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Wu L, Wu X, Qi H, An Y, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Zhi X, Liu J. Colorless and transparent semi‐alicyclic polyimide films with intrinsic flame retardancy based on alicyclic dianhydrides and aromatic phosphorous‐containing diamine: Preparation and properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Xiao Wu
- ACRE Coking and Refractory Engineering Consulting Corporation MCC Dalian China
| | - Hao‐ran Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Yuan‐cheng An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Jiang Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Xin‐xin Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Jin‐gang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
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Liang X, Hu Q, Wang X, Li L, Dong Y, Sun C, Hu C, Gu X. Thermal Kinetics of a Lignin-Based Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092123. [PMID: 32957615 PMCID: PMC7569952 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the thermal property of epoxy resin (EP), a lignin-based flame retardant was prepared. Focusing on the lignin-based flame retardant, this paper investigates its pyrolysis behavior and kinetics via a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG–FTIR). Based on the FTIR result, which showed a peak at 1222 cm−1, it was assigned a syringyl structure. Its absorption peak intensity was enhanced and this meant that the phenolization of the lignin was successful. Thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) results showed that the carbon residues of F-lignin and F-lignin@APP were reduced to 33.5% and 37.5%, respectively. In addition, the maximum decomposition rate of F-lignin@APP20/EP is 11.8%/min, which is 8%/min and 4.7%/min lower than for EP and Al-lignin, respectively. The char residue of F-lignin@APP20/EP is 32.5%, which is much higher than for EP. Lower decomposition rate and higher char residue indicate the improvement of thermal stability of EP by F-lignin@APP. Moreover, the kinetics of Al-lignin20/EP and F-lignin@APP20/EP were conducted by two kinetic methods: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). It was concluded that the pyrolysis process of Al-lignin 20/EP and F-lignin@APP 20/EP could be divided into three stages, while the value and growth rate of the activation energy of F-lignin@APP 20/EP were much higher than that of Al-lignin 20/EP in stage III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Gu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7624
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Schmidt C, Ciesielski M, Greiner L, Döring M. Novel organophosphorus flame retardants and their synergistic application in novolac epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lavrenyuk H, Hamerton I, Mykhalichko B. Tuning the properties for the self-extinguishing epoxy-amine composites containing copper-coordinated curing agent: Flame tests and physical–mechanical measurements. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Vini R, Thenmozhi S, Murugavel SC. Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of azomethine-based halogen-free flame-retardant polyphosphonates. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317752073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, azomethine polyphosphonates were synthesized by solution polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various azomethine diols such as [4-(4-hydroxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol, [(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) iminomethyl)] phenol and [4-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol using triethylamine catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-, 13C- and 31P- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA data showed that the synthesized polyphosphonates produce high char yield at 600°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. One of the synthesized polyphosphonate was blended with commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin in various weight percentage and cured with commercial curing agent triethylene tetramine (TETA). The polyphosphonates-blended epoxy thermosets have tensile strength in the range of 5–41 MPa and the percentage of elongation at breaks was 4–18. It was found that the incorporation of polyphosphonates into epoxy thermoset decreased the tensile strength from 41 MPa to 5 MPa, whereas the elongation at break value increased with increase in the weight percentage of polyphosphonate. The influence of polyphosphonates on the flame retardancy of blended thermosets was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests and found that the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 24–26. Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vini
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Thenmozhi
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SC Murugavel
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Latha G, Natarajan M, Murugavel SC. Synthesis and characterization of cardo-based phosphorous–containing flame-retardant aromatic polyesters. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315623351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing cardo polyesters were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various bisphenols using a phase-transfer catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and proton, carbon 13, and phosphorous 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. All the polyesters showed high thermal stability, the maximum decomposition temperature being in the range of 475–523°C. The TGA data showed that all the synthesized phosphorous-containing polyesters produce high char yield at 700°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. The synthesized phosphorus-containing polyesters have tensile strength in the range of 38.2–48 MPa, and the percentage of elongation at breaks of 3.3–16.8. The flame retardancy of all synthesized polymers was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests. The results showed that the synthesized polymers have excellent flame retardancy, that is, the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 28.5–34. Broido model has been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Latha
