with the increase of thermal radiation. The heat release rate curve of the test material has only 1 enhancement peak. The heat radiation intensity increased from 50 kW/m2 to 70 kW/m2, and the peak heat release rate of the test material combustion increased from 64.7 kW/m2 to 100.7 kW/m2. The rate of mass loss of materials accelerates with the increase of thermal radiation intensity; As the intensity of thermal radiation increases, the fire hazard of the material increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | - Jiacheng Nie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | - Fang Wen
- School of Safety Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
- China Institute of Aviation Technology, Beijing, 100028, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of a Reactive Phosphorus-Sulfur Containing Flame-Retardant Monomer on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071441. [PMID: 32605118 PMCID: PMC7407604 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reactive phosphorus and sulfur-containing monomer (bis(acryloxyethyldiphenylphosphate)sulfone, BADPS) was synthesized to enhance the comprehensive performance of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), and corresponding flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resins (FR-UPRs) with various amounts of BADPS were prepared by radical bulk polymerization. The flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical properties of the UPR samples were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, cone calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a tension test. The results showed that the introduction of BADPS remarkably enhanced the flame resistance and high-temperature stability, as well as the tensile performance of UPR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed that BADPS can efficaciously promote the formation of UPR char residue with an improved microstructure and increased graphitization degree, which enhancedthe high-temperature stability and char yield of UPR. Additionally, a thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis corroborated that the evolution of combustible volatiles from UPR decomposition was substantially restrained by the incorporation of BADPS, which is beneficial for the suppression of fire hazards in UPR.
Collapse
|
3
|
Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This work investigates the efficiency of sol–gel treatments to flame retard flax fabric/PA11 composites. Different sol–gel treatments applied to the flax fabrics were prepared using TEOS in combination with phosphorus and/or nitrogen containing co-precursors (DEPTES, APTES) or additives (OP1230, OP1311). When the nitrogen and the phosphorus co-precursors were used, two coating methods were studied: a ‘one-pot’ route and a successive layer deposition method. For the “one-pot” method, the three precursors (TEOS, DEPTES, and APTES) were mixed together in the same solutions whereas for the different layers deposition method, the three different treatments were deposited on the fibers successively, first the TEOS, then a mix of TEOS/DEPTES, and finally a mix of TEOS/APTES. After deposition, the sol–gel coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalyzer, and 29Si and 31P solid-state NMR. When only TEOS or a mix of TEOS and DEPTES is used, homogeneous coatings are obtained presenting well-condensed Si units (mainly Q units). When APTES is added, the coatings are less homogenous and agglomerates are present. A lower condensation rate of the Si network is also noticed by solid-state NMR. When additives are used in combination with TEOS, the TEOS forms a homogenous and continuous film at the surface of the fibers, but the flame retardants are not well distributed and form aggregates. The flame retardant (FR) efficiency of the different treatments on flax fabrics was evaluated using horizontal flame spread test. The following ranking of the different systems is obtained: TEOS + Additives > TEOS > TEOS + DEPTES ~ TEOS + DEPTES + APTES > multilayers. All the sol–gel coatings improve the flame retardant properties of the flax fabric, except the multilayer treatment. Based on these results, the three most efficient sol–gels were selected to prepare sol–gel-modified flax/PA11 composites. The composite modified with only TEOS showed the best FR properties. Surprisingly, the composite modified with the phosphorus-based flame retardant (AlPi) did not exhibit improved FR properties. This effect was attributed to the fact that the amount of the FR additive deposited on the fabrics was too low.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang P, Fu X, Kan Y, Wang X, Hu Y. Two high-efficient DOPO-based phosphonamidate flame retardants for transparent epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318762037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two kinds of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based phosphonamidate flame retardants named 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl methane (DDM)-DOPO and morpholine (MPL)-DOPO are successfully synthesized by the classic Atherton–Todd reaction, and their chemical structures are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Epoxy composites containing DDM-DOPO or MPL-DOPO are prepared, which still retain relatively high transparency compared with pure epoxy resin (EP). Its fire behavior is studied in terms of vertical burning test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter tests. The LOI values can achieve 30% and UL-94 test past V-0 rating for DDM-DOPO-modified epoxy composites with 0.25 wt% phosphorus content. The cone calorimeter results indicate that the modified epoxy composites can release less heat and smoke compared with pure EP. Also, thermal degradation behavior and flame-retardant mechanism of epoxy composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results indicate that two DOPO-based phosphonamidates show a significant gaseous-phase effect on reducing the release of combustible volatiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Benelli T, Mazzocchetti L, D'Angelo E, Lanzi M, Saraga F, Sambri L, Franchini MC, Giorgini L. New nitrogen-rich heterocycles for organo-modified bentonites as flame retardant fillers in epoxy resin nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Benelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Emanuele D'Angelo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Federico Saraga
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology; CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 2 Bologna 40136 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalali EN, Wang X, Wang DY. Synthesis of a Fe3O4 Nanosphere@Mg–Al Layered-Double-Hydroxide Hybrid and Application in the Fabrication of Multifunctional Epoxy Nanocomposites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Fabrication and origin of flame retarding glass fiber/bismaleimide resin composites with high thermal stability, good mechanical properties, and a low dielectric constant and loss for high frequency copper clad laminates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High performance glass fiber reinforced resin composites were fabricated by designing structures of fiber and resin with unique hyperbranched polysiloxane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Li Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Guozheng Liang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Aijuan Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synergistic effect of hydroquinone bis(di-2-methylphenyl phosphate) and novolac phenol in ABS composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Li L, Qian Y, Jiao C. Synergistic flame retardant effects of ammonium polyphosphate in ethylene-vinyl acetate/layered double hydroxides composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Hu Y, Song L, Xing W, Lu H. Preparation, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation of epoxy thermosets modified with phosphorous/nitrogen-containing glycidyl derivative. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Sun S, He Y, Wang X, Wu D. Flammability characteristics and performance of halogen-free flame-retarded polyoxymethylene based on phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic effects. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Kandare E, Kandola BK, Price D, Nazaré S, Horrocks RA. Study of the thermal decomposition of flame-retarded unsaturated polyester resins by thermogravimetric analysis and Py-GC/MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Nyambo C, Kandare E, Wang D, Wilkie CA. Flame-retarded polystyrene: Investigating chemical interactions between ammonium polyphosphate and MgAl layered double hydroxide. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Use of high-performance fibres and intumescents as char promoters in glass-reinforced polyester composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|