1
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Güzel M. Characterization of cellulose produced by bacteria isolated from different vinegars. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134436. [PMID: 39098689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Traditional vinegars are naturally produced from sugar- or starch-containing raw materials, through alcoholic fermentation followed by acetic fermentation. Fermentation is a spontaneous and complex process involving interactions between various microorganisms. In this study, we produced vinegar using traditional methods from six fruits: rosehip, pear, fig, wild pear, apple, and plum. Bacteria that produce bacterial cellulose (BC) were isolated from these vinegars and identified. In addition, we investigated the properties of BC produced from these bacteria. The strains isolated from vinegars were identified as Gluconobacter oxydans strain MG2022, Acetobacter tropicalis strain MG2022, Acetobacter fabarum strain MG2022, Komagataeibacter saccharivorans strain MG2022, K. saccharivorans strain EG2022, and Acetobacter lovaniensis strain OD2022. In total, 0.83-2.04 g/L BC was produced and the bacterial strain isolated from pear vinegar yielded the most BC. BC produced by the bacterial strain isolated from wild pear vinegar had the highest thermal stability and crystallinity (87.44 %). Overall, this study shows that different fruits contain different BC-producing bacteria in their natural flora and vinegars obtained from fruits can be used in BC production. Also, different BC-producing bacteria can be isolated from different vinegars, and BC produced by these bacteria might have different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Güzel
- Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Catering Services, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, 29100, Turkey.
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2
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Preparation of ε-polylysine and hyaluronic acid self-assembled microspheres loaded bacterial cellulose aerogels with excellent antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Valiollah Babaeipour, Hamid M, Chegeni A, Imani M, Bahrami A. Study of Structural Characteristics of Regenerated Bacterial and Plant Cellulose. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Badshah M, Ullah H, He F, Wahid F, Farooq U, Andersson M, Khan T. Development and Evaluation of Drug Loaded Regenerated Bacterial Cellulose-Based Matrices as a Potential Dosage Form. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:579404. [PMID: 33344430 PMCID: PMC7744486 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose and possesses superior physico-mechanical properties with wide range of applications. These properties of BC can further be improved by various modifications, including its regeneration from the BC solution. In the current research work, regenerated BC (R-BC) matrices were prepared using N-methyl-morpholine-oxide (NMMO; 50% w/w solution in water) and loaded with model drugs, i.e., famotidine or tizanidine. The characterization of drug loaded regenerated BC (R-BC-drug) matrices was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which revealed the stability of matrices and successful drug loading. Results of dissolution studies showed immediate (i.e., >90%) drug release in 30 min. The drugs release data was found to best fit into first order kinetics model having R2 values >0.99 for all the formulations. These results indicated that regenerated BC-based matrices had the ability to be used for delivery of orally administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munair Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Feng He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mattias Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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5
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Controllable synthesis of cellulose/methylene bisacrylamide aerogels for enhanced adsorption performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Suethao S, Shah DU, Smitthipong W. Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4060. [PMID: 32933128 PMCID: PMC7560401 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses. The vast majority of these manufactured foams are homogeneous with respect to porosity and structural properties. In contrast, while cellular materials are also ubiquitous in nature, nature mostly fabricates heterogeneous foams, e.g., cellulosic plant stems like bamboo, or a human femur bone. Foams with such engineered porosity distribution (graded density structure) have useful property gradients and are referred to as functionally graded foams. Functionally graded polymer foams are one of the key emerging innovations in polymer foam technology. They allow enhancement in properties such as energy absorption, more efficient use of material, and better design for specific applications, such as helmets and tissue restorative scaffolds. Here, following an overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams, we explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams and their emerging structures and properties. Processes can be as simple as utilizing different surface materials from which the foam forms, to as complex as using microfluidics. We also highlight principal challenges that need addressing in future research, the key one being development of viable generic processes that allow (complete) control and tailoring of porosity distribution on an application-by-application basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitta Suethao
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Darshil U. Shah
- Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK;
| | - Wirasak Smitthipong
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Office of Natural Rubber Research Program, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Office of Research Integration on Target–Based Natural Rubber, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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7