- Department of Chemistry, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Natarajan
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SC Murugavel
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Luo Q, Yuan Y, Dong C, Huang H, Liu S, Zhao J. Highly Effective Flame Retardancy of a Novel DPPA-Based Curing Agent for DGEBA Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Luo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunlei Dong
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haohao Huang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xu M, Zhao W, Li B. Synthesis of a novel curing agent containing organophosphorus and its application in flame-retarded epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 P. R. China
- Post-doctoral Mobile Research Station of Forestry Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 P. R. China
- Sinopec FuShun Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals; Fushun 113001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 P. R. China
- Post-doctoral Mobile Research Station of Forestry Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 P. R. China
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9
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Green synthesis and characterization of phosphorus flame retardant crosslinking agents for epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lee J, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA. Ion induced changes in the structure of bordered pit membranes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:55. [PMID: 22645591 PMCID: PMC3355791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ion-mediated changes in xylem hydraulic resistance are hypothesized to result from hydrogel like properties of pectins located in the bordered pit membranes separating adjacent xylem vessels. Although the kinetics of the ion-mediated changes in hydraulic resistance are consistent with the swelling/deswelling behavior of pectins, there is no direct evidence of this activity. In this report we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate structural changes in bordered pit membranes associated with changes in the ionic concentration of the surrounding solution. When submerged in de-ionized water, AFM revealed bordered pit membranes as relatively smooth, soft, and lacking any sharp edges surface, in contrast to pictures from scanning electron microscope (SEM) or AFM performed on air-dry material. Exposure of the bordered pit membranes to 50 mM KCl solution resulted in significant changes in both surface physical properties and elevation features. Specifically, bordered pit membranes became harder and the fiber edges were clearly visible. In addition, the membrane contracted and appeared much rougher due to exposed microfibers. In neither solution was there any evidence of discrete pores through the membrane whose dimensions were altered in response to the ionic composition of the surrounding solution. Instead the variable hydraulic resistance appears to involve changes in the both the permeability and the thickness of the pit membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon, South Korea
| | - N. Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maciej A. Zwieniecki
- The Arnold Arboretum, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maciej A. Zwieniecki, The Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02131, USA. e-mail:
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Lin CH, Lin TL, Chang SL, Dai SA, Cheng RJ, Hwang KY, Tu AP, Su WC. Facile preparation of novel epoxy curing agents and their high‐performance thermosets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Li Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Lung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shenghong A. Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru Jen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - An Pang Tu
- Chang Chun Plastics Co., Ltd., ShinChu, Taiwan
| | - Wen Chiung Su
- Chemical Division, Chung‐Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Lungtan, Tauyuan, Taiwan
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Song P, Tong L, Fang Z. Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared byin situgrafting-melt intercalation with a novel cointercalating monomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sato T, Hasegawa M, Seno M, Hirano T. Radical polymerization behavior of dimethyl vinylphosphonate: Homopolymerization and copolymerization with trimethoxyvinylsilane. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu W, Varley RJ, Simon GP. Understanding the decomposition and fire performance processes in phosphorus and nanomodified high performance epoxy resins and composites. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Phosphorus-containing diamine for flame retardancy of high functionality epoxy resins. Part II. The thermal and mechanical properties of mixed amine systems. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mercado LA, Ribera G, Galià M, Cádiz V. Curing studies of epoxy resins with phosphorus-containing amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Varley RJ, Liu W, Simon GP. Investigation of the reaction mechanism of different epoxy resins using a phosphorus-based hardener. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lin CH, Yang KZ, Leu TS, Lin CH, Sie JW. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel epoxy resins and cyanate esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen GH, Yang B, Wang YZ. A novel flame retardant of spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate for epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cai SX, Lin CH. Flame-retardant epoxy resins with high glass-transition temperatures from a novel trifunctional curing agent: Dopotriol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin CH, Cai SX, Lin CH. Flame-retardant epoxy resins with high glass-transition temperatures. II. Using a novel hexafunctional curing agent: 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-yl-tris(4-aminophenyl) methane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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