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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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Yin X, Li L, Pang H, Luo Y, Zhang B. Halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes: composition, performance, and application. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14509-14520. [PMID: 35702241 PMCID: PMC9102897 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes have high flame-retardant efficiency, environmental friendliness, fine compatibility, and good thermostability. Phosphorus flame-retardants are currently widely used in halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes (HIFWPU), especially those with phosphorous-nitrogen co-structures. Phosphorous-nitrogen HIFWPU have become a hotspot because their co-structures provide higher flame-retardance as compared to waterborne polyurethanes. This review introduces three main types of HIFWPU based on composition, performance and application. HIFWPU not only have improved flame-retardance but also satisfy the various requirements for functionality. HIFWPU have been widely developed in textile, furniture, automobile, and aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Liqi Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haosheng Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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3
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Zhang C, He H, Li Q, Liang X. Synthesis and characterization of flame retardant polyurethane based on new chain extenders. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Qunyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xutong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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Luo Y, Wang H, Wang H, Jin L, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X. Preparation and performance of waterborne polyurethane coatings based on the synergistic flame retardant of ferrocene, phosphorus and nitrogen. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofa Luo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haoliang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Linzhao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
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Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
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Zagożdżon I, Parcheta P, Datta J. Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112699. [PMID: 34063787 PMCID: PMC8196663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.
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Lin B, Yuen ACY, Chen TBY, Yu B, Yang W, Zhang J, Yao Y, Wu S, Wang CH, Yeoh GH. Experimental and numerical perspective on the fire performance of MXene/Chitosan/Phytic acid coated flexible polyurethane foam. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4684. [PMID: 33633219 PMCID: PMC7907131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of two-dimensional transitional metal based materials have emerged as an excellent candidate for fabricating nanostructured flame-retardants. Herein, we report an eco-friendly flame-retardant for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF), which is synthesised by hybridising MXene (Ti[Formula: see text]) with biomass materials including phytic acid (PA), casein, pectin, and chitosan (CH). Results show that coating PUFs with 3 layers of CH/PA/Ti[Formula: see text] via layer-by-layer approach reduces the peak heat release and total smoke release by 51.1% and 84.8%, respectively. These exceptional improvements exceed those achieved by a CH/Ti[Formula: see text] coating. To further understand the fundamental flame and smoke reduction phenomena, a pyrolysis model with surface regression was developed to simulate the flame propagation and char layer. A genetic algorithm was utilised to determine optimum parameters describing the thermal degradation rate. The superior flame-retardancy of CH/PA/Ti[Formula: see text] was originated from the shielding and charring effects of the hybrid MXene with biomass materials containing aromatic rings, phenolic and phosphorous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Timothy Bo Yuan Chen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 23061, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chun Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia.
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Yin X, Pang H, Luo Y, Zhang B. Eco-friendly functional two-component flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane coatings: a review. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00920f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Green functional two-component flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane (2K-FWPU) coatings possess outstanding green traits, such as providing eco-friendly protection, having low toxicity, and generating no pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haosheng Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Lee Y, Geun Jang M, Hyung Choi K, Han C, Nyon Kim W. Liquid-type nucleating agent for improving thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foams by HFC-365mfc as a blowing agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongbeom Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Gwanak-ro 599 Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
- KOGAS R&D Division; LNG Tech Center; 960, Incheonsinhang-daero, Yeonsu-gu Incheon-city 406-840 South Korea
| | - Myung Geun Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Korea University; Anam-dong Seoul 136-713 South Korea
| | - Kun Hyung Choi
- KOGAS R&D Division; LNG Tech Center; 960, Incheonsinhang-daero, Yeonsu-gu Incheon-city 406-840 South Korea
| | - Chonghun Han
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Gwanak-ro 599 Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
- Engineering Development Research Center, Seoul National University; Gwanak-ro 599 Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Woo Nyon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Korea University; Anam-dong Seoul 136-713 South Korea
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Wu G, Li J, Luo Y. Flame retardancy and thermal degradation mechanism of a novel post-chain extension flame retardant waterborne polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Breucker L, Landfester K, Taden A. Phosphonic Acid-Functionalized Polyurethane Dispersions with Improved Adhesion Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24641-24648. [PMID: 26491881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile route to phosphorus-functionalized polyurethane dispersions (P-PUDs) with improved adhesion properties is presented. (Bis)phosphonic acid moieties serve as adhesion promoting sites that are covalently attached via an end-capping reaction to isocyanate-reactive polyurethane particles under aqueous conditions. The synthetic approach circumvents solubility issues, offers great flexibility in terms of polyurethane composition, and allows for the synthesis of semicrystalline systems with thermomechanical response due to reversible physical cross-linking. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to investigate the effect of functionalization on the semicrystallinity. The end-capping conversion was determined via inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and was surprisingly found to be almost independent of the stoichiometry of reaction, suggesting an adsorption-dominated process. Particle charge detection (PCD) experiments reveal that a dense surface coverage of phosphonic acid groups can be attained and that, at high functionalization degrees, the phosphonic adhesion moieties are partially dragged inside the colloidal P-PUD particle. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD) investigations conducted with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and stainless steel sensors as model surfaces show a greatly enhanced affinity of the aqueous P-PUDs and furthermore indicate polymer chain rearrangements and autonomous film formation under wet conditions. Due to their facile synthesis, significantly improved adhesion, and variable film properties, P-PUD systems such as the one described here are believed to be of great interest for multiple applications, e.g., adhesives, paints, anticorrosion, or dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Breucker
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Adhesive Research, Henkelstrasse 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Taden
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Adhesive Research, Henkelstrasse 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Xue M, Zhang X, Wu Z, Wang H, Gu Z, Bao C, Tian X. A commercial phosphorous-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Anhui Hualing Cable Group Company Limited; Wuwei 238371 China
| | - Zhaofeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
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Park DH, Park GP, Kim SH, Kim WN. Effects of isocyanate index and environmentally-friendly blowing agents on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal insulating properties of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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