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Phomrak S, Nimpaiboon A, Newby BMZ, Phisalaphong M. Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1959. [PMID: 32872461 PMCID: PMC7565547 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) was reinforced with micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose at a loading content of 5-20 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) via the Dunlop process. Cellulose powder from eucalyptus pulp and bacterial cellulose (BC) was used as a microcellulose (MC) and nanocellulose (NC) reinforcing agent, respectively. NRLF, NRLF-MC, and NRLF-NC exhibited interconnected macroporous structures with a high porosity and a low-density. The composite foams contained pores with sizes in a range of 10-500 µm. As compared to MC, NC had a better dispersion inside the NRLF matrix and showed a higher adhesion to the NRLF matrix, resulting in a greater reinforcement. The most increased tensile strengths for MC and NC incorporated NRLF were found to be 0.43 MPa (1.4-fold increase) and 0.73 MPa (2.4-fold increase), respectively, by reinforcing NRLF with 5 phr MC and 15 phr NC, whereas the elongation at break was slightly reduced. Compression testing showed that the recovery percentage was improved to 34.9% (1.3-fold increase) by reinforcement with 15 phr NC, whereas no significant improvement in the recovery percentage was observed with MC. Both NRLF-MC and NRLF-NC presented hydrophobic surfaces and good thermal stability up to 300 °C. Due to their highly porous structure, after a prolong immersion in water, NRLF composites had high water uptake abilities. According to their properties, the composite foams could be further modified for use as green absorption or supporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Phomrak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Adun Nimpaiboon
- Rubber Technology Research Centre (RTEC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Bi-min Zhang Newby
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA;
| | - Muenduen Phisalaphong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
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Bacterial cellulose micro-nano fibres for wound healing applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107549. [PMID: 32302653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is cellulose produced by a few limited species of bacteria in given conditions. BC has many remarkable properties such as its attractive mechanical properties, water uptake ability and biocompatibility which makes it a very desirable material to be used for wound healing. Inherently due to these important properties, the material is very resistant to easy processing and thus difficult to produce into useful entities. Additionally, being rate limited by the dependency on bacterial production, high yield is difficult to obtain and thus secondary material processing is sought after. In this review, BC is explained in terms of synthesis, structure and properties. These beneficial properties are directly related to the material's great potential in wound healing where it has also been trialled commercially but ultimately failed due to processing issues. However, more recently there has been increased frequency in scientific work relating to BC processing into hybrid polymeric fibres using common laboratory fibre forming techniques such as electrospinning and pressurised gyration. This paper summarises current progress in BC fibre manufacturing, its downfalls and also gives a future perspective on how the landscape should change to allow BC to be utilised in wound care in the current environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mautner
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) GroupInstitute of Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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10
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Nano-gold assisted highly conducting and biocompatible bacterial cellulose-PEDOT:PSS films for biology-device interface applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:865-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Wu HL, Bremner DH, Wang HJ, Wu JZ, Li HY, Wu JR, Niu SW, Zhu LM. Fabrication and investigation of a biocompatible microfilament with high mechanical performance based on regenerated bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Ibnu Abdulwahab M, Khamkeaw A, Jongsomjit B, Phisalaphong M. Bacterial Cellulose Supported Alumina Catalyst for Ethanol Dehydration. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Khalid A, Khan R, Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Wahid F. Bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposites as a novel dressing system for burn wounds. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Applications of bacterial cellulose as precursor of carbon and composites with metal oxide, metal sulfide and metal nanoparticles: A review of recent advances. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:447-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Lotfiman S, Awang Biak DR, Ti TB, Kamarudin S, Nikbin S. Influence of Date Syrup as a Carbon Source on Bacterial Cellulose Production by Acetobacter xylinum
0416. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Lotfiman
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tey Beng Ti
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Monash University Malaysia; 46150 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suryani Kamarudin
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Saeid Nikbin
- Department of Animal Science; University of Mohaghegh Ardabili; Ardabil Iran
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16
