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Ma L, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhang H. Computational Insights into Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with the Organophosphorus Flame Retardant DOPO. Molecules 2024; 29:2244. [PMID: 38792106 PMCID: PMC11124075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used as green char promoters in the formulation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) for polymeric materials, and they could reduce the amount of usage of OPFRs and their release into the environment by forming [host:guest] inclusion complexes with them. Here, we report a systematic study on the inclusion complexes of natural CDs (α-, β-, and γ-CD) with a representative OPFR of DOPO using computational methods of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The binding modes and energetics of [host:guest] inclusion complexes were analyzed in details. α-CD was not able to form a complete inclusion complex with DOPO, and the center of mass distance [host:guest] distance amounted to 4-5 Å. β-CD and γ-CD allowed for a deep insertion of DOPO into their hydrophobic cavities, and DOPO was able to frequently change its orientation within the γ-CD cavity. The energy decomposition analysis based on the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (sobEDAw) indicated that electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion contributions favored [host:guest] complexation, while the exchange-repulsion term showed the opposite. This work provides an in-depth understanding of using CD inclusion complexes in OPFRs formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Qian X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li H, Liu J, Yan S. Synthesis of Reactive DOPO-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Rigid Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Netkueakul W, Fischer B, Walder C, Nüesch F, Rees M, Jovic M, Gaan S, Jacob P, Wang J. Effects of Combining Graphene Nanoplatelet and Phosphorous Flame Retardant as Additives on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102349. [PMID: 33066401 PMCID: PMC7602215 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of combining 0.1–5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3–30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0–1 wt % and 0–10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure–property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Fischer
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Christian Walder
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Marcel Rees
- Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Milijana Jovic
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Peter Jacob
- Electronics and Reliability Center, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Zang L, Wagner S, Ciesielski M, Müller P, Döring M. Novel star-shaped and hyperbranched phosphorus-containing flame retardants in epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zang
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael Ciesielski
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Hu Z, Chen L, Zhao B, Luo Y, Wang DY, Wang YZ. A novel efficient halogen-free flame retardant system for polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Synthesis, characteristic of a novel flame retardant containing phosphorus, silicon and its application in ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVM) rubber. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-009-9381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang DY, Wang JS, Song YP, Wang YZ. A novel intumescent flame-retardant LDPE system and its thermo-oxidative degradation and flame-retardant mechanisms. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyesters and poly(ester-imide)s containing phosphorous cyclic bulky groups. Polym Bull (Berl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-008-0901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhong H, Wei P, Jiang P, Wu D, Wang G. Synthesis and characteristics of a novel silicon-containing flame retardant and its application in poly[2,2-propane-(bisphenol)carbonate]/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Morgan AB. Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: a review of commercial and open literature systems. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu YL, Chang GP, Wu CS. Halogen-free flame retardant epoxy resins from hybrids of phosphorus- or silicon-containing epoxies with an amine resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Becker O, Simon GP, Dusek K. Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. INORGANIC POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES AND MEMBRANES 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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