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Santiago D, Serra À. Enhancement of Epoxy Thermosets with Hyperbranched and Multiarm Star Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2228. [PMID: 35683901 PMCID: PMC9182725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers and multiarm star polymers are a type of dendritic polymers which have attracted substantial interest during the last 30 years because of their unique properties. They can be used to modify epoxy thermosets to increase their toughness and flexibility but without adversely affecting other properties such as reactivity or thermal properties. In addition, the final properties of materials can be tailored by modifying the structure, molecular weight, or type of functional end-groups of the hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers. In this review, we focus on the modification of epoxy-based thermosets with hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers in terms of the effect on the curing process of epoxy formulations, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties, and their advantages in fire retardancy on the final thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat–Chemical Technologies Unit, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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2
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Huang R, Kong X. A novel intumescent flame retardant imparts high flame retardancy to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Physics and Electrical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - ShunPing Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Rong‐Yi Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Xue‐Jun Kong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
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Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213901. [PMID: 31671913 PMCID: PMC6864611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.
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4
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Liu H, Lin N, Huang J, Chang G, Wu Y, Li X. Effect of methyl methacrylate on the properties of transparent flame retardant unsaturated phosphate ester copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Energy MaterialsSchool of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Energy MaterialsSchool of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- National Insulation Engineering Technology Research CenterSichuan EM Technology Co., Ltd. Mianyang 621010 People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Energy MaterialsSchool of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Wu
- Chongqing Gas Well Area, Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Chongqing 400707 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Energy MaterialsSchool of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 People's Republic of China
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Zhu ZM, Wang LX, Dong LP. Influence of a novel P/N-containing oligomer on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Velencoso MM, Wurm FR. Main-chain poly(phosphoester)s: History, syntheses, degradation, bio-and flame-retardant applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy and impact strength by combining of phosphinates and organoclay. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen MJ, Lin YC, Wang XN, Zhong L, Li QL, Liu ZG. Influence of Cuprous Oxide on Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resins Containing Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School
of Science (Sichuan), Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- School
of Science (Sichuan), Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wang
- School
of Science (Sichuan), Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Liu Zhong
- School
of Science (Sichuan), Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qiang-Lin Li
- Chengdu Textile College (Sichuan), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- School
of Science (Sichuan), Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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Yang S, Wang J, Huo S, Wang M, Cheng L. Synthesis of a Phosphorus/Nitrogen-Containing Additive with Multifunctional Groups and Its Flame-Retardant Effect in Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liufeng Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
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Karpagam S, Guhanathan S. Synthesis and Properties of Nitrogen Heterocycle-Functionalized Core-Shell Hyperbranched Polyester. INT POLYM PROC 2015. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Core-shell hyperbranched polyesters (HBPE) of third generation prepared from 2,2′-bis (hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (Bis-MPA) as an ABx monomer and N-heterocyclic (indole, piperidine and piperazine) phosphoryl dichloride as a core molecule by melt condensation process. These polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR, elemental analysis, and MALDI spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the polymers has been investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). There is no weight loss observed until 250 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. DSC showed that the glass transition temperatures was about −14 and −30 °C for the prepared core-shell HBPE. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant and loss factor for these polyesters were also studied with respect to change of frequency (50 Hz to 5 MHz).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Karpagam
- Organic Chemistry Division , School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu , India
| | - S. Guhanathan
- Chemistry Division , Muthurangam Government Arts College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu , India
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12
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Li S, Wang H, Tao M. Synthesis and characterization of a new reactive hyperbranched polyphosphate ester, and its modification on benzoxazine-bisoxazoline resins. Des Monomers Polym 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2014.907625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shengfang Li
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, P.R. China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, P.R. China
| | - Min Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, P.R. China
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Qiu JJ, Xue Q, Liu YY, Pan M, Liu CM. A New Polymer Containing α-Aminophosphonate Unit Used as Reactive, Halogen-Free Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2013.819869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Qiu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qian Xue
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Min Pan
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Cheng-Mei Liu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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Chen X, Zhuo J, Jiao C. Thermal degradation characteristics of flame retardant polylactide using TG-IR. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Ullah S, Ahmad F, Yusoff PSMM. Effect of boric acid and melamine on the intumescent fire-retardant coating composition for the fire protection of structural steel substrates. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Xiong Y, Jiang Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Xu W. Development of a DOPO-containing melamine epoxy hardeners and its thermal and flame-retardant properties of cured products. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Xiong YQ, Zhang XY, Liu J, Li MM, Guo F, Xia XN, Xu WJ. Synthesis of novel phosphorus-containing epoxy hardeners and thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of cured products. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Flame retardant epoxy resins from bisphenol-A epoxy cured with hyperbranched polyphosphate ester. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Chen L, Wang YZ. A review on flame retardant technology in China. Part I: development of flame retardants. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Dai CF, Li PR, Yeh JM. Comparative studies for the effect of intercalating agent on the physical properties of epoxy resin-clay based nanocomposite materials. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Xia XN, Xiong YQ, Zhang XH, Xu WJ, Yu JH. Synthesis and characterization of epoxy film cured with phosphorous-containing phenolic resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Expansion behaviour and thermal degradation of tri(acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate/methacrylated phenolic melamine intumescent flame retardant system. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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