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Ferguson A, Khan U, Walsh M, Lee KY, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP, Coleman JN, Bergin SD. Understanding the Dispersion and Assembly of Bacterial Cellulose in Organic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1845-53. [PMID: 27007744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The constituent nanofibrils of bacterial cellulose are of interest to many researchers because of their purity and excellent mechanical properties. Mechanisms to disrupt the network structure of bacterial cellulose (BC) to isolate bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCN) are limited. This work focuses on liquid-phase dispersions of BCN in a range of organic solvents. It builds on work to disperse similarly intractable nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, where optimum dispersion is seen for solvents whose surface energies are close to the surface energy of the nanomaterial; bacterial cellulose is shown to disperse in a similar fashion. Inverse gas chromatography was used to determine the surface energy of bacterial cellulose, under relevant conditions, by quantifying the surface heterogeneity of the material as a function of coverage. Films of pure BCN were prepared from dispersions in a range of solvents; the extent of BCN exfoliation is shown to have a strong effect on the mechanical properties of BC films and to fit models based on the volumetric density of nanofibril junctions. Such control offers new routes to producing robust cellulose films of bacterial cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auren Ferguson
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Umar Khan
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währingerstr. 42, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | | | | | - Shane D Bergin
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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17
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Suratago T, Taokaew S, Kanjanamosit N, Kanjanaprapakul K, Burapatana V, Phisalaphong M. Development of bacterial cellulose/alginate nanocomposite membrane for separation of ethanol–water mixtures. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Cai H, Sharma S, Liu W, Mu W, Liu W, Zhang X, Deng Y. Aerogel microspheres from natural cellulose nanofibrils and their application as cell culture scaffold. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2540-7. [PMID: 24894125 DOI: 10.1021/bm5003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that ultralight pure natural aerogel microspheres can be fabricated using cellulose nanofibrials (CNF) directly. Experimentally, the CNF aqueous gel droplets, produced by spraying and atomizing through a steel nozzle, were collected into liquid nitrogen for instant freezing followed by freeze-drying. The aerogel microspheres are highly porous with bulk density as low as 0.0018 g cm(-3). The pore size of the cellulose aeogel microspheres ranges from nano- to macrometers. The unique ultralight and high porous structure ensured high moisture (~90 g g(-1)) and water uptake capacity (~100 g g(-1)) of the aerogel microspheres. Covalent cross-linking between the native nanofibrils and cross-linkers made the aerogel microspheres very stable even in a harsh environment. The present study also confirmed this kind of aerogel microspheres from native cellulose fibers can be used as cell culture scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cai
- College of Quartermaster Technology, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
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19
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Chen CT, Huang Y, Zhu CL, Nie Y, Yang JZ, Sun DP. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxypropyl cellulose from bacterial cellulose. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Shi J, Lu L, Guo W, Zhang J, Cao Y. Heat insulation performance, mechanics and hydrophobic modification of cellulose–SiO2 composite aerogels. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Wang J, Wan Y, Huang Y. Immobilisation of heparin on bacterial cellulose-chitosan nano-fibres surfaces via the cross-linking technique. IET Nanobiotechnol 2012; 6:52-7. [PMID: 22559707 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2011.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bacterial cellulose (BC) has been fabricated in tubular shape as scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. However, in order to improve the blood compatibility and regenerative ability of BC, BC nano-fibres should be cross-linked with some materials which can prevent the formation of blood clot. In this work, a novel BC-chitosan (CS)/heparin (Hep) composite was prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyse the obtained samples. It is observed by SEM and TEM that the obtained composites remain the three-dimensional (3D) network and porous structure. The results of XRD reveal that the curve of BC-CS/Hep composite assumes the characteristic absorption peaks of BC, CS and Hep. The FTIR results also confirm the presence of CS and Hep on the surface of BC nano-fibres. In conclusion, BC-CS/Hep composites were obtained by the co-synthesis technique and the cross-linking method, respectively. Furthermore, the MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the obtained samples to test the cell compatibility. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide results indicated that the BC-CS/Hep composites were suitable for cell proliferation and ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Tianjin University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Nanoreinforced bacterial cellulose–montmorillonite composites for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:1189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Water holding and release properties of bacterial cellulose obtained by in situ and ex situ modification. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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25
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Wan Y, Gao C, Han M, Liang H, Ren K, Wang Y, Luo H. Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose/heparin hybrid nanofiber for potential vascular tissue engineering scaffolds. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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27
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Phisalaphong M, Suwanmajo T, Tammarate P. Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose/alginate blend membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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